Ssd m2 pci e 3.0 installed. NVMe storage devices in different modes of operation of the PCI Express interface: practical monitoring of the scalability of the data transfer interface. Updating the speed of writing and reading solid-state drives in real work mode
Hello friends! Recently, several laptop models began to be equipped with an M2 connector, into which you can install an SSD PCI Express 3.0 solid-state drive that uses the new NVMe data transfer protocol. At this point you will achieve record high speed of the disk system of your laptop, I will call these numbers: sequential read speed - 2600 MB/s and sequential write speed - 1600 MB/s. If you were to know these numbers, I would like to point out that the average laptop hard drive has an average sequential read speed of 80 MB/s and sequential write speed of 70 MB/s, in simple words, after installation SSD PCI Express 3.0 ( NVMe) everything is easy to fly on your laptop. But few people know that there can be two types of M.2 connectors, like M2 there can be two types, so there are a lot of nuances, which we know today. Don’t be surprised if at computer stores you will encounter a constant lack of information from sales assistants at your food store.
Today we have a Toshiba OCZ RD400 256 GB SSD SSD installed in a DEXP Atlas H166 laptop. What's so special about the Toshiba OCZ RD400 SSD? This solid-state drive with the PCI-E 3.0 x4 interface appeared on the shelves of computer stores around the end of summer 2016 at a high price (256 GB – 12 thousand rubles, 512 GB – 23 thousand rubles),Mittevo gained popularity through its high performance characteristics and its versatility, as well as installation yoga possible, like a laptop with a plug M.2 , so is the original system unit at the connector PCI-Express for an additional special adapter card that comes with the SSD.
You can boldly confirm that today the price of the most advanced solid-state accumulator,since most tests have been completed numerous computer enthusiastsshow this result.
Maximum sequential read speed (MB/s) – 2600 MB/s.
Maximum sequential recording speed (MB/s) – 1600 MB/s.
I convey food to my dear readers, for the price of which such phenomenal speed of reading and writing SSD is achieved Toshiba OCZ RD400. A special adapter allows you to install a Toshiba OCZ RD400 SSD on a standard system unit.
Friends, you all know that the maximum speed of a typical solid state drive depends on the capacity of the SATA III interface- 600 MB/s, as well as technology AHCI, separated for secondary HDDs,so that any good solid-state accumulator is not used, it is not sold in Sweden600 MB/s can be used only in one way - create a disk systemIn this case, the speed of the SSD robot will move twice, and then the deaf cut. However, a solution was finally found and it can be called truly brilliant.
Solid state drive developers have paid tribute to the PCI Express interface, and in fact, even PCI Express 2.0 has a throughput of up to 500 MB/s for the skin line, and other lines, which ensure bidirectional throughput. No, there are 16 in total, the amount of output is 8 GB/s! As for the PCI Express 3.0 interface, the throughput capacity there is 1 GB/s per line and the external throughput capacity is 16 GB/s. As a result, an SSD with a PCI Express interface has appeared, which performs more than a standard SSD many times and has one drawback - a high price. SSDs are now on the market HyperX Predator PCI Express 2.0 x4 on a Marvell controller, read speed up to 1400 MB/s and write speed up to 1000 MB/s, but progress does not stand still and today the most popular SSD is the hero of our stats SSD Toshiba OC ZRD400. We also won’t say that our SSD uses the current Toshiba TC58NCP070GSB controller from Marvell, about which little is known so far.
What types of solid state drives are there? SSD PCI Express
There are 4 types of SSD PCI Express storage devices.
PCI-E 2.0x2 Vikorist 2 lines (AHCI transfer protocol) read speed up to 700 MB/s and write speed up to 450 MB/s (example - SSD Plextor M6e Black Edition PCI Express).
PCI-E 2.0x4 Vikorist 4 lines (AHCI transfer protocol) read speed up to 1400 MB/s and write speed up to 1000 MB/s (example - SSD HyperX Predator PCI Express).
PCI-E 3.0x4 Vikorist 4 lines (AHCI transfer protocol) Read speed up to 2000 MB/s and write speed up to 1200 MB/s(Butt - SSD Samsung SM951 PCI Express).
PCI-E 3.0x4 Vikorist 4 lines (NVMe data transfer protocol) read speed up to 2600 MB/s and write speed up to 1600 MB/s. (Butt - SSD Toshiba OCZ RD400 PCI Express).
SSD Toshiba OCZ RD400 It does not work with the AHCI protocol, but uses the latest NVM Express (Non-Volatile Memory Express) protocol - a new protocol for accessing solid-state drives (SSDs) connected via the PCI Express bus. Rich who isToday's laptops have M2 slots, but the SSD PCI-E support is placed on the laptop's motherboard.
What are the types (keys) of M.2 connectors?
If your laptop has an M.2 socket, it can be of two types:
Slot M2 with key "B"
M2 slot with key "M"
The slots are separated from each other structurally, depending on the number of PCI Express lines that are supplied.
The M.2 B-type socket supports two PCI Express lanes.
Rosem M.2 M -There are several PCI Express lines.
There can be two types of M2 accumulators:
SSD PCI Express SATA III, fit the slot with the key"B".
SSD PCI Express, fit slot with key “B” and “M”.
M2 slots can support various accumulations:
2260 means a depth of 60 mm.
2280 means a depth of 80 mm.
On my laptop you can install SSD PCI Express M2 80 and 60 (scrolling with the time line).
