Servers based on Intel processors: history of vindication, designation, help, description of the main subsystems. Installation in the server room Warehouse server

In order to better understand what such a modern server is like, let's briefly look at the history of our winery. Most of the time, all the electronic processing of data took place on hard EOM - mainframes, the coristuvachs had only a terminal for access to data. Mainframes (mainframe - main stand (English)) were more advanced, universal EOM for one-hour servicing of thousands of coristuvachs. The main peculiarity of their architecture is balance, which could be reached with the help of an additional processor on the same channel, which is synchronized with the calculation processor for rewriting. Zvertayuchis to the channel processor for the tributes, the counting processor at the same time switched to rozrahunki for parallel zavdans. The terminal was an alphanumeric display and a keyboard that connected to the mainframe. Mainframes were supplied by a few companies: Hitachi, Amdahl, IBM and others. As a rule, their products were inconsequential among themselves.

The companies were closed on the decision of one supplier, who supplied all the hardware and software. Computer systems were more expensive, and moving from one system to another was more painful. Have 1971 r. by Intel The first microprocessor (i4004) was expanded, which enabled the emergence of a personal computer - the IBM PC. Due to the growing tightness and quantity of the PC, there was a stepwise transition from the centralized processing of information to the distribution (on the PC). Terminals began to be replaced by PCs, and mainframes were step by step.

However, due to the increase in the number of PCs and their tightness, the development of local merezh, a new vinyl needs for the centralized collection of data.

There was a need for a server for personal computers. The server is attached to the service, assigning services to access to critical resources (files, printers, databases, programs, etc.).

File servers piled up wide, decoristuvachi saved their data and exchanged them. For the growth of the global computer system Internet vinic new directly - telecommunications servers (web servers, ftp, domain names, mail). With the development of the DBMS, through the change in the format of saving access to data, file servers have lost their popularity, and in many cases database servers have been replaced. The file servers are being abandoned until the next day, but the stench is of a different order of significance - they are no longer available for saving files in the coristuvacha and other archives. In the rest of the hour, the popularity of terminal servers grew - PCs of coristuvachs serve only as a terminal for displaying and entering data, and all the servers of coristuvacha are counted on the server. In this way, significant savings are achieved on a PC (low-power computers are suitable for the role of a terminal), costs for installing that support are reduced software, the protection of confidentiality and the protection of data are violated.

To reduce the total cost of money (TCO), where you enter the cost of ownership, software and maintenance of equipment, a lot of companies today turn to the centralized processing of data. But now there is no isolation on one supplier of hardware and software, on the market there is a wide choice of solutions for different companies.

The server has become a critical element in the modern data processing infrastructure, which can lead to serious time and financial expenses.

Server downtime can be mentally divided into two categories: planned and unplanned. Planovі po'yazanі z vykonannyam prokladnym robіt on the server: preventive maintenance, modernizatsija just.

Vykoristovuyuchi server, izbraniya іz tsikh server components, it is possible to shorten the planned and planned downtime. For example, when one of the fans goes out of tune, the administrator can change it without vibrating the server. The same can be done with life blocks, as well as the stench of redundancy, with hard disks and PCI-X expansion cards and PCI Express.

Planned downtime is blamed on different servers. The reasons may be different, the most wide-ranging - overheating of components through a fan fan or a drive disk system through the fret of one or a disk drive. Until then, they can cause software problems, resulting in an incorrect configuration of the rest. Dosi in Russia may be the situation, if the server is in parallel to serve as a system administrator's workstation, which zooms in on the installation of a proprietary software security, various system conflicts, i.e., the reliability of the system falls catastrophically.

The reason for this may be the attack on the server with the method of paralyzing the robot. Such an attack can work like a local lines, and to the Internet (as a local network may be outside the global network).

At times of downtime of the main working server spend financially mentally you can razrahuvat like this:
Spend = number of koristuvachiv working from the server * average salary per year of koristuvach * number of years.
Here you can add on the cost of incomplete operations, fines, penalties too.

The biggest option is simple, which is accompanied by a second tribute. The best data can be more expensive, the lowest best server. To help protect this situation, the necessary post backup data on lines accumulating or other attachments - CDRW, DVD-RW and other.

In 1995 by Intel, the supplier of microprocessors, the Pentium Pro processor (150MHz, 512Kb cache), which is positioned as a server. Vіn vіdіznjavsya vіd іdsktopnih analogіv іn great cache іѕ thаt thаt thе thе archіtektura thаt іѕ often lagged аt processors with thе RISC architecture. In the Pentium Pro Intel, for the first time, having enabled the technology of dynamic execution (Dynamic Execution), so that instructions can be executed not only sequentially, but in parallel with the additional transfer of code to the code of that reordered execution of instructions. The efficiency of the processor has significantly increased - the number of commands that have been beaten per clock.

Another innovation is the great introduction of the L2 cache. For server systems, having a larger cache is even more important. The processors are supposed to work at frequencies that will change the memory frequency in a few times. Half instructions standard supplements is a team of robots with memory - zavantazhennya that razvantazhennya danikh (Load-Store). The robot is remembered for the offensive scheme: if the data was not found in the L1 cache, then the transition to the L2 cache, at the end of the process 9-16 processor cycles, as there is no data in the L2 cache, then the transition to the memory goes up to 150 processor cycles, for which the processor checks for data. The large L2 cache increases the possibility of a secure access to data, which also increases the efficiency of the robotic processor.

