Calculators of the USSR. Vіtchiznyany calculators and іх foreign analogues. History in pictures. Rakhunkov's car by Leonardo da Vinchі
Tse post about netbooks of Radiansk schoolchildren, office workers and engineers.
Why do I seem so? At the same time, since I’ve studied in schools, I’m not understanding about computers - it’s just the smell and the trick.
We just didn't have a buzz. Then we got calculators.
Practically, my classmate is wearing my own model before school - algebra, geometriya, physics ... in the lessons without a calculator bulo nikudi.
Tsi cars were called microcalculators - bully stench on sleepy batteries for as a whole. And the deyakі models go to go with a chohl - just like a year's mobile telephony ...
Already on the ear of the 90s, in the quiet of the early days, game computers began to appear, perhaps having paid a ruble or other gratis to Montezuma, Mario abo avia simulators, and for some "cool" classmates to visit home ... US . for children who wanted grati in the repair to gain fashion computers іgri... Deyakі grailed ... on calculators.
Well, well ... there are programmed micro calculators, on which you can get "grati". Go to the cat, go to the photo calculator in the form ...
1. Electronics MK-51. Zruchny and functional. From 7 to 11 classes when I entered the school from dzvinka to dzvinka 
2. The office monster Elektronika B3-05 M. Winn’t yet on the LCD screen, and the numbers burned with thin green threads. 
3. Elektronika B3-09 M. The unit in the photo of the boom in the distant 1976 ... 
4. Elektronika B3-18 A - the first revision of the engineering microcalculator. Published since 1976 to rock 
5. Electronics B3-36. Charging mayzhe yak for kids Sony-Eriksson mobiles 
6. Electronics MK-37A 
7. Electronics MK-41. Another office monster 
8. Electronics MK-44. The first one. Yak bad'oro on such accountants they drove trills, they quickly inscribed the numbers in the paperwork ... 
9.Electronic MK-52 - the first radiansky microcalculator with non-volatile electrical erasure memory (4 Kbit EPROM, the number of rewriting cycles 10000) 
10. Electronics MK-56. Memory of 98 commands and 14 registries, the speed code is close to 5 simple operations per second. When the calculator is turned on, the memory will be erased 
11. Elektronika MK-59, which is ready for the people's statehood and export)) 
12. Electronics MK-41. Find your form. Now get up on the dibi 
13. Electronics MK-60. The first radiansky calculator with kharchuvannyam on sleeping elements 
14. Electronics MK-61. The axis of win is a microcalculator programing, in which I am "grav". How can you call it that way? 
15. Win the same, dear 
16. Elektronika MK-71 - Radianskiy engineering calculator for living from sleeping elements. Vypuskavsya in 1986 rock at the Angstrem plant, sold for a price of 75 rubles. A new version of the Casio fx-950 
17. Elektronika MK-85 - programming calculator (microcomputer) with a built-in interpreter Movi Basic. Vypuskavsya plant "Angstrem", Zelenograd from 1986 to 2000 rubles, sold in the net stores "Elektronika" for the price of 145 rubles, but at that time it would be much cheaper if it was the only EOM, equipped with an interpreter in basic 
First things about games on programmed microcalculators.
Igor for PMK bulo bezl_ch. A lot of times they are ruined at once, and it is hard to know to navigate the middle of the endless expanses of the Internet.
Well, it was a typical PMK-shnaya gra. I will increase the visibility of all the characteristic features of such mountains, I will vibrate to dynamically load, for example, "Zoryaniy Boyts-4".
The list needs to be entered software code a. Vin mav takiy viglyad
The entire code must be entered accurately into the memory of the PMK (yak mi bacimo by the number of crocs - 104 - given the program go only for MK-61 and MK-52). God forbid be merciful - for a joke of pardon before less than an hour, as long as you are not happy Volodar MK-52 and do not spoil the program from the EPZU.
In addition, as the program code is entered, it is necessary to memorize the register (the change in the PMK). The required information is entered into the register. Vaughn call out to be friends at once and write the program code.
For the traditional tribute to be entered in the register, register in the format of the onslaught of the keyboard. In the case of our bottom line: "6 хП0; number of types 0 to 1 HP3; 3 хП7; 50 хП8; 69 хП9; 88858893 В? 336542 KV ВП 7 HPA; 87 хПB; 59 HPS; 7 F10x HPA". Writing "6 хП0" in this application means that the number 6 is entered into register 0.
