The introduction of compact, powder-zinc batteries to the mass market can significantly change the situation in the market segment of small-sized battery cells for portable computers and digital devices.

energy problem

and the rest of the year, the fleet of portable computers and other digital devices has significantly increased, many of which have appeared on the market recently. This process has commendedly rushed at the link with increased popularity mobile phones. At its own pace, the increase in the number of portable electronic devices has increased, and there has been a serious increase in drinking on an autonomous electric power supply, and batteries and accumulators.

However, the need for the security of a majestic number portable outbuildings elements of life is only one side of the problem. So, in the world of development of portable electronic devices, there is an increase in the installation space of elements and the tightness of microprocessors chipped in them in just three years, the clock frequency of chipping PDA processors has grown by an order of magnitude. To replace the crooked monochrome screens, color displays with a high-rise building and a larger screen size will come. Everything should be brought up to the level of energy recovery. In addition, in the field of portable electronics, there is a clear trend towards further miniaturization. From the improvement of the overhauled factors, it becomes quite obvious that the increase in energy, exhaustion, durability and reliability of vicorous elements of life is one of the most important minds for the further development of portable electronic devices.

Even more acute is the problem of renewing the life of autonomous living in the segment of portable PCs. Modern technologies allow creating laptops, practically do not compromise on their functional equipment and productivity of modern floor systems. However, the ability to achieve efficient battery life allows you to save laptops in one of the main advantages of this type of computer mobility. A good indicator for a modern laptop equipped with a lithium-ion battery is that an hour of autonomous work is about 4 years 1, but for total work in mobile minds, this is clearly not enough (for example, a flight from Moscow to Tokyo takes about 10 years, and from Moscow to Los Angeles may 15).

One of the options for solving the problem of increasing the hour autonomous robots portable PCs є transition from the widest nickel-metal hydride and lithium-ion batteries to chemical incinerators (Direct Methanol Fuel Cells). In the quality of the fire for these elements, there is an aqueous solution of methyl alcohol (methanol) 3.

Vtіm, at this stage, it would be rather optimistic to describe the possible chemical elements in erysipelas. On the right, there are at least two crossings on the path of massive expansion of fire elements in portable electronic outbuildings. First, methanol is to be filled with toxic rechovina, which transfers the promotion of smoke to the tightness and reliability of the fire cartridges. In another way, for the safe passage of chemical reactions in the ashtray elements with a low working temperature, it is necessary to vicorate catalysts. At this time, catalysts from platinum and її alloys are in PEM- and DMCF-elements, but the natural reserves of speech are small, and its versatility is high. Theoretically, it is possible to replace platinum with other catalysts, for the sake of one of the teams that are directly involved in the research in this one, it was not far to know a suitable alternative. Today, this is the name of the platinum problem, perhaps the most serious shift to the path of a wide expansion of toxic elements in portable PCs and electronic appliances.

1 May be on the verge of an hour of work with a standard battery.

2 More details about the scorching elements can be found in the article "Smelting Elements: Rick Nadij", published in No. 1'2005.

3 PEM elements that work on gas-like water, equipped with a converter for extracting water from methanol.

Polished-zinc elements

The authors of a number of publications consider red-zinc batteries and accumulators as one of the foreseeable elements, but it is not true. Having become familiar with the outbuilding and the principle of work of poitryano-zinc elements to be instilled in deep rices, you can create a whole unambiguous visnovo about those that can more correctly look at them as an okremy class of autonomous living cells.

The design of the middle of the zinc-poly element includes a cathode and an anode, separated by a lukewarm electrolyte and mechanical separators. In the capacity of the cathode, a gas diffusion electrode (gas diffusion electrode, GDE) is incorporated, a water-permeable membrane that allows the removal of sour from the atmospheric air circulating through it. "Falling" is a zinc anode, oxidized in the process of the work of the element, and oxidizing sour, staining is to enter through the "distal open" of the atmospheric air.

On the cathode, an electrically oxidized reaction is observed, the products of which are negatively charged hydroxide-ioni:

O 2 + 2H 2 O + 4e 4OH -.

Hydroxide-ions are collapsing in electricity to the zinc anode, the oxidation reaction of zinc is deactivated and the electrons are vibrated, and they are turned to the cathode through the outer lance:

Zn + 4OH - Zn (OH) 4 2- + 2 e.

