Power electronics concept. Rozanov Yu.K. Fundamentals of power electronics The concept of power electronics

In this article, we'll talk about power electronics. What is power electronics, what is it based on, what are the advantages, and what are its prospects? Let us dwell on the components of power electronics, consider briefly what they are, how they differ from each other, and for what applications are these or those types of semiconductor switches convenient. Here are examples of power electronics devices used in everyday life, in production and in everyday life.

In recent years, power electronics devices have made a major technological breakthrough in energy conservation. Power semiconductor devices, due to their flexible controllability, enable efficient conversion of electricity. The weight and size indicators and efficiency achieved today have already brought the converting devices to a qualitatively new level.

Many industries use soft starters, speed controllers, uninterruptible power supplies, operating on a modern semiconductor base, and showing high efficiency. These are all power electronics.

Controlling the flow of electrical energy in power electronics is carried out using semiconductor switches, which replace mechanical switches, and which can be controlled according to the required algorithm in order to obtain the required average power and precise action of the working body of this or that equipment.

So, power electronics is used in transport, in the mining industry, in the field of communications, in many industries, and not a single powerful household appliance can do today without power electronic units included in its design.

The main building blocks of power electronics are precisely the semiconductor key components that are capable of opening and closing a circuit at different speeds, up to megahertz. In the on state, the resistance of the key is units and fractions of an ohm, and in the off state - megaohms.

Key management does not require a lot of power, and the losses on the key arising during the switching process, with a well-designed driver, do not exceed one percent. For this reason, the efficiency of power electronics is high compared to the losing ground of iron transformers and mechanical switches such as conventional relays.

Power electronic devices are devices in which the effective current is greater than or equal to 10 amperes. In this case, the key semiconductor elements can be: bipolar transistors, field effect transistors, IGBT transistors, thyristors, triacs, lockable thyristors, and lockable thyristors with integrated control.

Low control power also allows you to create power microcircuits in which several blocks are combined at once: the key itself, the control circuit and the control circuit, these are the so-called intelligent circuits.

These electronic building blocks are used both in high-power industrial installations and in household electrical appliances. An induction oven for a couple of megawatts or a home steamer for a couple of kilowatts - both have semiconductor power switches that simply operate at different powers.

Thus, power thyristors operate in converters with a capacity of more than 1 MVA, in the circuits of DC electric drives and high-voltage AC drives, are used in reactive power compensation installations, in induction melting installations.

Lockable thyristors are controlled more flexibly, they are used to control compressors, fans, pumps with a capacity of hundreds of KVA, and the potential switching power exceeds 3 MVA. allow the implementation of converters with a capacity of up to MVA units for various purposes, both for controlling motors and for ensuring uninterrupted power supply and switching high currents in many static installations.

MOSFETs have excellent controllability at frequencies of hundreds of kilohertz, which greatly expands their range of applicability compared to IGBTs.

Triacs are optimal for starting and controlling AC motors, they are capable of operating at frequencies up to 50 kHz, and for control they require less energy than IGBT transistors.

Today, IGBT transistors have a maximum switching voltage of 3500 volts, and potentially 7000 volts. These components can replace bipolar transistors in the coming years, and they will be used on equipment up to MVA units. For low-power converters, MOSFET transistors will remain more acceptable, and for more than 3 MVA - lockable thyristors.

According to analysts, most of the power semiconductors in the future will be modular, with two to six key elements located in one package. The use of modules allows to reduce weight, size and cost of equipment in which they will be used.

For IGBT transistors, the progress will be an increase in currents up to 2 kA at a voltage of up to 3.5 kV and an increase in operating frequencies to 70 kHz with simplified control circuits. One module can contain not only keys and a rectifier, but also a driver and active protection circuits.

Transistors, diodes, thyristors produced in recent years have already significantly improved their parameters, such as current, voltage, speed, and progress does not stand still.

For a better conversion of alternating current into direct current, controlled rectifiers are used, which allow smoothly changing the rectified voltage in the range from zero to nominal.

Today, in the excitation systems of DC electric drives, thyristors are mainly used in synchronous motors. Dual thyristors - triacs, have only one gate electrode for two connected anti-parallel thyristors, which makes control even easier.

To carry out the reverse process, the conversion of direct voltage to alternating voltage is used. Independent semiconductor switch inverters give the output frequency, shape and amplitude determined by the electronic circuit, not by the network. Inverters are made on the basis of various types of key elements, but for high powers, more than 1 MVA, again, IGBT-based inverters come out on top.

Unlike thyristors, IGBTs provide the ability to more widely and more accurately shape the current and voltage at the output. Low-power car inverters use field-effect transistors in their work, which, at powers of up to 3 kW, do an excellent job of converting the direct current of a battery with a voltage of 12 volts, first into a constant current, through a high-frequency pulse converter operating at a frequency from 50 kHz to hundreds of kilohertz, then - in alternating 50 or 60 Hz.

