Underlying the flexibility of home plumbing: practical testing of channel aggregation technology. Repair of local ports on the motherboard Switch structure and configuration

Thank you all, dear readers of the blog site! In my previous articles, and specifically, I thought about all the damage and sockets with which the current motherboard is literally “stuffed.” So, with this information, we will try to contact you at the same time at the relevant points.

Various parts on motherboards can be located both in the middle of the computer case (we don’t care), or on the back and front of the system unit. The rest - often duplicate one another for ease of connection of different devices. All information, below, is relevant even if you have a laptop, so its ports are not affected by anything like those on a basic PC.

This is the first category of roses, perhaps the largest of all. It includes a large number of slots on the computer's motherboard. If you are already familiar with the structure of a computer, then you should know that the motherboard is the main “board” in the computer, and all other components are connected to it, such as the processor, video card, RAM and nshi. Therefore, for all these devices, transfer their roses.

Processor

The processor socket on a computer's motherboard is often called a “socket”. It is clear that the socket is the lock, and the processor is the key. Please note that you will need your key for the locked lock. In our case, only a few “keys” (processors) can reach the mental “lock” at once. Do you understand what I mean? The skin socket is surrounded by a number of processors that can be installed. I already have okrema, I recommend reading it.

It is easy to determine the location of the socket, it looks like a large square with no “holes” or “stirs”, and is practically located in the very center of the board - close to the top. Different processor companies use their own sockets, for example, for Intel the following types of sockets are suitable:

Socket 1150
Socket 1155
Socket 1356
Socket 1366
Socket 2011

And the AMD processor axis uses the following sockets:

Socket AM3
Socket AM3+
Socket FM1
Socket FM2

RAM

For RAM, the motherboard also has its own connector, or rather a pin. The stinks take their full shape and grow in small amounts on the right side of the processor, and their quantity, as a rule, does not exceed 4 pieces. At the time of writing this article, memory of the DDR3 type is already being used everywhere, although DDR2 is still being used. You can read about all their responsibilities.

Only those who have transferred their ports for DDR2 and DDR3 are calling us. And you can’t just take and install DDR2 memory into a port for DDR3, you just won’t get there. Before speech, the differences at the ports are marked visually. And also, when you look at the animal, you can notice the different colors of these connectors, for example, from 4 ports for RAM - two of them are painted in one color, and the other two are in a different color. This is called dual-channel mode.

Video card

The video card uses its own connector on the motherboard. Once upon a time, the “AGP” interface was actively used to connect a video card, which was then successfully replaced with “PCI e x16” or “PCI express x16”. Each number has 16 - the number of lines. There are also x4 and x1, but you won’t be able to install a video card in them.

Different video cards are installed in the lower part of the motherboard, and they can be splintered, I mean PCI express x16. True, this does not happen often, especially on “gaming” motherboards, but all this is required for SLI or Cross Fire. If a bunch of video cards, often no more than two, are connected to the motherboard and run in parallel, then their workload is combined, apparently roughly.

Hard disk

As an interface for connecting a hard drive to the motherboard, you often use a SATA cable that is connected to the power connector. Other connection options, such as: IDE and FDD, for example. FDD is not used, but previously served to connect a floppy drive into which floppy disks were inserted. And the IDE axis in the past was the main option for connecting hard drives until it was replaced by a “Sata” connector.

At the same time, optical drives (CDs) are connected to the motherboard via an additional sat connector. There are different generations of Sata, which look the same, but differ in the speed of data transfer. Also, there are different types of Sata socket - eSata, mSata, which are already differentiated constructively. In addition, any HDD can be connected via a USB port, not even talking about SCSI, or the less exotic Thunderbolt.

life

On the motherboard, the lifespan is found in two places: one with the RAM (24-pin socket) and a little more with the processor socket (the lifespan of the processor - can be seen in the diagram on the very beginning of the stat). If you don't want to connect one of these outlets, the computer won't work. On older motherboards (before 2001–2002), this connector has only 20 contacts, but their number can be in the range of 24–28. This is the main outlet for motherboards.