For the sake of clarity, to know that we bought a sheet (NOT a disc, but a sheet) in the groove Oblivion, І enter її point by point into the computer, instead of that, automatically install from the disk ... Now you see.
In addition, since all the necessary data have been entered into the register, the "V / O" and "S / P" keys are pressed to launch the program with croc number 00.
"Zoryaniy Boєts" is a dynamic gra, and that means now we need to respectfully push ourselves into the darkness of the screen. As we know it in the room because of an overly sleepy light (or, God forbid, it’s obvious), then for a calculator it’s best to make the goats out of a piece of cardboard, so it’s dull the weird indicator.
Otzhe, loaded vdvlyaєmosya in mechtinnya. A collection of non-sensible numbers and symbols, and because of an enviable durability, some steps are taken and the same video is displayed:
Tse vzhe gra)))) yes-yes
I’m aware of the instructions (and it’s necessary to read it in front of the audience, but nobility means that there’s a lot of letters, and there’s no intuitively intelligent graphics):
- "8" evil is a meaningless number, appearing on the screen will inevitably (such as the beginning of the video for PMK);
- "-" means the bewitching bezpіlotnі probes;
- blinking "8" in the center - our sight;
- wink: "L" - light wines, "C" - middle wines, "G" - important wines, "E" - ships-ohoronts (not shown in the picture).
Yak robiti go, power up, and even send the pressure on the keyboard for the calculator to digest the calculation (and that means і gru)? The idea is simple - the importance of "R-GRD-G" is important for moving into space. R - left, G - right, GRD - built.
If you want blimati texts, you will be very important in the need for the situation and the check. Calculator viroblyaє calculating requirements and axis of blimpє is already a new disposition. You can work with a new go ...
Axis taka dryrochka micro calculator gra
Previous 5 issues from the series
These machines were called microcalculators - the stench of bullets on sleepy batteries, or as fancy. And the deyakі models go to go with a chohl - just like a year's mobile telephony ...
1. Electronics MK-51. Zruchny and functional. From 7 to 11 classes when I entered the school from dzvinka to dzvinka 
2. The office monster Elektronika B3-05 M. Winn’t yet on the LCD screen, and the numbers burned with thin green threads. 
3. Elektronika B3-09 M. The unit in the photo of the boom in the distant 1976 ... 
4. Elektronika B3-18 A - the first revision of the engineering microcalculator. Published since 1976 to rock 
5. Electronics B3-36. Charging mayzhe yak for kids Sony-Eriksson mobiles 
6. Electronics MK-37A 
7. Electronics MK-41. Another office monster 
8. Electronics MK-44. The first one. Yak bad'oro on such accountants they drove trills, they quickly inscribed the numbers in the paperwork ... 
9.Electronic MK-52 - the first radiansky microcalculator with non-volatile electrical erasure memory (4 Kbit EPROM, the number of rewriting cycles 10000) 
10. Electronics MK-56. Memory of 98 commands and 14 registries, the speed code is close to 5 simple operations per second. When the calculator is turned on, the memory will be erased 
11. Elektronika MK-59, which is ready for the people's statehood and export)) 
12. Electronics MK-41. Find your form. Now get up on the dibi 
13. Electronics MK-60. The first radiansky calculator with kharchuvannyam on sleeping elements 
14. Electronics MK-61. The axis of win is a microcalculator programing, in which I am "grav". How can you call it that way? 
15. Win the same, dear 
16. Elektronika MK-71 - Radianskiy engineering calculator for living from sleeping elements. Vypuskavsya in 1986 rock at the Angstrem plant, sold for a price of 75 rubles. A new version of the Casio fx-950 
17. Elektronika MK-85 - programming calculator (microcomputer) with a built-in interpreter Movi Basic. Vypuskavsya plant "Angstrem", Zelenograd from 1986 to 2000 rubles, sold in the net stores "Elektronika" for the price of 145 rubles, but at that time it would be much cheaper if it was the only EOM, equipped with an interpreter in basic 
First things about games on programmed microcalculators.
Igor for PMK bulo bezl_ch. A lot of times they are ruined at once, and it is hard to know to navigate the middle of the endless expanses of the Internet.