As I already noted, since your laptop has an M.2 rose, then Please note that the SSDs that are plugged into the M2 slot come in two types that come with connectors.: rose "B" (called key "B") and socket "M"(called key " M") If you open the slot inserted into the laptop, you may need only one key - a key"B" or "M".
Up to hatch "B" supports SATA, but does not support interfaces PCI-E 2.0 x4 and PCI-E 3.0x4 ( I can't say for surewhich supports the "B" key interfacePCI-E 2.0x2, no more for everything).
Before luche "M" supports both SATA and PCI-E 2.0 x4 and PCI-E 3.0x4 interfaces.
To install a PCI-E SATA III SSD, the laptop has an M2 slot with a “B” or “M” key.
For installing SSD PCI-E 2.0 x4 and PCI-E 3.0x4The laptop has an M2 slot with an “M” key.
To install SSD PCI-E 3.0x4 new protocolNVME required slot with key "M"this support for the NVME protocol on the laptop motherboard.
Which one is on your M2 laptop (with the "B" key or with the "M"), additional BIOS help.
You can note that I have 2 drives connected using the original SATA connectors, form factor 2.5.
Offboard, whole M2 slot with "M" key. There is only one slot, but it supports both a SATA controller and an NVME controller.
SSD PCI-E SATA is very important every day.
It is surprising how many SSD PCI-E 3.0x4 connections are made to the new NVME interface.
So, SSD PCI-E 3.0x4 connected to the new NVME interface without problems.
Another way to find out what is on your laptop M2 slot (with key "B" or with key "M"), this is visual, you need to remove the laptop cover and look at the motherboard, how to cut through M2 slot is knownon the right, then the key is "M", andIf you are left-handed, then “B”.Axis slot M2 slot right-handed.
My laptop supports the latest generation of SSD PCI-E 3.0x4 (NVME data transfer protocol).
Since 2 SSDs (Secondary SSDs) were installed on my laptop, I wanted to check what kind of PCI-E 3.0x4 NVME and hard drives it is The best one is my Samsung 850 EVO and Kingston HyperX Savage.The vibration fell on the Toshiba OCZ RD400, which is one of the most popular SSDs today.
Installing Toshiba OCZ RD400 SSD in the M.2 slot of a laptop
If your laptop is plugged in M.2, then it is your responsibility to know what we are talking aboutallows you to install connections with solid-state storage from up to four PCI Express 3.0 lines and the speed of operation of the M.2 SSD interface is on par with 2000 MB/s.
Installing the Toshiba OCZ RD400 SSD into the M.2 port of a laptop is very simple.
We remove the back cover and take the SSD not by the connector.
The SSD is inserted into the slot with its end, and the back part is secured with a screw (the screw was not included in the kit) but the fastening is supplied in 2 sizes 60 and 80 mm.
Today we have SSDs for sale in three sizes:
2242 means the dovzhin of the accumulated 42 mm.
2260 means a depth of 60 mm.
2280 means a depth of 80 mm.
We insert the SSD into the connectors.
After that, as we insert into the rose we stand under the corner.
We take the screw and carefully press it onto the SSD and firmly press the back part with the screw, After closing the cover, the laptop is warmed up and the OS is installed.
This is what the axis looked like with disks before connecting the SSD.
Disk 0. SSD Kingston SHSS37A 240 GB – installed in place of the standard HDD.
Disk 1. Samsung SSD 240 GB - installed in a special adapter to replace the DVD drive (the SATA3 port works the same as in the place of a standard SSD, I swapped the disks in place and there was no difference).
Disk 2. SSD Toshiba OCZ RD400 240 GB M.
Upgrading the speed of writing and reading solid-state drives to the interface SATA III and PCI Express 3.0, as well as the primary hard drive in the CrystalDiskMark 5.2.1 - Disk Benchmark program
Let's update the speed of writing and reading solid-state drives SSD Kingston SHSS37A ( SATA III) and SSD Toshiba OCZ RD400 (PCI Express 3.0) in the programCrystalDiskMark 5.2.1 – Disk Benchmark.Entertain the program possible, maybe on the official website of the retailer:
http://crystalmark.info/download/index-e.html
CrystalDiskMark 5.2.1 - Disk Benchmark to carry out some tests:
Seq: Sequential write/read test (block size = 1024Kb);
512K: Capacity write/read test (block size = 512Kb);
4K: Capacity write/read test (block size = 4Kb);
4K QD32: Rapid write/read test (block size = 4Kb)
Sub-bag result.
SSD Kingston SHSS37A 240 GB
SSD Toshiba OCZ RD400 256 GB
Basic laptop hard drive.
Wait a minute, the speed is not good at all, and most computer users have the most basic HDD installed on their laptops. Visnovok - terminologically required
The test result speaks for itself, but after all, this is not the name of synthetic dough.
The speed of reading and writing in the middle of the disk and the speed of writing and reading from the disk to another hard drive.
The declared speed of reading and writing by disk generators is the speed of reading and writing from one disk to another. So if the disk is either copied or written. CrystalDiskMark shows the results of either copying or recording.
Updating the speed of writing and reading solid-state drives in real work mode
1. The read and write speed of the primary SSD. Solid state storage copies and reads instantly.
I am copying a 12 gigabyte ISO file from the middle of a standard Kingston solid state drive.
The maximum speed of copying in the middle of the disk is 170 MB/s.