Refrigeration

Without cooling, the computer cannot work for an hour, so for effective cooling, coolers (fans) are installed in the computer, the most important of them is used to cool the processor and are installed directly on the computer. To live these fans on the motherboard, there are special connectors that make two, three or more contacts:

2 contacts – central cooler;
3 contacts – fan with tachometer;
4 contacts - a cooler, which is a pulse-width switch, which allows you to change the wrapping fluidity. The processor cooler is connected to the same connector.

The primary fans (without the ability to control fan speed) can be powered via a Molex connector to the life unit. This may be necessary because there are no large slots for coolers on the motherboard.

Additional devices

This number includes various expansion cards: audio cards, edge cards, RAID controllers, TV tuners, etc. All of them can be connected to the motherboard via a PCI connector, not just an “express” one, but a primary one. Here you need to insert a round socket for the CMOS battery, so after an hour the computer does not crash when it is turned off, just as the BIOS settings do not crash.

Connect the plug to the CD IN connector on the motherboard, which is necessary for connecting CD drives for listening to CDs and for mixing tracks forward/backward. Here I instruct you to erase erasers signed as “SPDIF” - this connector can be used to connect a home theater, for example. For this purpose, a special bracket is prepared with this port, which is attached to the rear wall of the system unit, the bar is connected to the motherboard behind an additional cable.

The SPDIF port is usually present on expensive motherboards. On the budget model there is no need to set the pins; on the board you can find the contacts assigned to this port.

On the front panel of the system unit

On the front panel of any modern (and not even less) computer, for ease of use, there is a number of USB connectors, as well as an input for connecting headphones and a microphone - the rest, due to the problems with erysipelas. However, as you understand, these connectors themselves do not work, they must be connected via additional wires to the motherboard. For whom she has transferred contacts that are signed with a special rank.

The same manipulations must be performed with the audio outputs (contact group "FP Audio" or "Front Panel Audio"), as well as with the card reader itself - as it is not installed on the front panel. A card reader is a very hand-held device for reading memory cards and requires additional wires to be connected to the pins used for connecting USB ports.

And on the front panel you can often find an IEEE 1394 (FireWire) port, which is used for connecting digital devices such as a photo or video camera. And for this purpose, contacts and signatures are also transferred to the motherboard. Let’s talk about where and how to connect - first write in the instructions before connecting to the motherboard, otherwise, as you know, it’s entirely possible to figure it out yourself.

Well, that's all (hot), there are also the power buttons / switches on the computer and the LED indicators of the robot. To connect them, there is a special area with contacts on the motherboard, located close to the bottom part (behind the battery). Let me just say that there is no single standard, so the layout of these contacts on the motherboard can be different.

Also, the computer's power button (Power) and reset button are connected to the motherboard via additional connectors Power switch and Reset switch - of course. In addition to similar connectors, a computer activity indicator (Power Led) and a hard drive indicator (HDD Led) are connected. These connectors look like small plastic blocks with two wires (2 pins), one of them is positive, the other is negative.

Widely
Male

There are two types of connection (2 types) of contact switches on the motherboard, placed under the buttons and indicators of the front panel:

wider connection is the best option;
little connection;
disappeared without writing. For example, many motherboards from MSI do not indicate assignments, and you can only access connections there with additional instructions.

On the rear station of the system unit

There are a number of roses on the back of the system unit, the surfaces of which are duplicates of those on the front. This quantity may be completely different, but again, everything depends on the model of the motherboard.

PS/2

Today, this rose is respected by the elderly, but on rich motherboards it is still present and feels bad, so move on. Used to connect your mouse and keyboard. It is noteworthy that there are adapters from USB to PS/2.

COM port

On modern motherboards, it is practically impossible to use the COM connector. Previously, it was used to connect any printers and other peripheral devices that are already connected via USB. The COM port has an analogue - LPT, which has even fewer extensions, has a double shape and is painted in a rye color.