Zn (OH) 4 2 ZnO + 2OH - + H 2 O.

It is quite obvious that the zinc-rich elements are not used for the classification of chemical elements: in the first place, an electrode is victorious in them, which is stained (anode), but in another way, it is placed in the middle of the middle, and not put into operation.

The voltage between the electrodes of one middle of the red-zinc element should be 1.45 V, which is even closer to the same parameter as the alkaline (alkaline) batteries. If necessary, in order to take a larger load of food, it is possible to combine a sprat of consecutively loaded seeds into a battery.

Zinc should be supplemented with a wide and inexpensive material, which is why, when the mass production of mixed-zinc elements is spread, the plants do not have problems with syrovina. In addition, to build on the cob stage, the versatility of such dzherel zhivlennya will be entirely competitive.

It is important that those who use zinc elements are even more environmentally friendly. Materials that are needed for their processing, do not open up the middle ground and can be re-mixed after reworking. The products of the reaction of powdered zinc elements (water and zinc oxide) can be absolutely harmless for humans and the necessary medium.

From the operational powers of the powder-zinc elements, the varto indicates such advantages, like low speed self-discharge in a non-activated station and a small change in the magnitude of the voltage in the discharge world (flat discharge curve).

Pevny nedolіkom povіtryano-zinc elementіv є vpliv vіdnoї vologostі poіtrya, scho act on the characteristics of the element. For example, for a powder-zinc element, which is approved for operation in the minds, the water content is 60% higher, with an increase in moisture content up to 90%, the term of service changes by approximately 15%.

Number of batteries to accumulators

the most simple in the implementation of the variant of powder-zinc elements - disposable batteries. In the case of combined coated-zinc elements of great size and pressure (for example, used for eating power plants of transport facilities), zinc anode cassettes can be replaced. In order to replenish the energy reserve, you need to finish the cassette with the corrected electrodes and replace it with a new one. Welding electrodes can be used for re-stowing in an electrochemical way at specialized enterprises.

Well, if we talk about compact living elements that are attached to victories in portable PCs and electronic appliances, then the practical implementation of the option with replacement cassettes of zinc anodes is impossible due to the small size of batteries. To this very fact, the majority of presentations in the present hour on the market of compact powder-zinc elements are disposable. The companies Duracell, Eveready, Varta, Matsushita, GP, as well as the entrepreneurial enterprise "Energiya" let out only once the vicoristing of zinc elements of life of a small size. The main scope of the stosuvannya of such devices is the life of hearing aids, portable radio stations, photographic equipment, etc.

At this time, a lot of companies are turning out disposable zinc-poly batteries

For some reason, the AER company produced Power Slice flat-panel zinc-poly batteries designed for portable computers. These elements have been expanded for the Hewlett-Packard Omnibook 600 and Omnibook 800 series laptops; the hour of their autonomous work became from 8 to 12 years.

In principle, it is possible to create and recharge again-zinc elements (accumulators), in which, when connected to a positive jet, the struma on the anode will run the reaction of zinc renewal. However, it is more practical to include similar projects long hour overcame serious problems, obumovlenі chemical power of zinc. Zinc oxide is well differentiated in puddle electrolyte and in a differentiated appearance it is distributed according to the total volume of electrolyte, moving away from the anode. Through this, when charging from the splendid strum, the geometry of the anode changes in the significant world: zinc oxide is deposited on the surface of the anode at the sight of strichkovy crystals (dendrites), the shape of which is similar to dovgi thorns. The dendrites pierce through the separators, screaming short chirp in the middle of the battery.

This problem is compounded by the fact that in order to increase the tension of the anodes of the powdered zinc elements, they are prepared from finely powdered zinc (which allows a significant increase in the surface area of ​​the electrode). In this way, in the world of increasing the number of charge-discharge cycles, the area of ​​the anode surface will gradually change, negatively affecting the working characteristics of the element.

Until now, the greatest successes in the field of compact, powder-zinc batteries have been achieved by Zinc Matrix Power (ZMP). The ZMP facsimiles have developed a unique Zinc Matrix technology, as a result of which it has solved the main problems that are blamed on the battery charging process. The essence of this technology is based on vicarious polymeric speech, which ensures seamless penetration of hydroxide ions, but when blocking the movement, it changes into electrolytic zinc oxide. Zavdyaky vykoristannyu tsgogo solution vdaєtsya niknut mnіtnogo zmіni form and area of ​​the surface of the anode with a stretch of at least 100 charge-discharge cycles.