To convert a current of one frequency into a current of another frequency, they are used. Previously, this was done exclusively on the basis of thyristors, which did not have full controllability; it was necessary to design complex forced-locking circuits for thyristors.

The use of switches such as MOSFETs and IGBT transistors facilitates the design and implementation of frequency converters, and it can be predicted that in the future, thyristors, especially in low-power devices, will be abandoned in favor of transistors.

For reversing electric drives, thyristors are still used; it is enough to have two sets of thyristor converters to provide two different directions of current without the need for switching. This is how modern non-contact reversing starters work.

We hope that our short article was useful for you, and now you know what power electronics is, what elements of power electronics are used in power electronic devices, and how great the potential of power electronics is for our future.

Reviewer Doctor of Technical Sciences F.I.Kovalev

The principles of converting electrical energy: rectifying, inverting, converting frequency, etc. are described. The basic circuits of converting devices, methods of controlling them and regulating the main parameters are described, areas of rational use of various types of converters are shown. The features of design and operation are considered.

For engineers and technicians for the design and operation of electrical systems containing converting devices, as well as those involved in the testing and maintenance of converter technology.

Yu.K. Rozanov Power Electronics Fundamentals... - Moscow, Energoatomizdat publishing house, 1992. - 296 p.

Foreword
Introduction

Chapter first. The main elements of power electronics
1.1. Power semiconductor devices
1.1.1. Power diodes
1.1.2. Power transistors
1.1.3. Thyristors
1.1.4. Power semiconductor applications
1.2. Transformers and reactors
1.3. Capacitors

Chapter two. Rectifiers
2.1. General information
2.2. Basic rectification circuits
2.2.1. Single-phase full-wave midpoint circuit
2.2.2. Single-phase bridge circuit
2.2.3. Three-phase midpoint circuit
2.2.4. Three-phase bridge circuit
2.2.5. Multi-bridge circuits
2.2.6. Harmonic composition of the rectified voltage and primary currents in rectification circuits
2.3. Rectifier switching and operating modes
2.3.1. Switching currents in rectification circuits
2.3.2. External characteristics of rectifiers
2.4. Energy characteristics of rectifiers and ways to improve them
2.4.1. Power factor and efficiency of rectifiers
2.4.2. Improving the power factor of controlled rectifiers
2.5. Features of rectifier operation for capacitive load and back-EMF
2.6. Smoothing filters
2.7. Rectifier operation from a source of comparable power

Chapter three. Inverters and frequency converters
3.1. Grid-Driven Inverters
3.1.1. Single Phase Midpoint Inverter
3.1.2. Three Phase Bridge Inverter
3.1.3. Power balance in grid-driven inverter
3.1.4. Main characteristics and modes of operation of grid-driven inverters
3.2. Standalone inverters
3.2.1. Current inverters
3.2.2. Voltage inverters
3.2.3. Thyristor voltage inverters
3.2.4. Resonant inverters
3.3. Frequency converters
3.3.1. Frequency converters with DC link
3.3.2. Direct coupled frequency converters
3.4. Regulation of the output voltage of autonomous inverters
3.4.1. General principles of regulation
3.4.2. Control devices for current inverters
3.4.3. Regulation of the output voltage by means of pulse width modulation (PWM)
3.4.4. Geometric stress addition
3.5. Ways to improve the shape of the output voltage of inverters and frequency converters
3.5.1. Influence of non-sinusoidal voltage on electricity consumers
3.5.2. Inverter output filters
3.5.3. Reduction of higher harmonics in the output voltage without the use of filters

Chapter four. Regulators-stabilizers and static contactors
4.1. AC Voltage Regulators
4.2. DC Regulators
4.2.1. Parametric stabilizers
4.2.2. Continuous stabilizers
4.2.3. Switching regulators
4.2.4. Development of pulse regulator structures
4.2.5. Thyristor-capacitor DC regulators with metered energy transfer to the load
4.2.6. Combined converters-regulators
4.3. Static contactors
4.3.1. Thyristoric AC Contactors
4.3.2. DC thyristor contactors

Chapter five. Converter control systems
5.1. General information
5.2. Block diagrams of control systems of converting devices
5.2.1. Control systems for rectifiers and dependent inverters
5.2.2. Control systems for frequency converters with direct communication
5.2.3. Standalone inverter control systems
5.2.4. Control systems for regulators-stabilizers
5.3. Microprocessor systems in converting technology
5.3.1. Typical generalized microprocessor structures
5.3.2. Examples of using microprocessor control systems

Chapter six. Application of power electronic devices
6.1. Areas of rational use
6.2. General technical requirements
6.3. Emergency protection
6.4. Operational control and diagnostics of technical condition
6.5. Providing parallel operation of converters
6.6. Electromagnetic interference
List of references

List of references
1.GOST 20859.1-89 (ST SEV 1135-88). Semiconductor power devices of a single unified series. General technical conditions.