You can talk about the fact that Intel is first stagnating and testing its new technologies on server processors, then these technologies are progressively expanding on desktops. Tse became s іntegrovanim cache L2, dynamic vikonannyam, multithreading (hyper-threading). On board 64-bit memory addressing (EM64T).

There were other server processors behind the Pentium Pro: in 1998. - Intel Pentium II Xeon (400-450MHz, 1-2MB cache), Pentium III Xeon (700-900MHz, 1-2MB cache). Have 2001 r. buv vypuskiya server analog Pentium 4 Cheon, which develops and vikoristovuetsya і in the given hour.

In this manner, Intel has already been expanding server processors for 9 years Maternity pay. W 1999 Intel, to expand its server business, began expanding and expanding server cases, and in 2001. First, I independently developed the server chipset - E7500. Prior to that, Intel's other server motherboard vendors were winning server chipsets from ServerWorks (a subsidiary of Broadcom). With the advent of the E7500 and E7501 chipsets, Intel has practically replaced ServerWorks with the dual-processor chipset market. Today, ServerWorks chipsets are widely used only in rich processor systems based on Xeon MP.

Modern Intel chipsets can be smartly shared on servers and desktops. In server chipsets, the PCI-X I/O bus is connected directly to the MCH (Memory Controller Hub), in desktop chipsets, it must be connected through the direct connection (ICH-I / O controller HUB). Chipsets for servers cob row(E7210, 875P) Gigabit Ethernet adapter for direct connections to the MCH to balance the ICH traffic.

Figure 1. Paired architecture of chipsets for dual processor servers (E7500), single processor cob servers (E7210) and Intel desktop chipsets (I845).

At this year's server solutions, Intel has reached a stage of maturity: globally adopted standards for various server subsystems have appeared: IPMI (remote management), SSI (life blocks and chassis), DMI (system management and inventory).

Now let's take a look at the main help to the server that has accumulated on Narazi:

1. arrogance
2. Shvidkodiya
3. Keratinism
4. Expandability

1. Reliability

Zavdyaki why in the servers reach the nadіynіst:

• Selection of special server components, as a way to pass recurrent testing.
• Redundant components: redundant living units, fans, hard disks.
• Memory with parity control (ECC) allows you to automatically correct one-bit pardons
• Remote monitoring and server diagnostics (ability to review temperature, fan speed, critical failure alerts)

2. Swedish code

At the moment, swidcode is one of the “slimy” server displays. Servers of the cob level of processor pressure can not be irritated, but can sometimes be acted upon by the largest PC, so for the sake of solving some server tasks it is not necessary to have a large computational burden.

Let's take a look at the most extensive server roles and the focus on various subsystems in the course of their convocation:

TABLE 1 (1-least interest, 3-most.)

In this manner, we can reveal three server tasks, de processor fatigue of the current office computer maybe enough:

• fileserver
• firewalls
• mail servers

Let's see what happens, how to install it like a hard desktop data base server. The mechanism of operation of the database server can be mentally described as follows: to the server, as needed, it is requested, the necessary data is stored in the operational memory from the accumulated data, the next processing. Changes in data must be recorded on the accumulators, keep a note in the log about the transaction being completed and returned as soon as possible. With a great number of one-hour requests, it is critically important that the server's ability to count a few streams of programs at once, swedish access to the Danes (large number operational memory) and shvidka and above disk subsystem.

The throughput of the "desktop" PCI bus is 133 Mb/s.

A gigabit card can have a maximum throughput of 125 Mb/s. How to add traffic to Winchesters - for example, IDE up to 40-60 Mb / s., SCSI up to 60-70 Mb / s. If the RAID controller with the number of hard drives in the array wins, then the traffic on the bus will increase proportionally to the current number. Moreover, the server can serve all the traffic at once. As we already mentioned earlier, desktop chipsets can only have one I/O bus, so expansion cards have to compete for bus bandwidth, as it becomes a narrow space. At its core, the server is characterized by the presence of a large number of independent wide I/O buses, the infection of PCI-X, in the future PCI Express.

So, the swidcode on which server is secured like this:

• Two and more processors
• Number of independent PCI-X or PCI Express buses available
• Possibility of using the great resources of operational memory

3. Curing.

• Ability to remotely (as far as possible) take information about the temperature of the processors, the motherboard; swidkist wrapping of fans.
• Administrator can set different options ahead of time email, to a pager, SNMP Alerts), about sub-systems that are reported on the server - fan prongs, overheating of processors, spaced chassis, etc.
• Turning on/off, restarting the server, reviewing the log, diagnostics, updating microcodes.

4. Expandability.

• Possibility of choosing a number of processors
• Ability to install a large number of memory modules
• Dekіlka of independent tires: PCI, PCI-X for the installation of additional expansion cards.

So, we can reconsider that we could need a full server to see all the options. Installing it as a working server of a hard PC gives a significant savings, as we will then “get” with the costs of maintenance and modernization.

Table 2. Possibility of PC, workstation and server

What makes up a modern server: a description of the main components and subsystems.