Well, it was a typical PMK-shnaya gra. I will increase the visibility of all the characteristic features of such mountains, I will vibrate to dynamically load, for example, "Zoryany Boyts-4".
The chat needed to be entered into the program code. Vin mav takiy viglyad
The entire code must be entered into the memory of the PMK very accurately (as for the number of crocs - 104 - the program is given only for MK-61 and MK-52). God forbid be merciful - for a joke of pardon before less than an hour, if you are not happy-go-lucky Volodar MK-52 and do not spoil the program from the EPZU.
In addition, as the program code is entered, it is necessary to memorize the register (the change in the PMK). The required information is entered into the register. Vaughn call out to be friends at once and write the program code.
For the traditional tribute to be entered in the register, register in the format of an onslaught of keys. In vipadku z our tse: “6 xN0; number of types 0 to 1 HP3; 3 хП7; 50 xP8; 69 xP9; 88858893 Uh? 336542 KV VP 7 HPA; 87 xPB; 59 HPS; 7 F10x KFA ". Writing "6 хП0" in this application means that the number 6 is entered into register 0.
For the sake of clarity, to realize that you bought a sheet (NOT a disc, but a sheet) with Oblivion, and enter it in points into the computer, instead of that, automatically install it from the disc ... Now, please.
In addition, since all the necessary data have been entered into the register, the "V / O" and "S / P" keys are pressed against each other to launch the program with crock number 00.
"Zoryaniy boots" is a dynamic game, and that means now we need to be respectfully impressed into the darkness of the screen. As we know it in the room because of an overly sleepy light (or, God forbid, it’s very clear), then for a calculator it’s the best way to make goats out of a small cardboard box, so it’s dull the weird indicator.
Otzhe, loaded vdvlyaєmosya in mechtinnya. A collection of non-sensible numbers and symbols, and because of the enviable durability of the start, some steps are taken and the same video is displayed: 
Tse vzhe gra)))) yes-yes
I’m familiar with the instructions (and it’s necessary to read it in front of the game, but the nobility doesn’t mean that there’s a little bit of letters, and it’s also intuitively intelligent, there’s no sign of it): “8” is bad for me. (this is how the video files for PMK are installed); "-" means the bewitching bezpіlotnі probes; blinking "8" in the center - our sight; the same: "L" - light wines, "C" - middle wines, "G" - important wines, "E" - ships-ohoronts (not shown in the picture). Meta gri: the destinies of all ships of the enemy, the Empire of Evil. 9 moves are given for the degradation of the skin lanka. As soon as an hour the Lanka of enemy ships is not inferior, if the Lanka comes to us from til and znischuє - show up with the spelling "Eggog", which is analogous to "game over" for a large PMK-Igor. If we are awakened by poverty, then we will pass to the onset of Lanka. For the welfare of the rest of the Lanka (ships-okhorontsi "E"), there will be a confirmation of our victory "BLESC-93".
Yak robiti go, power up, even if you press the onslaught on the keyboard, the calculator will digest the calculation (and that means gru)? The idea is simple - the importance of "R-GRD-G" is important for moving into space. R - left, G - right, GRD - built.
If you want blimati texts, you will be very important in the need for the situation and the check. Calculator viroblyaє calculating requirements and axis of blimpє is already a new disposition. You can robit a new go ...
Axis taka dryrochka micro calculator gra
The history of the development of such a calculating mechanism, like the calculator, will be repaired in the 17th century, and the first prototypes of the device were removed in the 6th century before our era. The very word "calculator" resembles the Latin "calculo", which in the cross section means "vvazhayu", "pidrahovaya". I will show you in more detail how the etymology of the understanding will be shown how to talk about the word “calculus”, as it is changed like “stone”. Also, some of the same stones vikoristovuvalis yak attribute for rakhunka.
The calculator is one of the simplest and often victorious mechanisms in everyday life, however, it is a great history and valuable information for the development of science.
Antikythera Mechanism
The first prototype of the calculator is the Antikythera Mechanism, which is like a bunch of appearances on the ear of the 20th century of the Antikythera Island on the sunken ships, which are located in Italy. Vcheni vvazhayut, how the mechanism can be dated to other countries before ours.