2. Chebovskiy OG, Moiseev LG, Nedoshivin RP Power semiconductor devices: Handbook. -2nd ed., Rev. and add. M .: Energoatomizdat, 1985.

3 Iravis B. Discrete power semiconductors // EDN. 1984. Vol. 29, No. 18. P. 106-127.

4. Nakagawa A.e.a. 1800V bipolar-mode MOSFET (IGBT) / A. Nakagawa, K. Imamure, K. Furukawa // Toshiba Review. 1987. No. 161. P. 34-37.

5 Chen D. Semiconductors: fast, tough and compact // IEEE Spectrum. 1987. Vol. 24, No. 9. P. 30-35.

6. Power semiconductor modules abroad / VB Zilbershtein, SV Mashin, VA Potapchuk et al. // Electrical industry. Ser. 05. Power converting equipment. 1988. Issue. 18.P. 1-44.

7. Rischmiiller K. Smatries intelligente Ihstungshalbeitereine neue Halblieter-generation // Electronikpraxis. 1987. N6. S. 118-122.

8. Rusin Yu. S, Gorskiy AN, Rozanov Yu. K. Research of the dependence of the volume of electromagnetic elements on frequency. Electrotechnical industry. Conversion technology. 1983. No. 10. S. 3-6.

9. Electric capacitors and capacitor units: Handbook / V. P. Berzan, B. Yu. Gelikman, M. N. Guraevsky et al. Ed. G. S. Kuchinsky. M .: Energoatomizdat, 1987.

10. Semiconductor rectifiers / Ed. F.I.Kovalev and G.P. Mostkova. Moscow: Energy, 1978.

11. Circuit configuration of the GTO converter for superconducting magnetic energy storage / Toshifumi JSE, James J. Skiles, Kohert L., KV Stom, J. Wang // IEEE 19th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC "88), Kyoto, Japan, April 11-14, 1988. P. 108-115.

12. Rozanov Yu. K. Fundamentals of power converting technology. Moscow: Energy, 1979.

13. Chizhenko I. M., Rudenko V. S, Seyko V. I. Fundamentals of converting technology. M .: Higher school, 1974.

14. Ivanov VA Dynamics of autonomous inverters with direct commutation. Moscow: Energy, 1979.

15. Kovalev FI, Mustafa GM, Baregemyan GV Control by a calculated forecast by a pulse converter with a sinusoidal output voltage. Electrotechnical Industry. Conversion technology. 1981. No. 6 (34) .S. 10-14.

16. Middelbrook R. D. Isolation and multiple output extensions of a new optimum topology switching DC - tV - DC converter // IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC "78), 1978. P. 256-264.

17. Bulatov OG, Tsarenko AI Thyristor-capacitor converters. M. Energoizdat, 1982.

18. Rozinov Yu. K. Semiconductor converters with high frequency link. M .: Energoatomizdat, 1987.

19. Kalabekov AA Microprocessors and their application in transmission and signal processing systems. M .: Radio and communication, 1988.

20. Stroganov RP Controlling machines and their application. M .: Higher school, 1986.

21. Obukhov ST., Ramizevich TV Application of micro-computers for control of valve converters // Electrotechnical industry. Conversion technology. 1983. Issue. 3 (151). P. 9

22. Control of valve converters based on microprocessors / Yu. M. Bykov, IT Par, L. Ya. Raskin, LP Detkin // Electrical industry. Conversion technology. 1985. Issue. 10, p. 117.

23. Matsui N., Takeshk T., Vura M. One-Chip Micro - Computer-Based controller for the MC Hurray Junerter // IEEE Transactions on industrial electronics, 1984. Vol. JE-31, No. 3.P. 249-254.

24. Bulatov OG, Ivanov VS, Panfilov DI Semiconductor chargers for capacitive energy storage. M .: Radio and communication, 1986.

FOREWORD

Power electronics is a constantly evolving and promising field of electrical engineering. The advances in modern power electronics have a major impact on the rate of technological progress in all advanced industrial societies. In this regard, there is a need for a wide range of scientific and technical workers in a clearer understanding of the foundations of modern power electronics.