Coristuvachiv often blame food - why do servers cost more expensive, lower cost computers? Why do you have control over office PCs and why do you need better servers. You can only describe the main components, the “bricks” of which the server will be. Try to date short description main server components and subsystems.

Corps.

There are two main types of server buildings: standing and p'edestal. Pedestal cases (pedestal) - standard "vezh", which are airborne in the case of PCs with less space, more than a small cat for accumulative and less cold. On this day, p'estaln hulls are gaining popularity, rackmount hulls are taking up space today. The stench is recommended for installation in a 19-inch telecom stand or closet. As a rule, stand-alone housings are equipped with rails, which allow hanging the servers and how the service works. Such buildings take up less space and more efficiently in maintenance. This height is reduced in units (U). One unit is 44.5 mm thick. The widest range of rack enclosures: 1U, 2U, 4U and 5U.

Life Blocks

Server components (processors, hard disks, motherboards and other), due to their high productivity, save more electricity, lower analogues for office PCs. Otzhe, for the server it is necessary for the labor and for the supremacy of the life. Xeon server processors support up to 120W, hard SCSI drives up to 20W, motherboards up to 40W. In the way of clumsy pidrakhunkiv we can grow visnovok, so the minimum tension of the core of life for single-processor systems can be 300 W, for dual-processor systems - up to 400 W and d, fallow in configuration.

With the method of increasing the reliability in the servers, it is most common to vicorate the dzherela of life from reservations (redundant). At the same time, out of the way of one, life is alive, gaining ceremonies of additions, with which eating is not wasted. The administrator needs to be informed on the console about the replacement of one of the devices, which gives the opportunity to promptly replace the faulty part and restore the reservation. Obviously, in times of life, they support the possibility of a “hot” change, without shutting down the server.

Maternity pay

Form factor

Server systems have mother boards of two form factors: ATX(E-ATX) and SSI. ATX is the older and older standard, the leading rank for PC orientations. Today, on the basis of yoga, less server fees are generated. SSI (Server System Infrastructure) is a special standard for server components (housing blocks and chassis), which is actively promoted by Intel. The introduction of the SSI standard may lead to the creation of new server cases and blocks of life, thereby causing a change in the cost and final price for the coristuvacha.

The availability of motherboards of two standards is used in different versions of life: 20-pin for ATX (E-ATX), and new 24-pin for SSI. You can also change the payment - SSI must be 12"×13", ATX-12"×9.8", E-ATX-12"×13". In principle, it is possible to connect the SSI unit to the ATX board and, through special adapters, SSI sockets are actually socketed ATX + auxiliary contacts for 3.3V and 5V.

Support for I/O tires

One of the factors that add to the price of the mother's payment is the support of tires. p align="justify"> Mainboards of the cob level (single-processor) are characterized by the presence of a standard PCI bus, although with the release of the new Intel E7210 chipset, the PCI-X bus appeared earlier on single-processor motherboards. On more protruding (double-processor) boards, there are a few independent PCI-X buses. In the future (end of 2004–2005), all server payments are made on the basis of language last bus PCI Express. In fact, PCI Express can have a lot of advantages:

• Increased bandwidth building - 200 Mb/s per channel, certified 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32× channel options roses. The bus is full duplex, that is. data can be transferred "to there" and "back" at the same time, the peak speed can reach 6.4 Gb / s.
• Support for hot-swap expansion cards
• Established data transmission integrity control (CRC)

Table 3

Chipset

The market for server chipsets has lain indefinitely by ServerWorks. However, with the release of Intel Xeon and the release of the E7500 chipset, the leadership in the market of chipsets for dual-processor boards passed to Intel. At the moment, ServerWorks is no longer on the market for 4 processor servers with the Grand Champion HE chipset.

At the moment, there are two chipsets from Intel on the market of dual-processor systems: E7501 for the server segment and E7505 for workstations (supported by AGP Pro 8x). Announcements will soon be on sale based on the new Intel E7520 and E7320 chipsets. These chipsets support DDR-2 memory (400 MHz) - peak throughput is reduced by 20% and reaches 6.4Gb / s, energy reduction in DDR memory is reduced by 40%. Chipsets also support the PCI Express bus.

For single-processor systems, Intel 875P and Intel E7210 chipsets are used.

Table 4 Technical characteristics server chipsets from Intel

management

Possibility of an independent type of operating system remote monitoring that management is extremely important for servers. On this day, you can remotely (as soon as possible) receive information about the temperature of the processors, the motherboard; speed wrapping fan and other server settings. The administrator can set different options for early warning (by E-mail, on Pager, SNMP Alerts), about the subs on the server: fan coil, processor overheating, hub expansion. Іsnuє mozhlivіst vіddalenogo uvіmknennya / vymknennya, rezavantazhennya servіv. These functions are available when connected to a connected server, as well as connections to a local network or a special control network, and a black voltage is applied to the new one. The future is planning to introduce additional functions, for example, system administrators remove the ability to remotely (as far as possible) remove access to the screen and console by the server, upgrade the BIOS and other functions.

Deyakі virobniki іintegrate functionality for far away keruvannya on motherboards (Intel) Other companies dotrimuyutsya more flexible approach - the functions of management are implemented by a daughter board (Tyan), which is additionally purchased. The future Intel plans to switch to a similar scheme. Moreover, Intel will have different types of daughter boards that support the remote control functionality.