USB port

As a rule, if there are 4 roses in front, then there are at least no less in the back. I repeat, everything is organized so that you can connect more devices to your computer at the same time. And since the front ports are likely to be occupied by all kinds of flash drives, then “long-lasting” devices are often connected to the rear ports, so that they will not constantly come in/out. For example, this could include a keyboard with a mouse, as well as printers and scanners.

There are two main types of these ports:

USB 2.0
USB 3.0

Of course, the third version is more beautiful due to its higher throughput, such a port is usually indicated by a different color - blue.

USB 2.0 and 3.0 are crazy.

Merezha and Internet

The connection for the Internet is provided by one single connector – “Ethernet”, which is also sometimes called “RJ 45”. If you are surprised, you may notice that there are small windows on this socket - these are indicators of the monitoring process, when data is being transmitted, they signal about the process. If the indicators do not light up, the connector has stopped working for everything and must be re-compressed (with the help of a special squeeze).

Video

Any monitor connects to the computer (motherboard) through additional video connectors that are located at the back. There are a lot of different species, it will not be entirely straightforward to talk about skin here, especially since there is already an article about it on the site. In my opinion, the most popular video ports are just three of them:

analog VGA port
digital DVI
digital HDMI

Others are not as popular and appear rarely.

Audio

Call it - three or six inputs for connecting multiple speakers and a microphone. On boards in the budget segment, the number of audio ports does not exceed three, but at the same time all the necessary functionality is present, and so:

Chervoniy – for microphone;
Zeleny – for speakers;
Black - for connecting external devices such as TV, player or radio.

If your motherboard has six audio outputs, you know that three more are used to connect additional speakers and a subwoofer.

Characteristics for a laptop

Just to say about rare flowers, I would like to say “exotic” roses that are found in laptops and some other devices, but not on a basic PC. There are two slots: PCMCIA (ExpressCard) and Kensington Lock. The remaining vikorist is used to protect the device from theft. At the “Kensington Lock” connectors, a special cord is inserted with a lock and tied to any object, be it a table or a battery, for example. Of course, you only have the keys in the lock.

ExpressCard
Kensington Lock

And the “ExpressCard” axis has a narrow slot, covered with a plug, into which an expansion card is inserted, which can accommodate ports for connecting other devices. With the help of such a card, you can add a few USB 3.0 ports to your laptop, even if any laptop shows its defect.

Well, that’s all, we’ve covered all the types of solutions that people can find on a computer, which I’ve just lost (as a matter of fact, you’ll understand) - write about it in the comments!

Previously, people did not particularly think about the flexibility of cable connections at home. They have always provided sufficient strength and reliability that their victims have suffered millions of times. However, today the technology has reached its limit: more and more computers have solid-state drives installed, the quantity of which is at least five times greater than 1 Gbit/s. And the new 802.11 ac and ad droneless standards will significantly improve the gigabit capacity of Ethernet.

Apparently, cable technologies are emerging that will provide speeds of up to 10 Gbit/s, although they are suitable for professional computing centers and become expensive. There is also another possibility of ensuring high liquidity. Vaughn lies in a combined number of gigabit boundaries. With such a scheme, so called “Channel aggregation”, two separate gigabit LAN cables are connected and thereby ensure seamless integration into the wider network. In order to implement the simple principle “2×1 Gbit = 2 Gbit”, there are practical steps that we have discovered during our tests.

Channel aggregation: edge switches for RUB 2,500.

The main element for channel aggregation is the boundary switch, which is responsible for supporting this function. Most home networks only have a switch, but a router has a LAN port. Most often, stinks can combine with one another.

This can be provided only by current top-class routers, such as ASUS RT-AC5300 or Netgear Nighthawk X10 (each price is 20,000 rubles). However, for as little as 2,500 rubles, LAN switches with 8 ports and possible channel aggregation are available (for example, TP-Link TL-SG108E or Netgear Gs108E), which can be used to switch between the router and devices to combine at least div. diagram on the right) .

The main feature: the switch must be hardwired (a web interface is required for its configuration, and the firmware installed in it must ensure the ability to connect ports). The marking on this is one of the terms “Link Aggregation”, “Port Trunking”, “LACP” or “802.3ad” in the technical description.