The advantages of the zinc-rich batteries are three times a day of work and the energy capacity is great, as at least two times more similar indicators of the shortest lithium-ion batteries. The energy consumption of the zinc-poly-zinc batteries is up to 240 W per year per 1 kg of wire, and the maximum intensity is 5000 W/kg.

According to ZMP retailers, it is possible to create zinc-poly-zinc batteries for portable electronic devices (mobile phones, digital players, etc.) with an energy consumption of about 20 W per year. It is minimally possible for the thickness of similar dzherel zhivlennya to become a total of 3 mm. Experimental prototypes of powder-zinc batteries for laptops may have an energy capacity of 100 to 200 W per year.

A prototype of a powder-zinc battery, created by the facsimiles of the company Zinc Matrix Power

Another important thing is the presence of the so-called effect of memory. On the basis of other types of batteries, red-zinc elements can be charged with any equal charge, moreover, without shkod for their energy capacity. In addition, on the vіdmіnu vіd lithium batteries powdered-zinc elements are richly safe.

At the end, it is impossible not to guess about one important step, which became a symbolic starting point on the way of commercialization of red-zinc elements: 9 blacks of the past fate Zinc Matrix Power officially voted about signing a strategic favor with Intel Corporation. Please see ZMP and Intel to combine their efforts in the field of distribution new technologies rechargeable batteries for laptop PCs. Among the main goals of these works is to increase the hour of autonomous work of laptops up to 10 years. According to the announced plan, the first models equipped with red-zinc laptop batteries will be available for sale already in 2006.

Electrochemical technologies for energy saving are rapidly developing. NantEnergy is promoting a budget zinc-recycled energy battery.

Company NantEnergy, ocholyuvana Californian billionaire Patrick Soon-Shiong (Patrick Soon-Shiong), presented a zinc-replacement energy battery (Zinc-Air Battery), the quality of which is lower than lithium-ion analogues.

Zinc-reinforced energy battery

The battery, “protected by hundreds of patents”, is recognized for excellence in energy saving systems in the energy industry. According to NantEnergy, the price is lower than one hundred dollars per kilowatt-year.

The addition of a zinc-coated battery exudes simplicity. When charging electricity, I transform zinc oxide into zinc and oxygen. At the discharge phase in the commissary, zinc is oxidized repeatedly. One battery, placed in a plastic case, there is not much more for the dimensions, a lower briefcase for papers.

Zinc is not a rare metal, and the problems of exchange of resources, discussed in connection with lithium-ion batteries, zinc-replacement batteries do not charge. In addition, it is still practical not to take the place for the secondary element, and zinc can be easily recycled for the secondary element.

It is important to note that the NantEnergy attachment is not a prototype, but a serial model, as it was tested during the remaining six years "in thousands of different places". These batteries provided energy for "over 200 thousand inhabitants of Asia and Africa and victorious in more than 1000 years style tie in the whole world."

The low variability of the energy saving system will allow "to transform the electric line into a prac- tically complete and carbon-free system", which is based on the refurbishment of energy sources.

Zinc-reinforced batteries are not a novelty, the stench was found in the 19th century and was widely used from the 30s of the last century. The main sphere of zastosuvannya tsikh dzherel zhivlennya - hearing aids, portable radio stations, photographic equipment ... Sevnoy scientific and technical problem, obumovleny chemical authorities zinc, was the creation recharged batteries. Judging by the mustache, given problem Today in the significant world of Podolan. NantEnergy has achieved that the battery can be charged and discharged more than 1000 times without performance degradation.

Among the other parameters that are required by the company: 72 years of autonomy and the 20th term of the system service.

Up to the number of cycles and other characteristics, of course, є nutrition, which needs to be clarified. Vtіm, deyakі experts in the field of accumulative energy believe in technology. Based on the results of the GTM experiment conducted in the past year, most of the respondents indicated that zinc batteries were used as a technology to replace lithium-ion in energy saving systems.