Pristrіy signifies that the planets, supporters. Also the Antikitersky Mechanism of Mig Warehouse, Vidnimati and Diliti.
abacus
At that hour, the trade in various types of Azerbaijan and Europe was repaired well, the demand for new rakhunkov operations became more and more. Even in the 6th century, the first prototype of the personal machine was the Abacus.
Abacus - there is a small tree plank, on yaky boules there are special grooves. In the cichs of small deaths, most often there were stones or tokens, which mean numbers.
Mechanism was based on the principle of the Vavilonian rakhunka, which was based on the shistdeykov system. Whether the number of the number was added up to 60 units, it turns out that the number has been depleted, the dermal groove showed a number of units, dozens, etc. Through those in the skin-lost trimata, 60 stones each could not be finished manually, then the dead stones were divided into 2 parts: in one - stones, which meant dozens (maximum 5), in the other - stones, which meant one (not 9 ... At the same time, in the first instance, the stones were shown to some, in the other, to dozens, etc. If in one of the furrows the number, which is necessary during the operation, changed the number 59, then one of the stones was shifted to the side row.
Abacus buv is popular right up to the 18th and without modification.
Rakhunkov's car by Leonardo da Vinchі
At Leonardo da Vinch's schoolchildren it is possible to beat the armchair of the first car, which they called it - "Madrid Code".
Apparatus buv kylka stryzhniv with kolischats pink size... The skin wheel has little teeth behind its base, and the mechanism is very small. Ten wraps of the first axis led to one wrapping of the other, and ten wraps of the other axis to one additional rotation of the third.
Shvidsh for everything, for Leonardo's life, so I didn’t dare to transfer my ideas to the material light, so it’s worthwhile, but in the other half of the 19th century there was a model of a car, designed by Dr. Roberto Guatelli.
Napier's sticks
The Scottish counterpart John Napier, in one of his books, came into existence in 1617 when the principle of multiplying the wood sticks was adopted. Unzabarom, a subtle method of becoming nazivatsya with Napier's sticks. At the heart of the mechanism was the method of multiplying with grates, which was popular at that time.
"Napier's sticks" - a whole set of wooden sticks, on a large number of such bulbs there is a multiplication table, as well as one stick with a range of numbers from one to nine.
In order to make a multiplication of the operation, it was necessary to have the viclast of the stick, as it would be multiplied by the value of the discharge, and the upper row of the skin plate was responsible for the multiplication. In the skin row, the number has been increased, and because of this, the result of the operation has taken shape.
Calculate Shikkard's year
It took more, less than 150 years, for that, as Leonardo da Vinchі Vinaishov his rakhunkov car, since the famous professor Vilhelm Shikkard in one of his leaves to Johann Kepler in 1623 wrote about his wines. Behind the words of Shikkard, the device is a bit of a spinning operation, adding and updating, as well as many times.
Tsei vinakhіd has gone into history as one of the prototypes of the calculator, and the name of "mechanical year" has gone through the principle of robotic mechanics, which is primed on the ground on the ground and gears.
Calculate Shikkard's year - the best mechanical pristriy, yaky mіg zdіysnyuvati 4 arithmetic operations.
Two examples of the annex were burned out for an hour, and the armchair of their creator was known to have been lost in 1935.
Blaise Pascal's Rakhunkov machine
In 1642, Blaise Pascal started working on a new Rahunk car, while at the 19 th births. Father Pascal, taking care of the collection of taxes, after the mother's temptations, I will be right with the post-razrakhunks, that is, the device is ready, and the device is ready for the robot.
Rakhunkov Blaise Pascal's car is a small box, in which there is a lack of gears tied between them. Numbers, necessary for creating, be it from some arithmetic operations, were introduced after the additional revolutions of the rings, as they were given the decimal order of the number.
Throughout 10 years Pascal zmig construct nearly 50 copies of machines, 10 sold.
Squid adding machine
At the first half of the 19th century, Thomas de Calmart, having opened the first commercial pristіy, could win a choice of arithmetic operations. The calculator of the bifurcations is based on the mechanism of the Kalmar cross - Wilhelm Leibnits. Zumіvshis in detail the same device, Kalmar calling svіy wines "arithmometer".