I am copying a 12 gigabyte ISO file from the middle of an original Samsung solid state drive.
The speed of copying in the middle of the disk is 149 MB/s.
I copy the ISO file 12 gigabytes in the middle Toshiba OCZ RD400 SSD drives.
The speed of copying in the middle of the disk is richer, lower at the front, and becomes 552 MB/s.
2 . Speed of reading and writing from disk to disk. One disk reads and the other writes.
The same file is copied from a Samsung SSD to a Kingston SSD.
The copy speed of the middle disk is 440 MB/s.
Copying a file from a Kingston SSD to a Samsung SSD.
Copy speed in the middle of the disk is 328 MB/s.
Copying a file from SSD Samsung SSD Toshiba OCZ RD400.
Here, the write speed of the Toshiba OCZ RD400 SSD is offset by the read speed of the Samsung SSD – 446 MB/s
3. Let's test the SSD Toshiba OCZ RD400 (PCI-E NVMe) that processor.
To do this, use the imagex utility to download the file install.wimwith Windows 10 operating system SSD Toshiba OCZ RD400.
In this case, the speed of unpacking the archive is stored in the processor, and the speed of recording is stored in the disk.
The last test is to build the ISO in the middle of the NVMe drive.
Abstract: Solid state storage SSDs with a PCI Express 3.0 interface have the right to life and will easily survive the original solid state drives
interface SATA III, but if you wonder from the other side, then not all computer users need such high productivity of the disk system and the rich power of the original SSD.
Despite the fact that solid-state drives, or SSDs, have been around for a long time, many people are starting to learn about them and use them on their computers. Possibly, this is due to the high price and small capacity, although the stink may appear in the case of liquid code equal to standard accumulators and they work much faster.
Before delving into the types of hard drives, their manufacturing technologies, types of memory and controllers, it is necessary to focus on the form factor (size). The skin from devices varies in size, uses its connection sockets and is used in completely different ways. While a 2.5-inch SSD does not require a lot of power, while its dimensions and slot sizes are similar to those of standard hard drives, other types do require a lot of power.
Today we will talk about such devices as SSD M.2 storage devices, what are their features and advantages. This is clearly a new standard, which, in the minds of many fahivists, is revolutionary solutions. Let's look into this topic and find out as much information as possible.
Development of SATA interface
The SATA interface has become a complete replacement for PATA, replacing the wide cable with a more compact, thin and handy option. The main trend of its development was an increase in compactness, and this is entirely normal. The new interface will be of the required variety, which allows it to be used in mobile devices and where there are special features depending on the size of the components.
Thus, mSATA creations are the same interface, only with compact dimensions. Having lived for a short time, a completely new one has arrived - the M.2 connector, which is even more capable. Unfortunately, the abbreviation does not contain the word SATA, so the new version does not meet that standard. We'll talk about this report later.
One thing that needs to be said is that the M.2 SSD drive is connected without cables or cables, which makes the device as comfortable as possible and allows the computer to be even more compact. This is one of the key advantages.
A look at the M.2 interface
M.2 is a connector on the expansion card that is installed in the PCI-Express slot, or on the motherboard. You can install not only SSDs in M.2 format, but also other modules, including Bluetooth and Wi-Fi. The scope of use for this rose is wide, so it can be very handy and brown.
When upgrading your computer, you have to be careful and install a motherboard with this connector, if you do not plan to install a solid-state drive with such an interface.
However, if you have an old motherboard and don’t want to change it, for example, “GA-P75-D3” with an M2 slot, but with PCI-E 3.0, on which the video card and PCIe x4 slot are installed . In this slot on PCIe x4 you can install an SSD through a special adapter, otherwise the speed will be a little lower.
Absolutely all M.2 SSD storage devices are mounted in M.2 sockets. This form factor will ensure maximum productivity with minimal consumption of resources and costs for the technologically advanced hard drives of the future.
Moreover, as has already been said above, for connection there is no need for cables and loops, which would take up the right place. To start working with the device, simply insert it into the slot.
M-key and B-key
Today's hard drives, including solid state drives, are connected to the SATA bus. The maximum throughput is 6 Gb/s, which is approximately 550-600 Mb/s. For the average hoarder, such productivity is simply unattainable, but SSD drives can develop much greater savings without any problems. However, their installation is absolutely fuss-free, since the interface cannot pump data with great fluidity, however, because of the insurance itself.
As a result, it became possible to use the PCI-Express bus with greater bandwidth:
- PCI Express 2.0. There are two lines (PCI-E 2.0 x2), which is characterized by a throughput of up to 8Gb/s, or close to 800Mb/s.
- PCI Express 3.0. There are several lines (PCI-E 3.0 x4) with a throughput capacity of 32Gb/s, or approximately 3.2Gb/s.
Which interface is configured to connect to which device is determined by the position of the jumper.
Currently, M.2 SSD storage devices have the following key options:
- B key "Socket2" (includes support for PCI-E × 2, SATA, Audio, USB and other modules).
- M key "Socket3" (includes support for PCI-E × 4 and SATA).
For example, we take a motherboard with an M.2 socket and an M-key. Then the PCIe ×4 bus becomes stuck. How can I install a solid state drive with a SATA interface? After all, we will try to find the answer.
It is necessary to open information about the motherboard and find out whether it supports M.2 SATA or not. Let’s say the virobnik seems so. In any case, you buy an SSD drive that is originally designed for PCIe ×4, and you won’t have to worry about common problems when connecting.