Power electronics currently has a fairly deeply developed theoretical foundations, but the author did not set himself the task of even a partial presentation, since numerous monographs and textbooks are devoted to these issues. The content of this book and the methodology for its presentation are designed primarily for engineers and technicians who are not specialists in the field of power electronics, but are associated with the use and operation of electronic devices and devices and who want to get an idea of \u200b\u200bthe basic principles of operation of electronic devices, their circuitry and general provisions for development and operation. In addition, most of the sections of the book can also be used by students of various technical educational institutions in the study of disciplines, the program of which includes issues of power electronics.

Power electronics is called the field of science and technology, which solves the problem of creating power electronic devices, as well as the problem of obtaining significant electrical energy, controlling powerful electrical processes and converting electrical energy into a sufficiently large energy of another type when using these devices as the main tool.

Below are considered power electronics devices based on semiconductor devices. It is these devices that are most widely used.

The solar cells discussed above have been used to generate electrical energy for a long time. At present, the share of this energy in the total electricity volume is small. However, many scientists, including the Nobel laureate academician Zh.I. Alferov, consider solar cells to be very promising sources of electrical energy that do not disturb the energy balance on Earth.

The control of powerful electrical processes is precisely the problem in which power semiconductor devices are already widely used, and the intensity of their use is rapidly increasing. This is due to the advantages of power semiconductor devices, the main of which are high speed, low drop in the open state and small drop in the closed state (which provides low power losses), high reliability, significant current and voltage load capacity, small size and weight, ease of use. control, organic unity with semiconductor devices of informative electronics, which facilitates the integration of high-current and low-current elements.

In many countries, intensive research and development work on power electronics has been launched, and due to this, power semiconductor devices, as well as electronic devices based on them, are constantly being improved. This enables a rapid expansion of the field of application of power electronics, which in turn stimulates research and development. Here we can talk about positive feedback on the scale of an entire field of human activity. The result is the rapid penetration of power electronics into a wide variety of technical fields.

The proliferation of power electronics devices began especially quickly after the development of power field-effect transistors and IGBTs.

This was preceded by a rather long period when the main power semiconductor device was an unlocked thyristor, created in the 50s of the last century. Non-latching thyristors have played an outstanding role in the development of power electronics and are widely used today. But the impossibility of switching off by means of control pulses often complicates their application. For decades, developers of power devices had to come to terms with this drawback, using in some cases rather complex nodes of power circuits to turn off thyristors.

The widespread use of thyristors led to the popularity of the term "thyristor technology" that emerged at that time, which was used in the same sense as the term "power electronics".

Power bipolar transistors developed during this period found their field of application, but did not radically change the situation in power electronics.

Only with the advent of power field-effect transistors and 10 W in the hands of engineers turned out to be fully controllable electronic keys, approaching in their properties to ideal. This greatly facilitated the solution of a wide variety of tasks for controlling powerful electrical processes. The presence of sufficiently sophisticated electronic keys makes it possible not only to instantly connect the load to a DC or AC source and disconnect it, but also to generate very large current signals for it or almost any required form.

The most common typical power electronics devices are:

contactless switching devices alternating and direct current (breakers) designed to turn on or off the load in the alternating or direct current circuit and, sometimes, to regulate the load power;

rectifiersconverting alternating polarity (unidirectional);

invertersconverting constant to variable;

frequency convertersconverting a variable of one frequency to a variable of another frequency;

dC converters (converters) converting a constant of one quantity into a constant of another quantity;

phase convertersconverting an alternating one with one number of phases into an alternating one with a different number of phases (usually single-phase is converted to three-phase or three-phase - to single-phase);

compensators (power factor correctors) designed to compensate for reactive power in the AC supply network and to compensate for distortions of the current and voltage waveform.

Essentially, power electronics devices convert powerful electrical signals. For this reason, power electronics is also called converter technology.

Power electronics devices, both standard and specialized, are used in all areas of technology and in almost any fairly complex scientific equipment.

As an illustration, let us indicate some objects in which power electronics devices perform important functions:

Electric drive (regulation of speed and torque, etc.);

Plants for electrolysis (non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical industry);

Electrical equipment for the transmission of electricity over long distances using direct current;

Electrometallurgical equipment (electromagnetic stirring of metal, etc.);

Electrothermal installations (induction heating, etc.);

Electrical equipment for battery charging;

Computers;

Electrical equipment of cars and tractors;

Electrical equipment of aircraft and spacecraft;

Radio communication devices;

TV broadcasting equipment;

Devices for electric lighting (power supply of fluorescent lamps, etc.);

Medical electrical equipment (ultrasound therapy and surgery, etc.);

Power tool;

Consumer electronics devices.

The development of power electronics is changing the very approaches to solving technical problems. For example, the creation of power field-effect transistors and IGBTs significantly contributes to the expansion of the field of application of inductor motors, which in some areas are replacing collector motors.