The Squid arithmometer is a small, hard wood-like mechanism, in the middle of which there is an automation of a switch, for which it is possible to display a choice of arithmetic operations. Tse buv pristіy, yake turned over the row vzhe free models, So how could it be with thirty-digit numbers.
Arithmometry 19-20 centuries
For that, as the people were intelligent, the calculating technology will just ask the robot with numbers, in 19-20 centuries there was a powerless wine-driving, tied with rakhunkovy mechanisms. The most popular add-on during the whole period is the adding calculator.
The Kalmar adding machine: a winery in 1820, the first commercial mechanism, four arithmetic operations.
Chernishov's adding machine: the first adding machine that appeared in Russia, the winnings in the 50s of the 19th century.
Odner's adding machine is one of the most popular adding machines of the 20th century, appearing in 1877.
Adding machine Mercedes-Euklid VI: the first adding machine, efficient arithmetic operations without the help of people, discoveries in 1919.
Calculators in XXI capital
Our calculator hour plays an important role in all spheres of life: fixing professional, finishing bybouting. Quite a number of people have substituted abacas and rakhunks for the people, as they become popular at their own hour.
Vikhodyachi z target auditingі characteristics, calculators for simplicity, engineering, accounting and financial. You can also use the programmed calculators, which can be blamed on the premium class. The stench can be done with folding programs, pledged in front of the mechanism itself. For robots with graphs, you can use a graph calculator.
Likewise, the classification of the calculator on the basis of the visitor can see a compact and detailed view.
The history of free technology is the whole process of gaining awareness and knowledge of people, as a result of which the rakhunkov mechanisms could harmoniously fit into the life of people.
The skin was adjusted with a calculator. Wine has already become an everyday subject, but not a wicked podivu. Ale yaka history of yogo development? Who is vinayshov calculator persim? How did it look and functioned mid-season?
Ancient numbered zasobi
With the ear of trade and exchange, people began to see the need for rakhunka. With a lot of vikoristovuyuvali fingers and feet, grains, stones. Approximately 500 BC. That is, the first rakhunks appeared. The abacas were looking like a ryvna board, on yak in the grooves other objects were laid out. Enlargement of this type of calculation in Greece and Rome.
The Chinese based the rakhunku were vikoristovuvali 5, not 10. Suan-pan - a straight frame for enumeration, on yak vertically stretched threads. The construction was cleverly divided into 2 parts - the lower "Earth" and the upper "Sky". The lower bags were single, and the upper ones were tens.
The Slovians followed in the footsteps of the sinister tribes, and they just changed the appetite. The rakhunkov pristіy appeared on the board in the XV century. The reason for the Chinese Suan-pan is that the motos were rolled horizontally, and the calculation system was stuck in ten.
The first mechanical tool
Nimetsky mathematician and astronomer, in 1623 he became involved in his world and became the author of an annex, in the basis of which was the year's mechanism. Yak vvazhayut a year could find out the most simple mathematical operations. Ale so yak, I fit it foldable and great, then it is not widespread. Johannes Keppler has become the first creep to the mechanics, I want it, and it is easier to count it in the mind. At the very moment, the history of the calculator is repaired, and the revision in the design and function of the attachment will gradually lead it to a bitter form.
The French physicist and philosopher Pascal, after 20 years, proponuvav an attachment, like a good rakhunok for an additional gear. In order to increase the number of times it is necessary to turn it, it is necessary to turn the number of times.
In 1673, the pristriy became the first calculator by the famous mathematician Gotfrid Leibnitz - the name has become the first in history. For help, it became possible to visit a lot and a lot of time. However, the ownership of the mechanism of the bullet is high, so it is not a matter of fact that it is accessible for a victorian.
Serіyne virobnitstvo
About those who are Vinay's calculator, it seems like a long time ago - the mechanism of Leibnit's nave adding Petro 1. Wagner and Levin's ideas were victorious. After the death of the winemaker, an analogous fixture was built by Burckhardt, and Mueller and Knutzen took care of the finer details.
For commercial purposes, becoming vicarious Frenchman Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar. Serial release was organized in 1820, but this machine was not seen from the first calculator. Hto vinaysh yogo z cikh two vchenikh, there were super-straps, a Frenchman was called to someone else’s admission, the protest of the design of a private car at Colmar was all the same.