When choosing a system board, be sure to pay attention to those who support the SATA bus in M.2, so that you can choose any hard drive.
Let's summarize everything that has been said and summed up:
- M.2 is a different form factor (size and size) of solid-state drives. All motherboards equipped with a cym slot use the PCI-E x4 bus.
- The type of tire is stored in the keys. The PCI-Express bus (M key) or SATA bus (M+B key) may become stuck. The ability to connect an SSD with a SATA interface is indicated in the motherboard specifications.
Size specifications: 2260, 2280 and others
Most often, looking at the specifications of the motherboard of a computer or laptop, you can see the following row: “1 x M.2 Socket 3, with M Key, type 2260/2280” - this means that there is 1 M.2 slot with a key of type M and size 2260/ 2280. The first two numbers “22” mean the width in “mm”, the other two numbers “60” mean the width. Therefore, if you choose, say, Transcend TS128GMTS600, with a length of “60mm” and a width of “22mm”, then you will not be to blame for the installation of problems.
If you take the Kingston SHPM2280P2/480G with the “2280” type and the specifications of the system board state that it supports this type of storage device, then installing it is not important.
The motherboard can support any size of modules and in this case it is equipped with fixing screws, which are secured under the skin of the strip.
NVMe technology
Older generations of major magnetic and SSD drives use the AHCI protocol, which has been around for a long time and is still supported by many operating systems. However, due to the appearance of more daily and rapid SSDs, you cannot cope with your tasks and cannot use all your abilities to the maximum.
To solve this problem, the NVMe protocol was created. It is characterized by the highest speed, less lag, and uses a minimum of processor resources during all operations.
In order to use this technology, you must support it, so when choosing, pay attention to it, as well as the motherboard (it may follow the UEFI standard).
Let's summarize the pouches
After we examined SSDs with the M.2 standard, we can say that they have the most compact form factor of solid-state devices. And whenever you support the motherboard, it is recommended to use it yourself.
Let's take a look at what we can do to help you make the right choice. So, first of all, when purchasing, pay attention to the following points:
- The motherboard has the required M.2 slot and any size of modules that allows for configuring (2260, 2280, etc.).
- Key type, which vikory slot (M, B or B+M).
- Whether the motherboard supports the SATA or PCI-E interface and which version is tested (for example, PCIe 3.0 4x).
- They are supported by the operating system, the SSD drive itself and the motherboard AHCI or NVMe protocols.
Even if the power supply is short, SSD with a standard connector or M.2, it is clear that you should choose another option with NVMe support and install it on PCIe 3.0x4.
This will allow you to shorten more wires and increase transmission speed, system speed and productivity. Head - to make working at the computer more comfortable, enjoyable and efficient.
Detailed video review
If you want to know which interface to use for a solid-state drive supporting the NVMe protocol, then every person (they probably know what NVMe is) is sure: PCIe 3.0 x4! However, with priming, it is more likely that foldability will disappear. Most of the time, it is clear that such storage devices support PCIe 3.0 x4, and the bandwidth of the interface is important. Mother, it’s only because the money-savers in certain operations have become cramped within the framework of the “primary” SATA that all this has begun. Between 600 MB/s and (so theoretically) 4 GB/s PCIe 3.0 x4 interface is just a breakthrough, and it’s filled with a lot of options! How about installing one PCIe 3.0 line, so it’s already twice as expensive for SATA600? The oils are fueled by controllers who threaten budget products with switching to PCIe 3.0 x2, as well as the fact that rich companies don’t have this. More precisely, theoretically, it is possible to remove them without reconfiguring the system or changing it, which is not what you want. And I would like to buy a top-end solid-state storage device, but I am afraid that there will be no cost at all (I am morally satisfied with the results of test utilities).
Ale so tse chi ni? In other words, it is necessary to effectively focus exclusively on the robot mode that is being supported - but in practice it is still possible give up principles? Today we decided to re-verify this very thing. Let the re-verification be thorough and does not pretend to be exhaustive, but the extracted information may be sufficient (as we imagine) to be able to understand... In the meantime, let’s briefly get to know the theory.
PCI Express: existing standards and their bandwidth
This is due to the fact that PCIe is so flexible that this interface operates. It is often called a “bus,” which is inaccurately ideological: there is no such bus to which all devices are connected. In reality, there is a “point-to-point” connection (similar to other recent interfaces) with a controller in the middle and additionally connected devices (which in themselves can be an attack level concentrator).
The first version of PCI Express appeared about 15 years ago. The orientation of the station in the middle of the computer (often between the same board) allowed us to create a Swiss standard: 2.5 giga transactions per second. Shared serial and duplex interface, one PCIe line (x1; actually an atomic unit) ensures data transfer at speeds up to 5 Gbit/s. However, the skin directly has only half of it, that is, 2.5 Gbit/s, and it is the speed of the interface that is important, not the “core”: to increase reliability, the skin byte is encoded with 10 bits, so the theoretical throughput of one These PCIe 1.x lines set to approximately 250 MB/s on the skin side. In fact, it is still necessary to transmit service information, and the result is more correctly speaking about ≈200 MB/s data transfer. What, however, at that time not only covered the needs of most devices, but also provided a solid reserve: it is worth remembering that the predecessor of PCIe in the segment of mass system interfaces, and the PCI bus itself, provided a data throughput of 133 MB /s. And if we consider not only the mass implementation, but also all the PCI options, then the maximum was 533 MB/s, and for the entire bus, so that such a PS was shared among all connections to its devices. There is also 250 MB/s (shards for PCI are allocated depending on the full capacity, or if the bandwidth is not enough) with one line - in an exclusive wiki. And for devices that require more, the ability to aggregate multiple lines into a single interface was initially transferred, after two steps - from 2 to 32, so that the standard option x32 is transferred to the skin side of the transfer even up to 8 GB/s. In x32 personal computers, the complexity of the design and separation of different controllers and devices was not used, so that the maximum option was 16 lines. It is important to use video cards, since most devices are not required. In general, just a few of them and one line is completely sufficient, but there is no way to achieve success in both x4 and x8: just on the storage topic - RAID controllers or SSDs.