Computers or devices that need to connect via Gbit/s speed require a large number of LAN ports, as well as the ability to customize the software. We tested two scenarios, vikoryst and the Netgear GS110TP switch. The first network NAS storage device connects to the switch via two LAN ports, so that two PCs can download data from the NAS storage device with extra gigabit bandwidth.

This option is intended for the purpose of channel aggregation and operates completely without problems. In another option, we configured the PC with two LAN ports so that data could be imported from the NAS with a speed of 2 Gbps. This complete method transfers songs and types of data transfer and often (or not always) ensures additional fluidity.

Switch structure and configuration

At any time, you need to start the switch: up to the electrical circuit, it is connected through the life block; One of these ports connects to the router (we selected the remaining port No. 8). In about a minute, your LAN ports will be requested, and the web interface will become available to all computers connected to the switch (or router) via cable or wireless network.

The IP address of the switch can be found in the settings of your router, first entering the password from the account manager. In the future, you need to search for an update on the publisher’s website; For our Netgear switch, we needed to install the new firmware in the “Maintenance | Download | HTTP File Download".

The web interface of the Netgear switch allows you to configure link aggregation groups, as well as the ports that are connected.

The channel aggregation configuration can be changed before connecting the corresponding devices. In the web interface of the Netgear switch, the Switching field | LAG” click on the “LAG1” item (channel aggregation group) and check the “PORT” item next to the port numbers you want to use. Each group is used to connect one device: in the diagram, on the other hand, LAG1 is a NAS device connected to ports 1 and 2, LAG2 is a PC on ports 5 and 6. In the “LAG Configuration” section, we have deprived the standard configuration, or changed the parameter "LAG Type" to "LACP".

The bandwidth of the ports, which does not lie in the water group, is lost at the initial level of 1 Gbit (in the diagram - 3, 4 and 8). Connect devices to LAG identification. The core is not actively connected by a simple cable to the first physical interface of the terminal device; Channel aggregation also needs to be activated in end devices. How to earn money, read further.

NAS configuration for dual-channel mode

For our tests, we used the QNAP TS-231P, which is equipped with two LAN ports and ensures high throughput. We tested the speed of FTP data transfer, and both the NAS drives and the target PC had SATA SSD drives installed. The configuration of the network in the QNAP web interface can be found in the section “Control Panel | System adjustment | Merezha".

Here, under the “Interface” section, the Ethernet port is shown. Click on the section “Grouping of ports | Add" and set the order for the skin interface. A single mode that worked reliably with the Netgear switch during testing and achieved the desired results, called Balance-rr, when transmitting data through cables is used.

After pressing the “Freeze” button, the NAS storage device will go offline for a short hour to freeze new settings. If a mode is set that is not supported, the NAS will be unavailable; In this case, you need to press and hold the button on the back of the device for 3 seconds. This will result in resetting the password and returning the measurement parameters to standard values.

Theoretically, the basic channel aggregation mode for two computers connected to the simple ports of a Netgear switch will allow you to simultaneously download two files from a NAS drive at a speed of 1 Gbit/s each. If you are interested in pumping a little bit from two PCs, it knocks the system out of rhythm: when you are interested in edge storage, the fluidity is approximately 25% lower than the maximum theoretically possible.

Since such a configuration is clearly accessible and easy to implement, it is certainly suitable for home networks that have access to NAS storage from multiple computers. However, it’s important to put a premium on the situation: since the parallel transmission of data helps to draw on the capabilities of both intermediate lines, it represents advancements in the capabilities of storage devices installed on the NAS device. Bazhano vikoristovvati SSD drives.

The speed of data transfer from the NAS server to the PC is also increased, so in practice there is an option to add a foldable one, as we have already explained.