A significant factor that has a beneficial effect on the distribution of power electronics devices is the success of informative electronics and, in particular, microprocessor technology. To control powerful electrical processes, more and more complex algorithms are used, which can be rationally implemented only with the use of sufficiently advanced informative electronics devices.

Effective sharing of the achievements of power and informative electronics gives truly outstanding results.

Existing devices for converting electrical energy into other types of energy with the direct use of semiconductor devices do not yet have a high output power. However, encouraging results have been obtained here.

Semiconductor lasers convert electrical energy into energy of coherent radiation in the ultraviolet, visible and infrared ranges. These lasers were proposed in 1959, and were first implemented on the basis of gallium arsenide (GaAs) in 1962. Semiconductor lasers are characterized by a high efficiency (above 10%) and a long service life. They are used, for example, in infrared spotlights.

Superbright white LEDs that appeared in the 90s of the last century are already used in some cases for lighting instead of incandescent lamps. LEDs are significantly more economical and have a significantly longer lifespan. It is assumed that the scope of LED fixtures will expand rapidly.

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Textbook. - Novosibirsk: Publishing house of NSTU, 1999.

Parts: 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4

This textbook is intended (at two levels of depth of presentation of the material) for students of the faculties of FES, EMF, who are not "specialists" in power electronics, but who study courses of various names on the use of power electronics devices in electric power, electromechanical, electrical systems. Sections of the textbook, highlighted in chopped type, are intended (also at two levels of depth) for additional, deeper study of the course, which allows it to be used as a textbook for students of the specialty "Promelectronics" of REF, who are trained "as specialists" in power electronics. Thus, the proposed publication implements the principle of "four in one." The reviews of scientific and technical literature on the relevant sections of the course added to separate sections allow us to recommend the manual as an information publication for undergraduates and graduate students.

Foreword
Scientific, technical and methodological foundations for the study of power electronics devices.
Methodology of a systems approach to the analysis of power electronics devices.
Energy indicators of the quality of energy conversion in valve converters.
Energy indicators of the quality of electromagnetic processes.
Energy indicators of the quality of use of the elements of the device and the device as a whole.
Element base of valve converters.
Power semiconductor devices.
Incompletely controlled valves.
Fully controlled valves.
Lockable thyristors, transistors.
Transformers and reactors.
Capacitors
Types of converters of electrical energy.
Methods for calculating energy indicators.
Mathematical models of valve converters.
Methods for calculating the energy performance of converters.
Integral method.
Spectral method.
Direct method.
Adu method.
Adu method.
Adu's method (1).
Methods Adum1, Adum2, Adum (1).
The theory of transformation of alternating current into direct current with ideal converter parameters.
Rectifier as a system. Basic definitions and notation.
The mechanism for converting AC to rectified in the base cell Dt / Ot.
Two-phase single-phase rectifier (m1 \u003d 1, m2 \u003d 2, q \u003d 1).
Single-phase bridge rectifier (m1 \u003d m2 \u003d 1, q \u003d 2).
Three-phase rectifier with trans winding connection diagram
the triangle formatter is a star with zero output (m1 \u003d m2 \u003d 3, q \u200b\u200b\u003d 1).
A three-phase current rectifier with a star-zigzag-zero transformer winding connection diagram (m1 \u003d m2 \u003d 3, q \u200b\u200b\u003d 1).
A six-phase three-phase current rectifier with the connection of the secondary windings of a star-reverse star transformer with a surge reactor (m1 \u003d 3, m2 \u003d 2 x 3, q \u200b\u200b\u003d 1).
Three-phase current rectifier in bridge circuit (m1 \u003d m2 \u003d 3, q \u200b\u200b\u003d 2).
Guided rectifiers. Control characteristic is the theory of converting alternating current into direct current (with recuperation) taking into account the real parameters of the converter elements.
The switching process in a controlled rectifier with a real transformer. External characteristic.
The theory of operation of the rectifier on the counter-emf with a finite value of the inductance Ld.
Intermittent current mode (? 2? / Qm2).
Limiting continuous current mode (? \u003d 2? / Qm2).
Continuous current mode (? 2? / Qm2).
Rectifier operation with a capacitor smoothing filter.
Reversal of the direction of the active power flow in a valve converter with a back-EMF in the DC link - dependent inversion mode.
Dependent inverter of single-phase current (m1 \u003d 1, m2 \u003d 2, q \u003d 1).
Dependent three-phase current inverter (m1 \u003d 3, m2 \u003d 3, q \u200b\u200b\u003d 1).
General dependence of the primary current of the rectifier on the anode and rectified currents (Chernyshev's law).
Spectra of primary currents of rectifier transformers and dependent inverters.
Spectra of rectified and inverted voltages of the valve converter.
Optimization of the number of secondary phases of the rectifier transformer. Equivalent multiphase rectification schemes.
The effect of switching on the current values \u200b\u200bof the transformer currents and its typical power.
Efficiency and power factor of the valve converter in rectification and dependent inversion mode.
Efficiency.
Power factor.
Rectifiers on fully controlled valves.
Advanced phase rectifier.
Rectifier with pulse-width regulation of rectified voltage.
Rectifier with forced shaping of the current curve consumed from the mains.
Reversible valve converter (reversible rectifier).
Electromagnetic compatibility of the inverter with power supply.
Model example of electrical design of a rectifier.
Rectifier circuit selection (structural synthesis stage).
Calculation of the parameters of the elements of the controlled rectifier circuit (stage of parametric synthesis).
Conclusion.
Literature.
Subject index.