It didn’t last for an hour and about 10 years ago another version of PCIe appeared. Not only a lot of liquids were added, but in this regard, time was built up in advance - the interface began to provide 5 giga transactions per second from the savings of the same coding schemes, so that the throughput of the base lasya. And once again it has changed in 2010: PCIe 3.0 will provide 8 (and not 10) giga transactions per second, but the overhead has changed - now for encoding 128 bits, the cost is 130, not 160, as before. In principle, the version of PCIe 4.0 with the latest sub-war speeds is already ready to appear on the paper, but in the near future we are unlikely to benefit from it in bulk. In fact, PCIe 3.0 systems on most platforms are based entirely on PCIe 2.0, so the remaining productivity for many areas of stagnation is simply... not needed. And where needed - use the good old method of line aggregation. Over the past few years, the number of them has become four times larger, while PCIe 3.0 x4 is the same as PCIe 1.0 x16, the most common slot in computers of the mid-2000s. This option itself is supported by top SSD controllers, and it is recommended to use it. It was clear that there was such potential - it meant a lot. Why is it not there? How to blame any problems, and if so, then what? It is this food that we need to address.
Testing technique
It is difficult to carry out tests with different versions of the PCIe standard: almost all controllers allow you to test not only those supported by them, but even more so. An axis with many lines is more complex: we wanted to strongly oppose options with one or two PCIe lines. The Asus H97-Pro Gamer board on the Intel H97 chipset does not support anything else, except for the x16 processor slot (which is what is being vicorized) it has one more that works in PCIe 2.0 x2 or x4 modes . We took a third look at this axis, adding the PCIe 2.0 “processor” slot mode to it, to evaluate the difference. Still, between the processor and the SSD there are no third-party “intermediaries”, and the axis when working with a “chipset” slot is a laser chipset that actually connects to the PCIe 2.0 x4 processor. It was possible to add a number of more robot modes, but the main part of the investigation was going to be carried out on a different system.
On the right, we decided to quickly and quickly verify one “mysterious legend”, and I myself believe about the disadvantage of using top-end processors for testing accumulators. The i-axis was taken on the eight-core Core i7-5960X - a relative that is likely to stagnate in the Core i3-4170 tests (including Haswell and Haswell-E), but which has four more cores. In addition, the Asus Sabertooth X99 board was revealed today, which is due to the presence of a PCIe x4 slot, designed to be used as x1 or x2. This system tested three x4 variants (PCIe 1.0/2.0/3.0) of the processor and chipset PCIe 1.0 x1, PCIe 1.0 x2, PCIe 2.0 x1 and PCIe 2.0 x2 (all versions have chipsets Figures shown on the diagram (c)). How can you immediately upgrade to the first version of PCIe, for those who are unlikely to find one board that supports only this version of the standard and are interested in an NVMe device? From a practical point of view - no, but we need an axis to verify the a priori of the transferred connection PCIe 1.1x4 = PCIe 2.0x2 and the like. Since the verification will show that the bus scaling corresponds to the theory, it means that it does not matter that we have not yet been able to identify practically significant methods of connecting PCIe 3.0 x1/x2: the first will be identical to PCIe 1.1 x4 itself or PCI e 2.0 x2, and the other is PCIe 2.0 x4 . And the stink is noticeable.
The PZ plan was limited to Anvil's Storage Utilities 1.1.0: the various low-level characteristics of storage devices are dying out badly, and we don’t need anything else. A word of caution: even if the infusion of other components of the system is completely unnecessary, then low-grade synthetics for our purposes have no alternative.
As a “working body,” we vikorized the Patriot Hellfire with a capacity of 240 GB. As was established during our testing, it is not a record holder for productivity, but its excellent characteristics are entirely consistent with the results of smaller SSDs of the same class and capacity. More devices are already on the market, and their supply is greater. In principle, it will be possible to repeat the tests and with everything that has been done, as we see, there is no need for it - the results of the transfer. Let’s not get ahead of ourselves, but marvel at what we have come up with.