Setting up channel aggregation on a PC

Those that can be downloaded to NAS storage devices with just a few clicks can be easily implemented on a PC. Let us respect you so much. Looking at the hardware features, you can see the number of motherboards with two LAN ports, or the possibility of installing another edge card with 1 Gbps speed for little money. From a software point of view, this is more complex: initially, this function was supported in Windows 10. But after the update in the spring of 2015, utilities for those who want to use it no longer work. This also requires Intel edge drivers; in addition, channel aggregation can be configured in an alternative way.

So we installed on a gaming PC with a Skylake processor and two edge-to-edge sockets of the Ubuntu OS, in which aggregation can be configured, called Port Trunking in Linux. For this purpose, we first deactivated the Ubuntu network manager, and then set up port aggregation using the Linux configuration file (“/etc/network/interfaces”). To be fair, we tried different options on the Internet, but the technology did not work on our test PC, as documentation on the topic is scanty and often super-extensive.

Our successful combination is made up of four different interfaces, all of which begin with “auto...”: initially it seems important for the loopback device system, in which nothing can be changed. In this case, physical LAN ports are disabled, but not activated. This is only required for the designated "bond0" specified to the channel aggregation interface. Most of the entries are used for configuring IP configuration manually; the connection mode is indicated in the “bond-mode” row. The 4-purpose mode for connecting to the 802.3ad standard will provide maximum bandwidth up to 1628 Mbps.

As an alternative, you can use mode 0 (“Balance-rr”, which is the same mode as in NAS storage devices), only for the speed of 1202 Mbit/s. To equalize: the data transfer speed of the adjacent gigabit line becomes 912 Mbit/s. Visibility has a positive side effect: during the hour of transmission, you can connect one of the two connectors - the connections are not cut off, and the liquidity drops twice as much.

However, there is at least one problem: offending lines are only violated when two files are transferred simultaneously via FTP (in the Filezilla setup menu: "Transfers | Maximum one-hour transfers: 2"). Once the value is shifted, the fluidity will quickly change. In addition, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that there is any other connection between the PC and the NAS server (for example, an open NAS web interface, SSH connection), so it is minimally required no line to bring before , so that data transfer occurs only on one line instead of two.

Additional disappointment: the speed during experiments with the SMB protocol, which is used by Windows for remote file access, was significantly higher than on one gigabyte line. All this demonstrates that it is unlikely that Windows' channel aggregation mode can function smoothly without problems, as long as Microsoft maintains control over other connections.

Our concept of channel aggregation: the process is well suited for the efficient connection of a NAS server with a large number of gigabyte clients. As you know, connecting a NAS to a client is difficult and has a lot of pitfalls. And that would require the best possible technology.

SFP+ as the new 10-Gigabit standard
The Netgear Nighthawk X10 router is equipped with an SFP+ interface, so you can still connect devices with data transfer speeds of 10 Gbps. Two gigabit LAN ports combine for additional channel aggregation.

Ethernet 10 Gbit and SFP+

In the professional world, the 10-gigabit standard has been establishing the basis of infrastructure in computing centers for over ten years now. The option with copper cables called “10GBase-T” is based on the same RJ-45 connectors, such as a gigabit local LAN network, for the new required shielding (such as at least Cat. 6) cables and road equipment : Merezhnaya map, for example, the Intel X540-T1 costs about 22,000 rubles, the cheapest switch with two 10GBase-T ports (ASUS XG-U2008) is about the same. NAS storage devices in compliance with this standard cost 50,000 rubles.

Professional card
With the HP NC523SFP edge card, the computer is additionally equipped with two SFP+ interfaces

The most accessible standard is SFP+. He describes a compact, modular transmitter device that is suitable for use in cable management systems and in high-cost fiber optic cables. There are two options to ensure data transmission at a speed of 10 Gbit/s: copper cables over a distance of 50-100 meters, fiber optics – up to several kilometers. The Netgear Nighthawk X10 router has one SFP+ port. For an additional SFP+ Direct Attach Copper Cable module (about 2500 rubles), you can also connect a NAS storage device.