see also

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Novosibirsk: NSTU, 1999 .-- 204 p. This textbook is intended (at two levels of depth of presentation of the material) for students of the faculties of FES, EMF, who are not "specialists" in power electronics, but who study courses of various names on the use of power electronics devices in electric power, electromechanical, electrical systems. The sections of the textbook in minced type are intended (also at two levels of depth ...

Zinovev G.S. Fundamentals of Power Electronics. Part 1

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Novosibirsk: NSTU, 1999. This textbook is intended (at two levels of presentation) for students of faculties of FEN, EMF, who are not “experts” in power electronics, but who study courses of various names on the use of power electronics devices in electric power, electromechanical, electrotechnical systems ... The sections of the textbook in minced type are intended (also at two levels of depth ...

Zinoviev G.S. Power Electronics Fundamentals (1/2)

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Textbook. - Novosibirsk: Publishing house of NSTU, Part one. 1999 .-- 199 p. This textbook is intended (at two levels of presentation) for students of faculties of FEN, EMF, who are not “experts” in power electronics, but who study courses of various names on the use of power electronics devices in electric power, electromechanical, electrotechnical systems. The chapters of the textbook are in boldface type intended to ...

Zinoviev G.S. Fundamentals of Power Electronics. Volume 2,3,4

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Textbook. - Novosibirsk: Publishing house of NSTU, Parts two, three and four. 2000 .-- 197 p. The second part of the textbook, as a continuation of the first part, published in 1999, is devoted to the basic schemes of converters of constant voltage to constant, constant to alternating voltage (autonomous inverters), alternating voltage to alternating voltage of constant or adjustable frequency. The material is also structured in accordance with the principle of "...

Zinoviev G.S. The basics of power electronics. Volume 5

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Textbook. - Novosibirsk: Publishing house of NSTU, Part five. 2000 .-- 197 p. The second part of the textbook, being a continuation of the first part, published in 1999, is devoted to the presentation of the basic circuits of converters from DC to DC, DC to AC (autonomous inverters), AC voltage to AC voltage of constant or controlled frequency. The material is also structured according to the four-in-one principle by ...

Zinoviev G.S. The basics of power electronics. Part 2

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Novosibirsk: NSTU, 2000. This textbook is the second part of the three planned for the course "Fundamentals of Power Electronics". The first part of the textbook adjoins a methodological guide to laboratory work, implemented with the help of the department package of programs for modeling power electronics devices PARUS-PARAGRAPH. The material in the second part of the textbook is supported by computerized laboratory courses.