Test results
Testing Hellfire, we paid tribute to those who can “vichabit” the maximum flow rate in subsequent operations with the most high-flow navantazheniya, so the whole requirement is to be taken up to date on the next day: theoretical throughput is theoretical, but “real” no data has been removed in different programs for different scenarios, it is more likely to lie not in it, but in these programs and scripts themselves - in this case, of course, if you do not create a situation of uncontrollable force:) Such situations themselves are at the same time and we are warned: more likely it says PCIe 1.x x1 – tse ≈200 MB/s, і same tse mi y bachimo. Two PCIe 1.x lanes or one PCIe 2.0 – more or less. Several PCIe 1.x lines, two PCIe 2.0 or one PCIe 3.0 lines are twice as large as what was confirmed for the first two options, and the third is unlikely to be disrupted. So, in principle, the scaling, as it was transferred, is ideal: linear operations, Flash handles them well, so the interface is more important. Flash stops cope well to PCIe 2.0 x4 for recording (meaning PCIe 3.0 x2). Reading “may” be more, but the remaining time gives a repetition, and not a yard (as it potentially may) increase. It is also significant that there is no noticeable difference between the chipset and processor controller, and between platforms as well. However, LGA2011-3 a little in front, but not much at all.
Everything is absolutely beautiful. Ale don't break the templates: the maximum in these tests is slightly more than 500 MB/s, and in general it is possible to drive SATA600 or (in addition to today’s testing) PCIe 1.0 x4 / PCIe 2.0 x2 / PCIe 3.0x1. It’s like this: it’s not worth complaining about the release of budget controllers for PCIe x2, or it’s obvious that there are no such number of lines (and version 2.0 standard) in M.2 slots on some boards, if no longer needed. No other style is required: maximum results are achieved through up to 16 teams, which is not typical for a mass-produced software. Most often there are 1-4 commands, and for this you can get by with one line of the first PCIe and one line of the first SATA. However, the costs will be wasted and the place will be replaced, so the interface will be short. However, it’s incredibly fast – but it’s not cheap.
And in this test, the platforms are handled differently, and with a single set of commands, in fundamentally different ways. The “trouble” is not that too many cores is bad. The stench here is still not worth a try, at least one thing, and not a table, so that the boost mode flares up at full speed. The axis also has a difference of 20% in the frequency of the cores and again in the cache memory - the Haswell-E one operates at a lower frequency, and not synchronously with the cores. By the way, a top-end platform can be a good way to get a maximum of “yops” in addition to the maximum possible flow mode with a large depth of commands. There are only Skoda that, from the looks of a practical robot, are completely spherical synthetics in a vacuum :)
On the recording, the situation has not changed in principle - everyone has senses. Well, it’s funny that on both systems the most visible mode was PCIe 2.0 x4 in the processor slot. On both! І during gas checks/rechecks. Here you will suddenly wonder what you need what are your new standards? otherwise there’s no hurry to get anywhere...
When working with blocks of different sizes, the theoretical idea is divided into those that the increased fluidity of the interface is still sensitive. The results are the same as what a PCIe 2.0 line would produce, but in reality in this case the productivity is lower than that of PCIe 3.0 x4, no matter how much. And here the budget platform hits the top-end with a significantly larger world. Even this kind of operation is mainly in applied software and is narrowed down, so that this diagram is closest to reality. There is nothing surprising about the result, and the interfaces and fashionable protocols do not give any “wow effect”. More precisely, to move from mechanics - to give, or the very thing that will provide any solid-state storage device with any interface.
Together
To make it easier to understand the medical picture in general, we have summarized what appears to be a program (summary - from reading and recording), which has been regulated by the “chipset” mode PCIe 2.0 x4: at the moment, the program itself is the most widely available, about How long does it take to respond to LGA1155 and AMD platforms without the need to “damage” the video card. In addition, it is not equivalent to PCIe 3.0 x2, which budget controllers are preparing to master. And on the new AMD AM4 platform, again, this mode itself can be played without transferring it to a discrete video card.
Ozhe, scho bachimo? PCIe 3.0 x4 is praised for its obvious capabilities, which are incredibly, short, but not necessary: NVMe storage devices in the middle class (at least in the top segment) can bring literally 10% of additional productivity. That's why - for the reason of the zagalom operation, they are not so often discussed in practice. Is there really only one option for implementation? First of all, there was such capacity, but the supply of porridge was not so heavy. In other words, this is the same as our test Patriot Hellfire. Thirdly, there are such areas of activity that are “atypical” for a wall-mounted vanity system – just generally typical. Moreover, there is a very critical data saving system there, or, moreover, the ability to earn part of it even with the data. But you don’t bother with the most basic personal computers.
Of course, the use of PCIe 2.0 x2 (or, obviously, PCIe 3.0 x1) does not lead to a dramatic decrease in productivity - by only 15-20%. And we don’t care about those who have quadrupled the controller’s potential capabilities! For many operations, such throughput capacity is sufficient. A single line of PCIe 2.0 is no longer enough, so controllers need to support PCIe 3.0 itself – and in the minds of the severe shortage of lines in the current system, it is not good. In addition, the corresponding width is x4 - due to the lack of support for current versions of PCIe in the system, it will still allow you to work with normal speed (even better, but it could potentially be), if there is more mensch wide slot.
In principle, there are a large number of scenarios in which the power of flash memory is revealed (so, not only mechanisms are possible and powerful), leading to the fact that the lines of the third version of PCIe on which storage destroy one persha at about 3, 5 times - the theoretical throughput of these two episodes is divided into 16 times. Why, obviously, over the years, it is necessary to quickly master even more advanced interfaces - the hour is irrevocably upon us. It’s just that many of the capabilities of Swedish interfaces may not be implemented in the near future. Or in the minds of those who are the primary source of the primary computer, there is no way to get in the middle in life (for the sake of blame, those who like to live in plain sight). Vlasna, that’s all.