Working memory

Servers are characterized by the support of great memories. A lot of programs (SQL-servers, web servers, etc.) for speeding up operations add the maximum amount of data to the RAM. On file servers, a file cache is located in the operative memory, which will speed up access to the data of the server. Windows-based server terminals have at least 32 Mb of RAM per skin session, plus 256 Mb for the operating system. No matter what, for the functioning of the terminal-server for 50 cores it is necessary, at least, 2 gigabytes of memory. Sound on dual-processor boards for 4 to 8 sockets for memory modules. Obviously, the maximum volume can be 16 GB. Wanting in practice more than 4 GB of memory on 32-bit systems is not optimal. For the help of technology Physical Address Extensions (PAE) in 32-bit systems, you can convert up to 64 GB of memory, but with the addition of a firmware code.

All server boards support memory with parity control (ECC). Memory with ECC allows you to correct one by one bit pardons and inform about subwinnings, at the same time, ensuring the server's viability. On dual-processor servers, there is a special registry memory. Vіdminnіst vіd zvichaynoї pogaє in that on nіy present register (buffers), scho kontrolіt podіdl signal on all chips of memory. Vidpovidno buffer zbіlshhut zatrimu work z memory, and zbіlshüt nadіynіst access to memory, which is critical for servers. So, the signs of the presence of registers, the chipset can add more memory slots. In this way, dual-processor servers and rewrite registry memory with parity control. In a single-processor server, set the default memory from ECC support.

processors

For 32-bit single-processor systems, the Intel Pentium 4 is now victorious, for dual-processor systems - Xeon DP, for dual-processor systems, even more - Xeon MP. In fact, Intel Xeon є Intel Pentium 4, but with the inclusion of a rich processing unit (SMP). Xeon DP based on 130 nm technology supports 533 bus, L2 cache 512Kb and L3 1.2 Mb. Xeon DP, which has recently appeared, is based on 90 nm. those. Process (Nocona) supports 800 MHz bus, L2 cache 1 MB. Xeon DP (Nocona) adopts EM64T technology, one of the features of which is a 64-bit addressing mode, which makes it easier to work with large amounts of operational memory. The new Heoni has expanded the SpeedStep technology, which allows dynamically tightening and shortening the processor's energy.

Xeon MP looks like Xeon DP with a large L3 cache (up to 4Mb), which supports more 400 MHz bus and supports 4 or more processors. At Xeon processorsє caches of three equals L1, L2 and L3. The caches work at the core frequency, but also vary the workload (latency): L1 - 2-9 processor cycles (depending on data type), L2 - +7 cycles (9-16), L3 - +14 cycles (23-30) . In fact, due to other differences, the presence of the L3 cache does not change the system's firmware code on typical tasks. The peculiarity of the cache of Xeon processors is inclusiveness, so that instead of the L1 cache it is located in L2 and L3, while L2 is duplicated in L3, which changes the effective total cache capacity. Thus, in order to achieve the highest numerical productivity of the processor in the first turn, it is necessary to focus on the frequency of the processor bus and on the expansion of the cache of other equals (large cache L2 is faster, lower additional L3, through lower latency).

Disk subsystem

Disks

Today on the market there are three hard drives with three interfaces: Parallel ATA (IDE), Serial ATA (SATA), SCSI.

Parallel ATA (IDE) is the main interface for personal computers. Before the wins given interface you can charge a low price per megabyte of information.

Serial ATA is a cheap PATA interface. The new standard has expanded the throughput up to 150 Mb/s, new flat cables are used for connecting disks. The SATA standard allows for "hot" connection of storage devices, it has a mechanism for optimizing the command line in the middle of the controller, which will significantly speed up the introduction. On the PATA interface, in the SATA standard, only one attachment is connected to one channel. SATA interfaces and PATA is not crazy physically, but third-party companies have developed reworking interfaces.

The SCSI interface is known to have been played on server systems. Up to 15 outbuildings per channel, high throughput capacity (up to 320 Mb/s), bus arbitration technology, which reduces the burden on the processor, and optimizes the number of commands. These features make SCSI an ideal interface for businesses involved in a large number of I/O operations. Hard disks with SCSI interface, as a rule, can have a large spindle speed - 10,000 or 15,000 wraps per fiber, which increases the speed of transmission and transfer of data. To the minuses of this interface, you can see a high level of savings (hard disk SCSI is three to four times more expensive, lower storage SATA or PATA has more capacity). The physical interface of SCSI disks has two types: 80-pin SCA interface (hot-swappable) and 68-pin interface (no hot-swap).

RAID controllers

RAID controllers allow organizing from a group hard drives vіdmovostіy array. Іsnuyut raznі іvnі іvnі vіdmovostіykostі, аl аbіlіbіl shirennja nabuli so:

• Riven 0 (striping) – blocks of data are placed sequentially on a number of disks, they can win in speed, but without speed. That's why at the time of one of the Winchesters the coristuvach spends all the information.
• Rіven 1 (mirroring) - disks are combined into a pair and an exact copy of one of one, for which one you need two disks. 50% of the disk space is wasted, but the capacity is still available
• Riven 5 (striping with parity) – data blocks plus a checksum are placed on the disks. Moreover, the control sum appears "smeared" over all disks in the array. At the time of one of the disks, the data is transferred on the basis of the checksum to the replacement disk (hot spare). To encourage an array of equal 5, three discs are required. Under the control sum, there is a disk space that is equivalent to the obligation of one of the accumulators (for times n of the accumulators, the total amount of disk space is n-1).
• Rіven 0+1 or 10 (mirroring+striping) - mirroring+last block recording. There are two groups of mirror discs, recording on yaki is carried out sequentially in blocks. Need less than 4 discs. The loss of disk space is 50%. Riven 10 combines firmness and superficiality. Such an array can be continued with half of the discs. The controller needs to calculate the check sums, recording on disks is significantly faster, lower for equal 5.