In Tsarist Russia, the first adding machine is the result of robotic Chernishov. He opened the device in the 50s of the 19th century, and the axis was patented in 1873 by Frank Baldwin. The principle of a robotic mechanical grabbing machine on cylinders and gear wheels.
At the turn of the 19th-20th century, a series of calculators began to grow in Russia. At the Radianskiy Soyuz, it was called "Felix", which expanded in the 30s of the last century and was victorious until the end of the 70s.
electronic calculators
The first electronic calculator by brothers Kassio. In 1957, the epoch of boisterous development in the galuzy of EOM reigned. It was important to attach the Casio 14-A to a total of 140 kg, a small electrical relay and 10 buttons. The display showed numbers and the result. Until 1965, the roku waga changed to 17 kg.
This electronic calculator is a credit to the Leningrad University, who broke it up in 1961. At promisloviy release the EKVM-1 model was already invented in 1964. Three times later, the device was thoroughly finished, it was done with trigonometric functions. The engineering calculator was first found by Hewlett Packard in 1972.
An offensive shatter for the development - microcircuits. Who is the vinayshov calculator for the whole generation in the CPSR? 27 engineers were involved in the development. They were about 15 years old, while in sales in 1975 there were no overwhelming engineering calculator "Elektronika V3-18". Square roots, steps, logarithms and transistor microprocessor were conquered by the people;
Becoming a breakthrough in Radiansk technologies became the VZ-34 microcalculator. With a charge of 85 rubles per person, I became the first vichiznya home computer. Secure program allowed to install not only engineering, but also games.
The MK-90 became a masterpiece of the last century. Analogs at that time were not attached to mav: graphical display, Nezalezhne RAM and programming on mov Basic.
Sergiy Frolov
Collectively, the current calculating technology, I am the head of the know-how, who can use the calculators and the best machines foreign analogues.
Bringing vitratity even more than an hour, then learn about the analogs. Tse viyavilosya to finish the foldable: bringing you to sit in the evenings on the Internet, thoroughly look at the site, show your exhibits, write down the names of models, take the image of technology and display the technical
Most of the sites of collections in the known analogs are even more advanced in the Internet-auctions Ebay, which are sold in many different ways, and, of course, there are calculators and necessary technology. Navigation on Ebay borrows especially for an hour, so the seller does not have much to cover for himself report description goods, which are on sale, are often surrounded by a description of the type "Vintage calculator" і t. n. Alle the most common way of becoming not only a flicker of analogs, but the removal of such an analog into a collection. I have a lot of respect in the presented photographs: there are photos of analogs from other websites, the masters who kindly allowed victorious photographs, and my powerful photographs for analogs of ancient cars, as all the same came in the distance. mass copy calculating technology, Shvidshe for everything, read from our Odner adding machine. The axis of the model:
Tse is the first mass calculator of the Odner system, which was introduced in 1890. Until I had a party of 50 copies of a trial version of the Troja іnshoi forma, the model itself became just a masculine way for us to inherit the whole world.
To correct the statements about the clones of the Odner system, to wonder at the arithmometry even more trade marks, Submissions on the wonderful site Rechenmaschinen-Illustrated: Brunsviga, Facit, Hamann-Manus, Swedish arithmometers under the brand name "Original-Odhner", Thales and Triumphator.
A handful of foreign companies have revoked the rights to the copyright of arithmometers from Odner and this site, but the revolution is unlikely to have become a payment to the radio owner of the license. Apparently, the Radiansky Union may have copied and old analogs.
Vzagalі in copy є even a great plus: to save even more than an hour on the market and the improvement of new technologies, and economics can be used for more needs. Below you can marvel at the photographs of vichiznyh cars and foreign analogs. For the great rakhunk of photography, speak for yourself, do not vimagayuchi comments, but for some cars, I make a few remarks.
For the skin model calculator, I have also grafted it on the site where it is possible to patch more photos analogs (the very top is posted on my site with photographs of the original version).
Bistritsa i Bistritsa 2 - Bohn Contex Model 20
Thank you Prof. Dr. C.-M. Hamann
Another original calculator, which is given in the diy with a blow of the dolon.
Thank you Freddy Haeghens for submitting the photo
The closest analogue of Odner's arithmometer, melodiously, was the only one sold in the SRCP (the end of the 70s). We have two options: mechanical BK-1 (Facit TK) and electrical BK-2 (Facit EK).