Any device will always have a weak neck - a bottle neck, the weakest component that limits the productivity of other parts. For a long time, on desktop computers, the main “hard disks” were hard drives, and neither 7200, nor 10000, nor even 15000 wrappers per console did not radically change the situation. With the appearance of solid-state accumulators on the right, it destroyed from a dead center. But progress is not harmful and it is a decision. The SATA interface has not yet been developed to satisfy computer users, so new standards and interfaces have begun to appear.
There are two new routes to the development of SSDs with the PCI-E interface: SATA Express and NVMe - we should talk about them carefully, but they are not often sold. Therefore, for now we will try to use standard, commercially available drives with PCI Express and SATA 6 Gb/s interfaces.
Here are the pros and cons of both interfaces:
SATA drives
A short summary from Wikipedia about this interface. Today's most advanced method of connecting a solid-state drive.
Advantages:
- Availability on the market
- Great number of varieties
- Possibility of connection to any current motherboards
- Reasonable price
- Available volumes from 64 GB to 1 TB
Nedoliky:
- The average data transfer speed between the interface is 600 MB/s per channel.
- The need to work with AHCI controllers, which were developed for classic hard drives
PCI Express
I’ll post again on Wikipedia - there’s a wealth of information there about the differences in the generational interface. Cool, classy, versatile, expensive.
Advantages:
- High data transmission speed – throughput per bus line revision 3.0 – 1 GB/s
Nedoliky:
- High price on the market
- Small range of brands and models
- Some models are characterized by a decrease in productivity over time (not working or not adjusting TRIM)
Living scenarios
- Zvichaynі koristuvachі
Apparently, most of the computers will have some kind of interface using an SSD drive, moreover, few people understand the difference between SATA 3 Gb/s and SATA 6 Gb/s. With the absence of web browsers, email, and basic office programs, there will be no difference and you will be happy with just the presence of an SSD drive in the system, since the programs will be downloaded obviously more quickly than on the HDD. - The koristuvachs stuck through
Those who work with multimedia materials often look for ways to increase the productivity of their disk system. A simple example: the 4K video segment has begun to grow wildly. An uncompressed 4K stream (3840x2160, 12 bits, 24 frames per second) will require a bandwidth of approximately 900 MB/s. And if you work with heavy streams, then if you lose a lot of them in one hour, you will inevitably run into the SATA 6 Gbps system. RAID 0 is a very bad situation, but even worse, if you use RAID 0 on 4 drives, it will be close to 1.6 GB/s. PCI Express offers superior power: the PCI-Express line has a throughput of up to 1.0 GB/s (that is, 1.6 times more than SATA) with such a high energy consumption - it’s understandable, it’s a shame not to take advantage of such capabilities. And regardless of the price of SSD PCI Express devices, those who like to deal with high-volume video simply have to marvel at such a standard. - Gamery
For true hardcore users (and me, just impatient people), PCI Express is obviously required. Greater than the size of TitanFall or CoD: Ghosts will last for a long time, I’m talking about flight simulators, which can reach hundreds of gigabytes. For basic people who love Diablo III and other Bioshock Infinite, a top-end 6 Gb/s SSD will be sufficient. - Enterprise clients
Customer awareness in this area is very important, not just the need to process a video file. The larger the server, the more ferocious the servers become, and here IOPS comes to the fore. To enumerate higher categories of people, the first step is to set up 3-5 queries for the controller; in an enterprise, everything amounts to hundreds. SSDs work wonders if you need to show high productivity over a period of time, and since you need hundreds of classic disks, then high-performance SSDs can be installed one at a time.
Replacement of the removed
What can you say about the results? For general buyers and gamers, you can and will need to choose between SATA drives. Most office workers will be happy if their work stations are home to fast and silent storage devices, and there are 90 hundred of them without worrying about what kind of interface the disk has. And there is a stench of carnage. Gamers, on the other hand, have a hard time, the choice is great, it’s easy to get lost, most often the reader will undoubtedly envy the reading and recording performance. Follow our blog and we will find out which testing method is truly correct.For the corporate market and people who work with multimedia content, we recommend storage devices with the PCI-Express interface. Producing superb raster images or 4K video from a GoPro Hero4 – all in a highly productive system. If your main goal is to produce high-quality content, please choose PCI-Express drives. The Enterprise segment has already practically moved to NVMe controllers - there will be a huge post about such SSDs - it deserves a lot of respect.
Theoretical layouts need to be verified practically. Therefore, the next post will be about the practical alignment of PCI-E SSD disks and SATA SSDs (including in RAID 0 mode).
With the coming New Rock!
The PCI Express standard is one of the foundations of modern computers. PCI Express slots have long held a place on any desktop computer's motherboard, as other standards, such as PCI, have become increasingly popular. However, the PCI Express standard has its own types and the nature of the connection, so that there is one type of one. On new motherboards, starting around 2010, you can install a whole range of ports on one motherboard, designated as PCIE or else PCI-E, which can be divided into a number of lines: one x1 or many x2, x4, x8, x12, x16 and x32.
Well, it’s clear why such a mess would have been given to a simple PCI Express peripheral port. What is the meaning of the PCI Express x2, x4, x8, x12, x16 and x32 standard?
What is a PCI Express bus?
