Nestor personal account. Nestor the Chronicler. Called the father of the history of Ancient Rus. Nestorov Chronicle "The Tale of Bygone Years"
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The title of historian is great and responsible. We know Herodotus, Plutarch, Tacitus, and N.M. Karamzin. But for Russian history there is no higher authority, no higher name than the monk (c. 1056-114) - the monk of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, father of Russian history.
November 9 the day of memory of the chronicler Nestor is celebrated. The years of his life fell on the XI century. For him, literally recently, in 988, the waters of the Dnieper took in the baptized Kievans, the witnesses of this miracle were still alive. But Russia has already overtaken civil strife, attacks from external enemies. The descendants of Prince Vladimir could not or did not want to be united; with each decade, internecine strife among the princes increased.
The learned monk Nestor
Who was the Monk Nestor? Tradition says that, being a seventeen-year-old boy, he came to the monastery to the holy elder Feodosiy Pechersky (c. 1008–3 May 1074), where he was ordained. There is no doubt that Nestor came to the monastery already quite literate and even, according to the level of that time, educated young men. By that time, there were many teachers in Kiev, from whom Nestor could learn.
At that time, according to the Reverend Nestor
the blacks, like the lights, shone in Russia. Some were strong instructors, others were steadfast in vigil or on kneeling prayer; some fasted every other day and two days later, others ate only bread and water; some are boiled, others are only raw.
All were in love: the younger obeyed the elders, not daring to speak before them, and expressed humility and obedience; but the elders showed love to the younger, instructed and comforted them, as fathers of little children. If any brother fell into any sin, they comforted him and, out of great love, divided the penance into two and three. Such was mutual love, with strict abstinence.
And the days of the monk Nestor were indistinguishable from the days of other monks. Only his obedience was different: with the blessing of the abbot Theodosius of the Caves wrote the history of Russia... In his literary works, the chronicler calls himself “ sinful», « damned», « unworthy servant of God". In these assessments of oneself, humility, fear of God is manifested: a person who has reached such heights of humility sees in his soul the smallest sins. To imagine the spiritual level of the saints, it is enough to delve into the following saying: “ The saints mistook the shadow of the thought of sin for sin”, Even the slightest thought, and often even mourned their virtues as sins.
The first literary works of Nestor the Chronicler
The first in time was the work of Nestor " The life of the holy princes Boris and Gleb, in holy baptism of the named Roman and Davyd". It contains high prayerfulness, accuracy of description, moralizing. Nestor talks about the creation of man, his fall and his rebellion by the grace of God. In the words of the chronicler, one can see a grave sorrow that the Christian faith is slowly spreading in Russia. Nestor writes:
While Christians multiplied everywhere and idol altars were abolished, the Russian country remained in its former idolatrous delusion, because it did not hear a word from anyone about our Lord Jesus Christ; the apostles did not come to us and no one preached the word of God.
The second, and no less interesting and significant work of the chronicler - “ Life of the Monk Theodosius of the Caves". Nestor saw Saint Theodosius as a very young novice, then, many years later, he participated in the uncovering of the saint's relics, and now he compiled his biography. It is written simply and with inspiration.
My goal, - writes Nestor, - is that the future monarchs after us, reading the life of the saint and seeing his valor, glorify God, glorify the saint of God and strengthen themselves for exploit, especially by the fact that such a man and saint of God appeared in the Russian country.
Nestorov Chronicle "The Tale of Bygone Years"
The main feat of the life of the Monk Nestor was the compilation by the years 1112-1113 "Tale of Bygone Years". An unusually wide range of sources, comprehended from a single, ecclesiastical point of view, allowed the Monk Nestor to write the history of Russia as an integral part of world history, the history of the salvation of the human race. " Tale of Bygone Years"Came down to us in the composition of later vaults:
- Laurentian Chronicle (1377)
- First Novgorod Chronicle (XIV century) and
- Ipatiev Chronicle (XV century).
It is assumed that Nestor used the material The oldest vault (IX century), Vaults of Nikon (70s of the XI century) and Primary vault (1093-1095). The text contains obvious references to the Byzantine chronicle George Amartola... The reliability and completeness of the writings of the Monk Nestor is such that to this day historians have resorted to them as the most important and reliable source of information about Ancient Rus.