In this rank, rіven 0 is most often victorious there, de needing high security of data, and saving data is not important, for example, non-linear video editing. Riven vikoristovuetsya there, where it is necessary to save data without victorious folding hardware systems. As a rule, values ​​of 0 and 1 support all found RAID controllers, including integration on the motherboard. Rіven 5 є is optimal for spіvvіdnoshennyam naіynіst / waste disk space. In addition, the implementation requires an additional RAID controller for hardware acceleration of checksums. Due to the need to add control sums, the value of the program for the security record is equal to 0 + 1 (10). Riven 10 vikoristovuyut there, de need high nadіynіst and speed of reading / recording, wasting disk space is not critical.

RAID controllers are differentiated by the crossover bus. As a rule, a serious decision is made to focus on the PCI-X bus, as it is the best solution for today. On boards of advanced RAID controllers, add additional cache memory; є options with integrated and expanded memory. The amount of cache memory contributes to the productivity of the array, but the staleness is not linear.

There are two operating modes for the RAID controller cache: Write Through and Write Back. In the first mode, the controller does not confirm the recording until the data has been consumed on disks; Obviously, the other mode will significantly speed up the recording operation, but there is a risk of wasting data in case of a power failure. In order to swear problem Some models of RAID controllers are usually dual-channel, equipped with a built-in battery (BBU-Battery Backup Unit). In the event of a life failure or a hardware reset, the RAID controller with the battery can dump data from the cache to the disks.

Basic and cheap RAID solutions, for example, Zero Channel Raid (ZCR). RAID controller this typeє expansion card, as if converting SCSI channels on the motherboard into RAID channels. As a rule, ZCR pays not to destroy the cache, low-power processors are installed in them. The variance of such systems is not really a combination of arrays equal to 0 and 1.

It is also possible to create a RAID array without a special RAID controller using software. Bagato modern Operating systems support this feature (Windows 2000 Server, Windows 2003 Server, Redhat Linux 9 or so). However, the speed of the work of this array will be significantly lower, lower in the hardware, the central processor will be occupied by the greater world, especially if it is equal to 5. But the main problem is the low cost of such a solution - in case of food failure, a part of this array will inevitably be wasted.

Deputy Visnovkiv

Thus, the server is a collapsible complex of various subsystems. When configuring the server, it is necessary to change the name of the factory for which destinations. For different server roles, the roles on the server subsystem change. It is important to know the optimal solution, and what is necessary to spread the future hope to the server. It is worthwhile to work independently or for the help of technical fahivtsiv of computer companies, so that you can check the design of server systems.

What is a server? For my sutty, tse hard computer, which can seamlessly conquer the different nature of the task and obtain information, like a great stream. Most server machines are installed by great companies. For their functionality, the recognized servers are absolutely different.

Need a server?

Whether a company, especially a great one, you can't do without a free server. The greater the company and the greater the number of koristuvachs, they will need it harder. Need a new server? On the new one, the main information resources and resources of your robots are taken, full access to them can be made by mothers of computers at once, even before the new one can be connected to telephones, faxes, printers and other attachments, yak may have access to the sleeping area.

How does the server look like a great computer?

Retail between them comes out of that, like a factory stench. Under the computer, you can understand the standard characteristics, like a PC at home and robots. What kind of server is a computer, but it only takes more than one task, it’s responsible for arranging the collection of water from other outbuildings, and also:

1. Serve the connected extensions.
2. Mothers are more highly productive.
3. Special components may be installed on the new one.
4. Vin can be ignored graphic possibilities systems.

Why the server is considered as a working station, so we appreciate that the working station is recognized only in order to ensure the work process. Won nі z kim not vzaєmodіє, krіm operator that server. Server vzaєmodіє z usіma machines, yakі z it pov'yazanі on least. Vіn vmіє priymati zapimati, to conduct їhnyu obrobka and see vіdpovіdі.

How does hosting look like a server?

It’s not easy to get along with someone’s food. There are a lot of different sites on the Internet. Data from the sites must be posted on the server, rudely seemingly, on, for which one has access to the Internet. Having installed on a new site, the server is being serviced. To optimize the server's work, which cannot be used without software, hosting is required, it can be found on the Internet.

Hosting and server - what's the difference? Hosting can host your own website. As a master of hosting, you can have a master server or take yoga for rent in any company. It’s especially handy for those who haven’t stuck with the server’s work yet and don’t want to spend their time on those who try to improve, try new methods of trial and pardon, saw the server work and take care of software security.

What is needed to create a server?

For not cheap satisfaction, as you can easily afford a great company, but for a great coristuvach you promise great financial expenses. What is needed to spawn a server?