In the distant 2000s, when there was a transition from the outdated PCI standard (general - interconnection of peripheral components) to PCI Express, one great advantage remained: the replacement of the serial bus, which was PCI, was replaced by two point bus access. This meant that there was a large PCI port and the cards installed in it could always achieve maximum throughput without respecting one another, as was the case when connected to PCI. At that time, the number of peripheral devices that could be inserted into expansion cards was greater. Merezhevy cards, audio cards, TV tuners, etc. - all took up a sufficient amount of PC resources. In addition to the PCI standard, which is based on the transmission of data to a parallel bus with connections in parallel to several devices, PCI Express, which is considered in parallel, and a packet network with a mirror-type topology.
PCI Express x16, PCI Express x1 and PCI on one board
From a layman's perspective, imagine your desktop PC as a small store with one or two salespeople. The old PCI standard was like a grocery store: everyone checked in at the same time to be served, despite the problems with the speed of service and the exchange of one salesman behind the counter. PCI-E is more similar to a hypermarket: every buyer goes for groceries on his own individual route, and at the same time a number of cashiers take orders.
Obviously, a hypermarket outperforms a regular store for speedy service, due to the fact that the store cannot afford the capacity of more than one salesperson per checkout.
Also with the visible transmission options for the skin card expansion and the built-in components of the motherboard.
Injecting a number of lines into capacity
Now, to expand our metaphor with a store and a hypermarket, we realize that the hypermarket has its own cashiers, who are not reserved for them. The key here is the idea of so many ways of transferring data.
PCI-E has been completely changed since its creation. Currently, new motherboards are required to use version 3 of the standard, and the latest version 4 is becoming increasingly expanded, and version 5 will be released in 2019. All different versions of the vikorist have the same physical parts, and these parts can be used in four main sizes: x1, x4, x8 and x16. (x32 ports do exist, but are rarely found on motherboards of most computers).
p align="justify"> The large physical dimensions of PCI-Express ports allow them to be clearly separated over the number of instant connections to the motherboard: the larger the physical port, the greater the maximum connection capacity on the building transfer to the card or back. This connection is also called lines. One line can be used as a track with two signal pairs: one for sending data, the other for receiving.
Different versions of PCI-E allow different fluids to appear on the skin. However, it seems that since more data can be stored on one PCI-E port, more data can flow between peripheral and other parts of the computer.
Let’s return to our metaphor: if we talk about one seller in a store, then the sum x1 will be a single seller who serves one client. The store with several cashiers already has 4 lines x4. And so on, you can sign cashiers for as many lines as possible, multiplying by 2.
Slaughter of PCI Express cards
Types of devices that can be used PCI Express x2, x4, x8, x12, x16 and x32
For version PCI Express 3.0, the maximum data transfer speed is set to 8 GT/s; in fact, the speed for version PCI-E 3 is a little less than one gigabyte per second per unit.
Thus, devices with a PCI-E x1 port, for example, a low-power sound card or Wi-Fi antenna, can transmit data at a maximum speed of 1 Gbps.
A card that physically fits a larger slot - x4 or else x8 For example, a USB 3.0 expansion card can transfer data almost exclusively.
The transmission speed of PCI-E x16 ports is theoretically limited to a maximum throughput of approximately 15 Gbps. What more is available in 2017 for all current graphics video cards manufactured by NVIDIA and AMD.
Most discrete video cards use a PCI-E x16 slot
The PCI Express 4.0 protocol allows for speeds of up to 16 GT/s, while PCI Express 5.0 allows for up to 32 GT/s.
However, at this time there are no components that would be able to extract such a large number of components from the maximum throughput. Today's top graphics cards are required to use the x16 standard PCI Express 3.0. It makes no sense to use the same options for a distance card, since the x16 port will only use one line, since the Ethernet port can only transmit data up to one gigabyte per second (which is about one-eighth of the throughput information about the same PCI-E system - remember : all bits in one byte).
On the market you can find PCI-E solid-state drives that support the x4 port, but it looks like they will soon be replaced by the new M.2 standard, which is rapidly developing. for solid state drives that can use the PCI-E bus. High-quality edge cards are available for enthusiasts, such as RAID controllers, and support dedicated x4 and x8 formats.
PCI-E port and line sizes may vary
This is one of the biggest problems with PCI-E: the port can be the size of a x16 form factor, otherwise there is not enough capacity to pass data, for example, on x4. This is due to the fact that PCI-E can carry a large number of components, but it is still practical between the throughput of the chipset. Cheap motherboards with budget chipsets can only accommodate one x8 slot, since this slot can physically accommodate a x16 form factor card.
In addition, motherboards aimed at gamers include up to four additional PCI-E x16 slots and multiple lanes for maximum throughput.
Obviously, this can cause problems. Since the motherboard has two x16 slots, and one of them has only x4 slots, then connecting a new graphics card will reduce the productivity of the first one by as much as 75%. This, of course, is only a theoretical result. The architecture of motherboards is such that you will not experience a sharp decrease in productivity.
The correct configuration of two graphics video cards may use two x16 slots, if you want maximum comfort from the tandem of two video cards. Find out how many lines on your motherboard there are other slots, help with the server at the office. virobnik website.
Sometimes the printers will indicate on the motherboard PCB in order of the slot number of lines
You need to know that a short x1 or x4 card can physically fit into a longer x8 or x16 slot. It is possible to configure the electrical contact contacts. Of course, if the card is physically larger than the slot, you won’t be able to insert it.
Please remember that when purchasing expansion cards or upgrading current ones, you must first remember both the size of the PCI Express slot and the number of necessary components.