Earlier, the head of Tesla, Elon Musk, said that the number of lithium-ion cells (cells), which are released by this company, can fall below $ 100 / kWh per year in the production cycle.

It is often reported that the expansion of variable VDEs, sleepy and wind energy, is slightly tinkering (be tinkering) through the use of cheap energy saving technologies.

Ce, ozzoumilo, not so, shards of accumulating energy are only one of the tools for improving the maneuverability (flexibility) of the energy system, but not the only tool. Until then, as we know, electrochemical technologies for saving energy are developing at a high pace. published

If you have any feedback on these topics, ask them favorites and readers of our project.

The novelty promises to improve lithium-ion batteries in terms of energy capacity by three times and at the same cost twice as cheaply.

It is significant that at the same time, only zinc-poly batteries are discharged from apparently disposable elements, or they are “recharged” manually, so that you can change the cartridge for help. By the way, this type of batteries is safer than lithium-ion ones, so that you can’t take revenge on flying speeches and, obviously, you can’t shoot.

The main membrane on the way of the folding is recharged in the form of several options - that of the batteries - the rapid degradation of the attachment: the electrolyte will be switched on the oxidation-renewal reaction, and will be improved and will stop after a few cycles of recharging.

In order to understand why it seems so, it is necessary to describe the principle of the work of powder-zinc elements for the cob. The battery is stacked with red and zinc electrodes and electrolytic. For an hour of discharging, you need to call again, not without the help of catalysts, which will dissolve hydroxyl-ioni (OH -) electrolyte in the water supply.

The stench oxidizes the zinc electrode. In the course of the reaction, electrons vibrate, which make the strum. Under an hour of charging the battery, the process is going to turn around: on the surface of the electrode, sour is produced.

Earlier in the course of the work of the battery, which is recharged by water, the electrolyte is often simply hanging or penetrating deeply into the pores of the rubbed electrode. In addition, the precipitated zinc rose unevenly, flattening the structure, through which between the electrodes, short flickering began.

The novelty has been spared tsikh nedolіkіv. Special gel-forming and binding additives control the moisture content and shape of the zinc electrode. In addition, new catalysts have been propagated, which have significantly improved the work of the elements.

So far, the best indicators of the prototypes do not exceed hundreds of recharge cycles (photo by ReVolt).

ReVolt director James McDougall is aware that the first products on the vіdmіnu vіd niіshnіh zrazkіv will be charged up to 200 times, and it's not hard to reach the mark in 300-500 cycles. Tsey pokaznik allow vikoristovuvaty element, for example, in stylish phones or laptops.

prototype new batteries buv distribution in the Norwegian research fund SINTEF, ReVolt is engaged in the commercialization of the product (ReVolt illustration).

ReVolt also sells red zinc batteries for electric vehicles. Such choices are predicted by the fire elements. Zinc suspension in them plays the role of a rare electrode, while repeated electrode is formed from a system of tubes.

Electricity vibrates when the suspension is pumped through the tubes. Zinc oxide solutions are then taken in another direction. When recharging, the wines pass through a large path, and the oxide turns back into zinc.

Such batteries can vibrate more than electricity, so as a charge of a rare electrode, it can be richer than a charge of an inspected electrode. McDougall is aware that this type of cell can be charged two to ten thousand times.

These elements are tested by the greatest scope of all modern technologies. The reason for this was the components that are found in these batteries. In the quality of the cathodic reagent in these elements, atmospheric oxyfuel is present, which is known in their names. In order to repeat the reaction with the zinc anode, open small holes in the case of the batteries. Potassium hydroxide is present in the electrolyte in these elements, which has a high conductivity.
The order of creation, like a non-rechargeable dzherel of life, zinc-plated elements are characterized by a long-term and stable term of conservation, at least as a way to save them hermetically in the air, in an inactive state. In this case, for a river of savings, such elements spend close to 2 hundred tons of capacity. As soon as you spend more time in the battery, the batteries do not live longer than a month, regardless of that, you will be victorious, chi no.
Deyakі virobniki began vikoristovuvat the very same technology in charging elements. The best of these elements have proven themselves during trials in low-power outbuildings. The main shortcoming of these elements is a high internal support, which means that in order to reach a high tension, the stink of guilt must be great. And tse means the need to create additional adapters for batteries in laptops, according to the size of the computer itself.
Ale, it should be noted that such a stoppage of stench began to be taken away recently. The first such product is a joint creation of Hewlett-Packard Co. i AER Energy Resources Inc. - PowerSlice XL - showing the inadequacy of this technology with vikoristanny in portable computers. Tsya battery, created for the HP OmniBook 600 laptop, weighed 3.3 kg - more, lower the computer itself. Roboti won't be safe for more than 12 years. The Energizer company also began to vigorize the technology in their little honky-tonk batteries victorious in their hearing aids.
Battery recharging is not so easy on the right. Chemical processes are more sensitive to electric struma, which is supplied to the battery. If the voltage is too low, then the battery will strum, but not accept. If the voltage is too high, you can start an unfavorable reaction, building an element. For example, when the voltage is increased, the voltage will be increased and the power of the strum will be increased, as a result, the battery will overheat. And if you continue to charge the element, after that, as soon as there are enough charges, you can often see vibrating, unsafe gases in the new one and begin to vibrate.