• mother of the statement, what is the server;
• duzhe garniy computer;
• vlasny Internet channel, swidkіst may be high;
• stable operating system;
• selection. There are two types of platforms, Java and Z++;
• patience is that bug.

Why is the server being built?

Paired with complete set great computer Vіn maє kіlka vagomih vіdmіnnosti. The server machine is stacked with central processor and the motherboard, only processors on the board can be installed, and there are more slots, as they serve for connection. More to enter the server, so the core, like an important folder of yoga robots.

What is a server core? Vono zdіysnyuє usіma usіma protsessami roboti ї ї їх in one goal. One of the main yoga tasks, zdіysnyuvati vzaєmodіyu nіrіznomanіtnіshіh dodatkіv, yakі zapuskіnі іn the mode of zvіchayny koristuvаchа. The whole server computer has exhausting machines, but the stench is running out of electricity too much, for the sake of economy, a number of functions of the great computer are daily.

What you need to know about servers

Looking at the robots and identifying such machines, you can see the servers, as they care about their type. Among the main ones, the main ones are seen:

1. Postal appointment server for oversight and postal notifications.
2. A file server is required to save access to the original files.
3. What is a media server, according to the name. Vіn serve for reception, processing and management of audio, video and radio - information.
4. New destination database database server? Vіn vikoristovuєtsya for zberіgannya that work with іnformatsiєyu, yak formed from the data base.
5. Is the terminal server still victorious? Vіn give access to koristuvacham to singing programs.

What does internal server pardon mean?

Kozhen іz koristuvachіv hoch once stuck with a problem, if the site is reported "500 internal server error" when the site is busy, it will tell you about those that the server's internal pardon occurred. The number 500 is the HTTP protocol code. What does server pardon mean? It is necessary to know that the server's software database needs to be technically working, but also to avenge internal pardons. As a result, the request was not processed in the working mode, and the system saw the pardon code. Vinicate server pardon for various reasons.

There is no problem with the server, what is the work?

Pardons and malfunctions in the folding robotic system are being trampled for a very long time. Koristuvachs often stick around because the server doesn't respond. In which case it is necessary:

1. Switch over to the one who blames the problems less on the sing server. Possibly, all the problems in the computer of the koristuvach, on the Internet - are closed or fixed. Slide to reset the computer
2. Reverse the name of the web site or the IP address, so I can ask. The stinks could change or put their own reason.
3. The reason for the presence of the link may be a non-pecuniary policy. The computer's IP address may be blacklisted by the server.
4. The fence can be placed on the computer of the koristuvach. It is possible, what address to block antivirus program chi corporate merezha on robots.
5. Pardoning the call may be due to this, that the request for connection to the server simply does not reach the addressee due to problems in the intermediate nodes.

What is a DDoS attack on a server?

A number of actions that are carried out in the Internet by hackers, which lead to the fact that the first-timers cannot gain access to the same resources, are called DDoS attacks (Distributed Denial Of Service). What is the DDoS server - if at once from the earth on the pivnich, some kind of attack occurs, there is a large number of drinks. Through the greatness of the number of pardons, the server will re-apply its work, buva, it’s impossible to recognize it.

What is a server rack?

Server rack - a rack, specially designed for accommodation and organization of IT-equipment. A standard server rack can fit a 19-inch faceplate and can fit three standard widths: 19 ”, 23”, 24 ”.

What is the serveram i shafa

A server closet is similar to a server rack in that it can take revenge on that IT organization. The main difference between them lies in the fact that the server closet sounds closed and may doors in the front and back parts of the rack. Qi doors are used as perforation, to improve ventilation in the middle of the wardrobe, so also with plexiglass. The cabinet for the server rack ensures the additional safety and security of the blocking possibility.

Mounting unit unit

Expanse U(in the same name rack unit or EN) є zabomіryuvannya for IT-ownership. One unit "U" 1.75 inches. Between the openings for a standard 19-inch stand, they are seen in groups of three openings, while a group of three openings is shown as one U space.

Rozmir ta mnistnost

In connection with the growing need for the calculation of the pressure and space in the data processing centers, the server rack is often beaten to reach the high density of the installation. Correct vikoristannya server racks of the data center can help to arrange, safely and effectively consolidate the existing order. There are many types of server racks for data processing centers, but which one is best for you?

Why is the server cabinet/stay built up?

Mounting rails (or rails).

Leather with mounting rails - two vertical plates for aluminum or steel with openings, razrahovani for installation. The holes are EIA standard (round) or universal square. The interval between them is standard. Behind the type of lath, it is necessary to check the type of openings. For the help of mounting rails, it is possible to fix a computer, a fence, and a console rack, as it is recognized for such a possession, as not to be mounted in a rail. The cream of the main designation of the mounting rails provides additional ventilation. When choosing mounting rails, it is necessary to focus on the type of possession, as it is transferred for fixation in the telecommunication station or wardrobe. More part fencing(Routers, concentrators, switching panels and etc.) are mounted behind additional holes to the EIA standard. The pickers are completed with accessories with fastening tools in a universal opening. In this case, you can add okremi gvinti and nuts.

Front doors.