« Tale of Bygone Years"- the great creation of the father of Russian history.
Not temporary, but temporary years, which covered not some small period, but huge years of Russian life, an entire era. Completely it is called like this: "Behold the tales of time years, where the Russian land came from, who in Kiev began the first princes, and from where the Russian land began to eat."
History is interpreted by Nestor strictly from the Orthodox point of view. He talks about the saints equal to the apostles Cyril and Methodius, shows the great happiness of the Baptism of Russia, the fruits of her enlightenment. Equal to the Apostles Vladimir - the main character of Nestor's Tale of Bygone Years. The chronicler compares it to John the Baptist... The exploits and life of the prince are depicted in detail and with love. The spiritual depth, historical fidelity and patriotism of The Tale of Bygone Years put it among the highest creations of the world writing.
Chronicle of Nestor " Tale of Bygone Years"Cannot be called pure history, church or civil chronicle. It is also the history of the Russian people, the Russian nation, a reflection on the origins of the Russian consciousness, the Russian perception of the world, on the fate and attitude of a person at that time. It was not a simple enumeration of bright events or a familiar European life story, but a deep reflection on the place in the world of a new young people - the Russian. Where are we from? Why are they beautiful? How are we different from other nations? - these are the questions that faced Nestor.
"The Tale of Bygone Years". Research
The first researcher of the "Tale of Bygone Years" was a Russian historian and geographer V. N. Tatishchev... The archaeographer managed to find out a lot of interesting things about the chronicle P. M. Stroev... He expressed a new view of the "Tale of Bygone Years" as a collection of several earlier chronicles, and he began to consider all the chronicles that have come down to us as such.
A well-known Russian philologist and historian of the late 19th – 20th centuries. A. A. Shakhmatov put forward a version that each of the annals is a historical work with its own political position, dictated by the place and time of creation. He connected the history of the chronicle with the history of the whole country. The results of his research are presented in the works " Investigations about the oldest Russian chronicle vaults"(1908) and" Tale of Bygone Years"(1916). According to Shakhmatov, Nestor wrote the first edition of The Tale of Bygone Years in the Kiev-Pechersky Monastery in 1110-1112. The second edition was written by Abbot Sylvester in the Kiev Vydubitsky Mikhailovsky monastery in 1116. In 1118, the third edition of the Tale of Bygone Years was compiled on the instructions, or even political order, of the Novgorod prince Mstislav I Vladimirovich.
Soviet explorer D. S. Likhachev assumed that in the 30s-40s of the XI century, by order Yaroslav the Wise a record of oral folk historical legends about the spread of Christianity was made. This cycle served as the future basis of the chronicle.
Alexander Sergeevich Pushkincreating your chronicler Pimen in the drama " Boris Godunov"(1824-1825, published in 1831), took as a basis the character traits of the chronicler Nestor, striving for the truth, even if someone does not like it, at all" does not decorate the writer».
The Monk Nestor survived the fire and devastation of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra in 1196. His last works are permeated with the idea of \u200b\u200bthe unity of Russia, of its unity by the Christian faith. The chronicler bequeathed to the monks of the Caves to continue the work of his whole life. His successors in the annals: the monk Sylvester, abbot Vydubitsky Kiev Monastery; abbot Moseswho extended the chronicle up to 1200; abbot Lawrence - the author of the famous Laurentian Codex of 1377. All of them refer to the Monk Nestor: for them he is the highest teacher - both as a writer and as a prayer book.
As modern scholars have established, the Monk Nestor died at the age of 65. Now the relics of the Monk Nestor remain incorrupt in Near caves (Antonievs) of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. At the beginning of the XXI century " Society of History Lovers at Kiev University"Bound the saint's shrine with silver.
Attention to all lovers of Russian history
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Russian chronicle history is a monumental monument of ancient Russian book art, in terms of the scale and breadth of coverage of historical events, as well as in the form of presentation of the material unparalleled in the world... The collection contains weather (by year) chronicles, stories, legends, lives of Russian chronicle history for four and a half centuries (XII – XVI centuries).
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