• Foreword
• Introduction
• Chapter first. The main elements of power electronics
  • 1.1. Power semiconductor devices
    • 1.1.1. Power diodes
    • 1.1.2. Power transistors
    • 1.1.3. Thyristors
    • 1.1.4. The use of power semiconductor devices
  • 1.2. Transformers and reactors
  • 1.3. Capacitors
• Chapter two. Rectifiers
  • 2.1. General information
  • 2.2. Basic rectification circuits
    • 2.2.1. Single-phase, half-wave, mid-point circuit
    • 2.2.2. Single-phase bridge circuit
    • 2.2.3. Three-phase midpoint circuit
    • 2.2.4. Three phase bridge circuit
    • 2.2.5. Multi-bridge circuits
    • 2.2.6. Harmonic composition of the rectified voltage and primary currents in rectification circuits
  • 2.3. Switching and operation modes of rectifiers
    • 2.3.1. Switching currents in rectification schemes
    • 2.3.2. External characteristics of rectifiers
  • 2.4. Energy characteristics of rectifiers and ways to improve them
    • 2.4.1. Power factor and efficiency of rectifiers
    • 2.4.2. Improving the power factor of controlled rectifiers
  • 2.5. Features of rectifier operation for capacitive load and back-EMF
  • 2.6. Smoothing filters
  • 2.7. Rectifier operation from a source of comparable power
• Chapter Three Inverters and frequency converters
  • 3.1. Network Driven Inverters
    • 3.1.1. Single phase midpoint inverter
    • 3.1.2. Three Phase Bridge Inverter
    • 3.1.3. Power balance in grid-driven inverter
    • 3.1.4. Main characteristics and operating modes of inverters driven by the network
  • 3.2. Standalone inverters
    • 3.2.1. Current inverters
    • 3.2.2. Voltage inverters
    • 3.2.3. Thyristor voltage inverters
    • 3.2.4. Resonant inverters
  • 3.3. Frequency converters
    • 3.3.1. Frequency converters with DC link
    • 3.3.2. Direct coupled frequency converters
  • 3.4. Regulation of the output voltage of autonomous inverters
    • 3.4.1. General regulatory principles
    • 3.4.2. Control devices for current inverters
    • 3.4.3. Regulation of the output voltage by means of shi-i rbt-pulse modulation (PWM)
    • 3.4.4. Geometric stress addition
  • 3.5. Ways to improve the shape of the output voltage of inverters and frequency converters
    • 3.5.1. The effect of non-sinusoidal voltage on electricity consumers
    • 3.5.2. Inverter output filters
    • 3.5.3. Reducing higher harmonics in the output voltage without filters
• Chapter four. Regulators-stabilizers and static contactors
  • 4.1. AC Voltage Regulators
  • 4.2. DC Regulators
    • 4.2.1. Parametric Stabilizers
    • 4.2.2. Continuous stabilizers
    • 4.2.3. Switching regulators
    • 4.2.4. The development of structures of pulse regulators
    • 4.2.5. Thyristor-capacitor DC regulators with metered energy transfer to the load
    • 4.2.6. Combined Converters-Regulators
  • 4.3. Static contactors
    • 4.3.1. Thyristor AC Contactors
    • 4.3.2. DC thyristor contactors
• Chapter Five Converter control systems
  • 5.1. General information
  • 5.2. Block diagrams of control systems of converting devices
    • 5.2.1. Control systems for rectifiers and dependent inverters
    • 5.2.2. Control systems for direct frequency converters
    • 5.2.3. Standalone inverter control systems
    • 5.2.4. Control systems for regulators-stabilizers
  • 5.3. Microprocessor systems in converter technology
    • 5.3.1. Typical generalized microprocessor structures
    • 5.3.2. Examples of using microprocessor control systems
• Chapter six. Application of power electronic devices
  • 6.1. Areas of rational use
  • 6.2. General technical requirements
  • 6.3. Emergency Protection
  • 6.4. Operational control and diagnostics of technical condition
  • 6.5. Ensuring parallel operation of converters
  • 6.6. Electromagnetic interference
• List of references

INTRODUCTION

In electronic technology, power and information electronics are isolated. Power electronics originally emerged as a field of technology associated primarily with the conversion of various types of electrical energy through the use of electronic devices. Further advances in the field of semiconductor technologies have made it possible to significantly expand the functionality of power electronic devices and, accordingly, their field of application.

Devices of modern power electronics make it possible to control the flow of electricity not only for the purpose of converting it from one type to another, but also for distribution, organization of high-speed protection of electrical circuits, compensation of reactive power, etc. These functions, closely related to the traditional tasks of the electric power industry, have also determined more The name of power electronics is power electronics. Information electronics is mainly used for information process control. In particular, information electronics devices are the basis of control and regulation systems for various objects, including power electronics devices.

However, despite the intensive expansion of the functions of power electronics devices and their areas of application, the main scientific and technical problems and tasks solved in the field of power electronics are associated with. electric energy conversion.

Electricity is used in various forms: in the form of alternating current with a frequency of 50 Hz, in the form of direct current (over 20% of all generated electricity), as well as alternating current of increased frequency or currents of a special form (for example, pulse, etc.). This difference is mainly due to the diversity and specificity of consumers, and in some cases (for example, in autonomous power supply systems) and primary sources of electricity.

The variety in the types of consumed and generated electricity necessitates its transformation. The main types of electricity conversion are:

• 1) rectification (conversion of alternating current to direct current);
• 2) inversion (conversion of direct current to alternating current);
• 3) frequency conversion (conversion of alternating current of one frequency into alternating current of another frequency).

There are also a number of other, less common types of conversion: current waveforms, number of phases, etc. In some cases, a combination of several types of conversion is used. In addition, electricity can be converted in order to improve the quality of its parameters, for example, to stabilize the voltage or frequency of an alternating current.