For sale are the front doors, which are opened by openings and openings for ventilation. Locks were attached to the largest of them. Before arriving, check with the seller for details of such types of doors:

• Strong doors made of steel without any openings on them;
• Perforated steel doors that create additional ventilation;
• Perforated doors made of steel with an insert made of organic steel;
• Mitsn_ doors with steel with slots for ventilation;
• Doors made of thermoplastic plastic plexiglass, with a solid organic fold, sharpened with aluminium.

Rear doors.

For sale there are doors that are air-conditioned and ventilation options, most of them have locks. See the doors

• Solid doors made of steel;
• Perforated steel doors to add ventilation;
• Solid doors made of steel with openings for ventilation.

Top panel.

The stinks can protect the vbudovane at the rack or the shaf the possession of objects, like they can fall into the beast, and they also wink for the strengthening of the fans, which are hotter than the air. For sale - ventilation panels with holes for cable laying or ventilation, and without.

Beach panels.

The stench is recognized as a safety measure. See the side panels:

• Firmly fixed – when access is installed up to the day of the day, and then it is impossible to expand;
• Solid knowledge - secure access to the side of the possession, allow for the bazhannya to unite a sprat of stiyok among themselves and avenge zasuvki;
• Jalousie.

Plugs. Most of all, it is necessary to achieve aesthetic aims: the installation of an unfinished job during installation and the addition of a stately appearance to the body of a steady state of completion and privablivosti. The stench lingers in the vents, as if the front doors were made of plexiglass.

Little girls that are tuned in. Appointed to regulate the exact, equal position and the distance to the sublog.

Protikovsky nizhki. Stabilizers Anti-Tip ensure the stability of the layers and wardrobe, which can be found between medium and high.

Kolіschatka in a quantity of 4 pieces. The racks of chi shafi are fixed at the bottom, attaching them to the transfer over the place. At the time of consumption of a stable station, one place can block two of them.

Fan. Vikonu recognition of the circulation again, keeping the temperature safe for the functioning of the obladnannya. Mounted in top panel shafi, spryaє usunennya hot wind from the new.

Types of server racks in data processing centers

Vіdkrita server rack

The server rack for the data center is folded from mounting rails without sides or doors - the same design just heaven for the installation of a treadmill. Sound the stench vikoristovuyutsya for the server room, where physical security is not required and additional control over the flow is not required.

A shelving unit with a hinged frame ensures easy access and gives plenty of space for laying cables, which makes it ideal for a hemstitched wardrobe and boxes with high-width cables.

There are two main types of server racks: two or two supporting ones. Racks with two supports ring out to make smaller depths, and then trim a smaller vag, lower racks from chotirma with supports.

Data center server room

Server cabinet may have front/rear doors, beach panels and chotiri regulation of vertical mounting rails (racks). Ring out the price of the “closed rack”. Shards of doors and side panels can be closed, closed racks provide physical security. Irrespective of the troubles of the shaf, the stench also creates real problems, especially in the field of refrigeration. It is obvious that the server cooling down to the data processing center may have less access before the cooling down. So what is needed for a good cooling additional installation fans, for the introduction of warm air from the wardrobe.

Really reinforced

The rack for wall mounting is recognized for fastening to the wall, to protect the space and fit in the areas, to de-roof the traditional racks. Call the names of the victories of the styles of the speakers or the shafi and mainly they are victorious for the placement of the merezhny property, such as fiber-optic switching panels and commutators. But in the new one, it’s also a lot of shortcomings: the wine is smaller for the other stay shafi, you can’t show it to the great vag and don’t provide the same security riven, like a full st_yka for the server to the data processing center.

Rozmir

Correctly selected server stand is responsible for data processing center. While 19-inch poles always have the same nominal width, height and depth will vary. Call the victorious world of the height of the stalk, so the unit of the stalk (U) is called, as it stands out as 1.75 inches. Width and depth of the stalk sound vary in standard units. The most popular standard racks for processing centers are 19" wide and 42U high (73.5" high).

Gnuchkіst and kerovanіst

For a flexible and easy-to-manage cable medium, after installing an extension at the station, it’s enough free space. In addition, on certain server racks to the center of the processing of data, put the wheels on the slope, as if moving the racks.

Enough vaga

More and more outbuildings are being added to the center of the collection of data, and there is enough vantageopidyomnist. The number of jumpers, cables, PDUs and suspended cable fastenings should be checked for the hour of the choice of stand. The choice of a strong stalk is necessary.

Cooling efficiency

Data center cooling capacity continues to grow. The proper server racks keep the efficiency of cooling. Stands with accessories for keruvannya in the flow can be by hand selection. Other accessories, such as shelving doors, can also contribute to the efficiency of cooling. Larger door racks ensure perforation of at least 64% for a correct counterflow.

Bezpeka

Deyakі pristroї in data centers can require zakhista. In this way, doors, side panels and even can be installed on the server racks of the data center. The designs of these accessories are also different types Zalezhno vіd zastosuvannya.

What kind of accessories can be installed on the server rack of the data processing center?

The server rack at the data processing center can accommodate all the standard 19-inch equipment that is mounted at the rack, mind you, it’s not too deep for a rack cabinet, but it’s too high to fit in the accessible spaces of the rack. Installations often include external mounting brackets that attach to vertical rails behind additional screws.