The cheapest SFP+ model is QNAP TS-531X-2G (48,000 rubles). PCIe edge cards that support SFP+ are available for a price of RUB 15,000. (Respect! Most of them only work with the drivers of the server version of Windows!) However, as the Netgear router shows, a situation is emerging that SFP+ can penetrate the mass market and “hang in the wind” gigabyte cordon.

PHOTO: Virobnik companies; CHIP Studios

Channel aggregation: edge switches for RUB 2,500.

Switch structure and configuration

The web interface of the Netgear switch allows you to configure link aggregation groups, as well as the ports that are connected.

NAS configuration for dual-channel mode

The speed of data transfer from the NAS server to the PC is also increased, so in practice there is an option to add a foldable one, as we have already explained.

Setting up channel aggregation on a PC

Ethernet 10 Gbit and SFP+

Professional card
With the HP NC523SFP edge card, the computer is additionally equipped with two SFP+ interfaces

PHOTO: Virobnik companies; CHIP Studios

The Biostar company announced the release of two new motherboards: Hi-Fi A88S2G and Hi-Fi B85S2G, which are equipped with two LAN ports. According to the manufacturer's statement, these products are aimed at gamers, who take part in online battles.

The main advantage of having two LAN ports on Biostar is the ability to organize full-duplex transmission. At the same time you can capture and transmit information at two levels. There is also talk about zero packet blocking due to the presence of two high-speed gigabit ports. To ensure proper alignment, you can attach hem adapters to one hem. New Biostar motherboards support the “command” function. Two ports allow you to organize multi-mode such aggregation.

Due to the presence of two edge interfaces, it seems that you can turn your computer into a foldable router. Of course, if it’s a software router, if it doesn’t require input, then why not. This has a plus, since such a router offers much more customization than a standard router.

In addition, you simply remove the spare edge port. So, if one port is out of order, then you have another one in your order. As for sound options, Biostar is talking about support for 3D Audio, 3D Smart Ear, True Blu-Ray Audio, 3D HiFi Amp. The audio processing is done by the Realtek ALC892 audio codec. There is also support for DirectX 11.1 and AMD Eyefinity technology for the A88X chipset.

Now a report about the payments themselves. The Hi-Fi model B85S2G is based on the Intel B85 chipset, runs on Haswell processors, and has a TDP of 95 W. The motherboard has 2 DIMM DDR3 slots. You can install modules with a frequency of 1066/1333/1600 MHz. Maximum capacity up to 16 GB of RAM. With PCI Express 3.0 x16, 2.0 x4, 2.0 x1 slots, as well as 3 PCI slots for installing expansion cards. To connect storage devices: 4 x SATA 6 Gbit/s, 2 x SATA 3 Gbit/s. The food supply is organized according to a 4-phase scheme.

Biostar engineers designed the Hi-Fi A88S2G model based on the AMD A88X chipset with FM2+ socket. We work with such APU families as Richland, Kaveri, Trinity. TDP supported APUs up to 100 W. Memory slots for DDR3 with frequencies ranging from 800 to 2600 MHz, and the maximum memory capacity is 32 GB. For those who save money, 8 SATA 6 ports have been transferred. The board has 1 PCI-E 3.0 x16, 2x 2.0 x1, 3x PCI slots. The sound comes from the Realtek ALC892.

Similar materials.

LAN – edge chip on the board. It often goes wrong and prevents the motherboard from working. One possible reason is a thunderstorm. The meringue chip can get very hot, which shows its unavailability. To verify it, it is enough to remove it.

Gigabyte EP35-DS3 LAN problem

Have a nice day.

Found Gigabyte EP35-DS3 rev. 2.1
LAN - RTL8111B
Super I/O - IT8718F-S HXS

Symptoms
Turn on, the shows of the logo, Yakshcho Tisnuti Del can go to the BIOS vibrati of the lalshtuvannya, with the offensive, covered with the schedules of the FISTRICAL Pictures (the other head of the processor / zhorstki discs ...) on the post card of the blim, the light bulb is all updated.

Come on in -
* Tested on processors - Celeron 420 65nm / Dual Core E5600 45nm
* Read more by those on the forum, they write that without a LAN it will not start.

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