recharging technologies
modern outbuildings for recharging - you need to add folding electronic accessories with different levels of protection - like yours, so your batteries. Most of the options for the skin type of elements have their own charger. With the wrong choice of charger, you can charge not only batteries, but also the attachment itself, or build systems that are powered by batteries.
Uses two modes of operation chargers- h constant tension and with a constant strum.
The simplest is an attachment with a constant voltage. The stench will always work the same voltage, and give a strum, which is equal to the battery charge (and other important factors). In the world of battery charging, as the voltage increases, the difference between the potentials of the charger and the battery changes. As a result, a smaller strum flows along the lanceg.
Everything is needed for such an attachment - a transformer (for changing the charging voltage to the level required by the battery) snake struma in a postyny, which vikoristovuetsya for battery charge). With such simple attachments, rechargers are used to charge car and ship batteries.
As a rule, similar attachments charge lead batteries for dzherel uninterrupted life. In addition, the attachments with a constant voltage are vikorated and for recharging lithium-ion elements. Just add schemes for the defense of batteries and their rulers.
Another type of charging attachments ensures the constant force of the strum and changes the voltage to ensure the necessary size of the strum. As soon as the voltage reaches the full charge, charging is applied. (Remember, tension, created by the element, falling in the world of order). Sound with such attachments to charge nickel-cadmium and nickel-metal hydride elements.
Crimia of the required level of voltage, chargers attached to the nobility, how many hours it takes to charge the element. The battery can be recharged, as if it is too early to charge it. Fallow in the form of a battery and in the form of "intellect" of the charger, I will build a dekilka of technologies for the appointment of an hour of recharging.
The simplest vibrations have a voltage for which victorious, which is vibrated by a battery. The charger should follow the voltage of the battery and blink at the moment when the voltage in the battery reaches the threshold level. But such a technology is far from suitable for all elements. For example, for nickel-cadmium it is not acceptable. In these elements, the discharge curve is close to a straight line, and it is even more difficult to calculate the threshold voltage.
Larger "vitoncheni" charging attachments indicate the hour of recharging by temperature. To keep an eye on the temperature of the element, and flicker, or change the charge stream, if the battery starts to heat up (which means overcharge). Sound in such elements of life, the thermometers will sound, as if following the temperature of the element and transmitting a signal to the charger.
"Intellectual" additions to the vicorist method. The stench can switch from a great charge charge to maly, or they can boost a constant stream for the help of special voltage and temperature sensors.
Standard chargers give a smaller strum to a charge, a lower strum to a charge of an element. A charger attachment great meanings strum to give a larger strum, lower rated strum to the discharge of the battery. An attachment for uninterrupted recharging with a small strum is to be laid on a small strum, which does not allow batteries to self-discharge (for the purpose of such attachments and vicorist to compensate for self-discharge). Call the charge current in such extensions to become one twenty, or one thirty, of the nominal discharge of the battery. Modern charging attachments can often be used at a decimal charge rate. The stench of vicorist is more high-value struma and step by step switches to low, close to the world to the full charge. As soon as the battery is vibrated, which is charged with a small strum (nickel-cadmium, for example, does not vibrate), then at the end of the charging cycle, the attachments will switch to the whole mode. More laptop chargers style telephones divided in such a way that they can be permanently connected to the elements and do not mess with them.

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