More importantly, you can also turn on the horizontal rails or the police, as they are installed in the rack for the security of additional support. Other accessories for racks that support the robotic control include DBZh systems, PDUs, cable organizers, switches, patch panels and fiber optic enclosures.

Visnovok

If you are designing a data processing center, decisions about those, if the server rack can be fired, can be on the list of priority tasks. Regardless of how you get the solution for the rack, it is important to ensure the security of the system and the correct cabling for the organization of the organized system.

It is simply necessary to explore the recognition of a new software security. Understanding the server that server is not known to the skin, but few people understand this recognition of that robot.

The world of notifications to the web of the Internet and may be a friend of a person working with her today. Chatting with friends on Skype and in social networks, banking robots, calls via mobile phones everything is secured by the Internet. The server is not recognized for the purpose of connecting the computer system.

Main functions of server hosting

In such an installation, an important role is played by a PC, which connects other personal computers with adapters and a network. The server may not be able to secure calls from the participants, as if they were staying at the border. Poednuє all pratsyuyuchi PC at the enterprises, allowing you to transfer and save a packet of data. Obov'yazkovo is necessary, so that it secures the confidential transfer of information in the measure and includes the loss of data. Similar installation is necessary uninterrupted work. More important tasks are being destroyed by such a server.

Server hosting classification

Іsnuє chimalo classification of servers. Often they are subdivided after the type of vikonannya and after the type of rozvyazuvanih orders.

Servers for vikonanne type:

• superfine - take a little time, apparently trochs save energy;
• pіdlogovі - to sing the high-gnuchkіst and lightness of the extension;
• for installation in racks - combined data in the centers of processing and vicory are made with the best memory sticks.

For the type of rozvyazuvanih zavdan:

• web-server - swidden rewiring and processing of files;
• program servers - expanding the possibilities of processing information;
• data base server - appointments for requests for inputs and processing of business transactions;
• firewall - accepting and not accepting water from the Internet and local networks;
• mail servers - processing the acceptance and dispatch of the order;
• print-servers - stinks to give the opportunity to distribute documents to these computers, as at the moment they are connected to the media;
• servers remote access– you can contact the office through a mobile phone;
• fax-server - є zv'azkom between sheets, scho to be і vіdpravlenimi, vyglyadі bridge;
• server set-top boxes - the server is set up and ready to work.

Server hosting robot

From the recaptured whimper, scho " head computer"I am guilty of buti dosit strong for exhaustion, endure the vanity and practice all 24 years. Under the hour of the work of the server software, the program should be able to minimize the process of fixing and correcting the pardons. And yet, as practice shows, no organization can do without fakhіvtsіv from programming. Therefore, there is a settlement in the state.

If it happens to be a hit in all systems, then not only computers will suffer. Such a bad building is a nuisance to the whole enterprise. And tse can lead you to a colossal shkodi. To the very same server not possessing can be well protected and practice most effectively.

Wash necessary for work:

• slid to give a room for the server room;
• sufficient number of motherboards, hard disks and RAID disk arrays;
• the temperature in the room may be moderate;
• the presence of literate, informed fahivtsiv from programming.

So that the server's possession worked without interruption and most effectively, it is necessary to do a good job of improving and updating. Firms that specialize in the release of components for computers, promote different types of technology. All motherboards, special processors, just hard disks.

Vibirayuchi server is not possessed, it is not necessary to marvel at the varity. Expensive - tse means good, and cheaper - not a viable option. That price is not necessary to take to respect. It is necessary to marvel at the functionality. I, choosing such a possession, it is advisable to consult with fahіvtsіv.

The bigger the company, the bigger the information sharing, necessary for the work. And if it’s information, then it can be possessed, as if it allows you to save and process it. It’s too early for it to be an organization to acquire a server, or else it’s necessary to start thinking about it.

What is the server and how does it work?

The server is, indeed, the same computer. However, not traditional, but server tasks were put on the new one. With the participation of the koristuvach in the server robot, it was not transferred. You may need more than a few moments, for example, at the rest of the moment primary lashing or else, if the situation may be random. However, it came to mind that you, being the master of the server's possession, are unlikely to have such power independently. Be smart enough to turn to the professional site www.hparts.ru. On which resource you can get a server. The "Catalog" branch has a lot of specialized solutions for your business: the server dl160g8, as well as yoga “brothers” behind the brand, blend systems, data collection systems, server racks and racks, and also a lot of other things.

What is the capacity of the server?

The server owners of the coristuvach can organize the merezh, as if by the year they eat the whole company and allow the coristuvachi to exchange information. In addition, all coristuvach treads can scoop and save the necessary water without borders. Before speech, the server wins not only for the purpose of getting personal computers. Vіn also serve as a successful thread between office equipment - printers, scanners and so on. The server owners of the company can protect chimali koshti and timchas resources.

Where is the server not owned?

In searches of the server, that superfluous possession is best found in the online store www.hparts.ru. This team specializes in the sale of storage systems, servers, and software. Rodzinka to the trade project www.hparts.ru - an exclusive Hewlett Packard configurator module. The buyer is an accompanying operator, who mittevo proponuє his services at the advisory gallery. In the online mode, with a faulty power supply, you can immediately put them to the consultant, without giving a second screen. The team of the online store www.hparts.ru was able to provide its customers not only with a great assortment of server-side equipment, but also with the highest class service, which is not typical for online trading.