Conversion of electricity can be done in various ways. In particular, traditional for electrical engineering is the transformation by means of electrical machine units, consisting of an engine and a generator, united by a common shaft. However, this method of conversion has a number of disadvantages: the presence of moving parts, inertia, etc. Therefore, in parallel with the development of electric machine conversion in electrical engineering, much attention was paid to the development of methods for static conversion of electricity. Most of these developments were based on the use of non-linear elements of electronic technology. The main elements of power electronics, which became the basis for creating static converters, were semiconductor devices. The conductivity of most semiconductor devices largely depends on the direction of the electric current: in the forward direction, their conductivity is large, in the opposite direction, it is small (i.e., a semiconductor device has two distinct states: open and closed). Semiconductor devices can be uncontrolled and controlled. In the latter, it is possible to control the moment of the onset of their high conductivity (inclusion) by means of control pulses of low power. The first domestic works devoted to the study of semiconductor devices and their use for converting electricity were the work of academicians V.F. Mitkevich, N.D. Papaleksi and others.

In the 1930s, gas-discharge devices (mercury valves, thyratrons, gasotrons, etc.) were widespread in the USSR and abroad. Simultaneously with the development of gas-discharge devices, the theory of electricity conversion was developed. The main types of circuits were developed and extensive research was carried out on the electromagnetic processes occurring during the rectification and inversion of alternating current. At the same time, the first work appeared on the analysis of autonomous inverter circuits. The works of Soviet scientists I. L. Kaganov, M. A. Chernyshev, D. A. Zavalishin, as well as foreign ones: K. Müller-Lübeck, M. Demontvinier, V. Schilling and others played an important role in the development of the theory of ion converters.

A new stage in the development of converting technology began in the late 50s, when powerful semiconductor devices - diodes and thyristors - appeared. These silicon-based devices are far superior in performance to gas-discharge devices. They have small dimensions and weight, have a high efficiency value, have speed and increased reliability when working in a wide temperature range.

The use of power semiconductor devices has significantly affected the development of power electronics. They became the basis for the development of highly efficient converting devices of all types. In these developments, many fundamentally new circuitry and design solutions were adopted. The industrialization of power semiconductor devices for electricity has intensified research and development in this area and the creation of new technologies. Taking into account the specifics of power semiconductor devices, old methods were refined and new methods for analyzing circuits were developed. The classes of circuits of autonomous inverters, frequency converters, DC regulators and many others have significantly expanded, and new types of power electronics devices have appeared - static contactors with natural and artificial switching, thyristor reactive power compensators, high-speed protection devices with voltage limiters, etc.

One of the main areas of effective use of power electronics has become the electric drive. Thyristor units and complete devices successfully used in metallurgy, machine tool construction, transport and other industries have been developed for a direct current electric drive. The mastery of thyristors has led to significant progress in the field of variable AC drive.

Highly efficient devices have been created that convert power frequency current into variable frequency alternating current to control the speed of electric motors. Many types of frequency converters with stabilized output parameters have been developed for various fields of technology. In particular, high-frequency powerful thyristor units have been created for induction heating of metal, which give a large technical and economic effect by increasing the resource of their work in comparison with electric machine units.

Based on the introduction of semiconductor converters, the reconstruction of electrical substations for mobile electric vehicles was carried out. Significantly improved the quality of some technological processes in the electrometallurgical and chemical industries due to the introduction of rectifier units with deep regulation of the output voltage and current.

The advantages of semiconductor converters have determined their widespread use in uninterrupted power supply systems. The scope of application of power electronic devices in the field of consumer electronics (voltage regulators, etc.) has expanded.

Since the beginning of the 80s, thanks to the intensive development of electronics, the creation of a new generation of "power electronics" products began. The basis for it was the development and industrial development of new types of power semiconductor devices: lockable thyristors, bipolar transistors, MOS transistors, etc. the speed of semiconductor devices, the values \u200b\u200bof the limiting parameters of diodes and thyristors, integrated and hybrid technologies for the manufacture of semiconductor devices of various types have developed, and microprocessor technology has begun to be widely introduced to control and monitor converting devices.

The use of the new element base made it possible to fundamentally improve such important technical and economic indicators as efficiency, specific values \u200b\u200bof mass and volume, reliability, quality of output parameters, etc. The tendency to increase the frequency of power conversion was determined. At present, miniature secondary power supplies of low and medium power have been developed with intermediate conversion of electricity at frequencies of the supersonic range. The development of the high-frequency (over 1 MHz) range has led to the need to solve a set of scientific and technical problems in the design of converting devices and to ensure their electromagnetic compatibility in technical systems. The technical and economic effect obtained due to the transition to higher frequencies fully compensated for the costs of solving these problems. Therefore, at present, the trend of creating many types of converting devices with an intermediate high-frequency link continues.

It should be noted that the use of fully controllable high-speed semiconductor devices in traditional circuits significantly expands their capabilities in providing new operating modes and, therefore, new functional properties of power electronic products.