In addition, the BK-3 and BK-4 were also released, just for the calculator, without getting into the distance.
Sharp Compet CS-30A - Electronika DD
Thank you Tony Epton for submitting the photo
Prior to the speech, in the whole calculator there is one special feature: in a new number of negative numbers. Whenever there are two, there are three, but on the indicators there are all nines - the number is shown in the pre-code.
T3-16 - HP 9100B The first desktop calculator with engineering functions and powerful software from Hewlett Packard is called the HP 9100A. Vin appeared in 1968. Our copy was called "Elektronika 70", and, judging by the name, appeared in 1970. Tse buv is a foldable calculator. For the first release, the mastering release of special transistors, analogs of such vikorisovs, were installed in the HP 9100A. I rozmovlyav with people, like a trohi exploited "Elektronika 70". Vin said that he had a unique calculator, at which gilded boule all the money would be paid. Unfortunately, "Elektronika 70" didn’t get too far away, and I can’t show it to the photograph.
Then I went into the distance by the way "Elektronika T3-16", which was built on the basis of the HP 9100B. On the day of HP 9100B, we will complete the HP 9100A version.
If you go to the site, after I have finished photographing T3-16 (http://www.leningrad.su/museum/show_calc.php?n=211), it is evident that there is a very large folding calculator: there is a large number of microcircuits, memory for magnetic cores, attaching the reading of magnetic cards, deciphered by the programs of the koristuvach, the electronic exchange tube, the information displayed, and so far. Apparently, the whole little computer appeared to be even more foldable in its operation and exploitation, and it could not be used in a great number.
Elektronika 24-71 - Sharp QT-8D
Calculators from pioneers in electronics. New technologies were mastered for їх microcircuits, new types of indicators were carried out. For example, in this model, the first in the SRCP is a vacuum luminescent indicator of type IB-1 (sign of the number and re-upgrading) and IV-2 (digits). Beast of respect for the silhouette of signs. It is unique for the whole microcalculator, and nowhere else is it victorious. All the virobi with indicators on the green numbers appeared from the model of the calculator.
Electronics B3-04 - Sharp EL-805
The first vіtchiznyany gut microcalculator. The gold is sklyanny board. 1974 rіk. For the first time, the copying of its analogue - Sharp EL-805: break out "from scratch" microcircuits, master the technology of rare crystals and so far. Є There is only a small amount of visibility in two models - in the form of a crush, when the indicator closes (seen in the photo).
The microcalculator has appeared even more unreliable and practically unrepairable. The machines of the first editions were called "Mikro ЕОМ", and more recently the term "Microcalculator" was used.
Elektronika B3-18 - Anita 202SR
Elektronika B3-18A - Rockwell 61R
For the same approximately one hour, the power supply and the operation of the engineering calculator went out from the B3-04. Our industry has gone two miles and practically at once released two of the first modern engineering calculators: Elektronika S3-15 and B3-18. Two paths fell into the offensive: the first calculator was broken by ourselves, the provincial mathematicians were used for folding algorithms for calculating functions, and the other became a copy of the Anita 202SR calculator.
A modification of the B3-18 under the name B3-18A (Rockwell 61R) was released through the pik
They made a copy, but there were problems: a calculator chip in the exact adjustment of the life span. On the skin chip they wrote (mostly, an Olivet) working on a microcircuit with an accuracy of up to a hundred volts!
Elektronika B3-23 - EZ2000
Most of the main copy of the calculators (including the keruyuchі microcircuits) has been fixed and copied to the design. The price can be backed up on the butt of calculators Elektronika B3-23 (EZ2000), B3-02 (Sharp EL-8001), B3-11 (ICC-82D) and MK-85 (Casio fx-700P), but just below.
As I already wrote, for the first vіtchiznyany microcalculator Elektronіk B3-04, we took the Sharp EL-805 as the first calculator on rare crystals. And the microcalculator Elektronika B3-30 can be detected as the first calculator on rare crystals, but also on the other technology - black symbols on the light - such, which was installed at once in all models. That model itself was called the Sharp EL-8020.
For a long time now, we see one of the most beautiful calculators from the point of view of the design of the Elektronika B3-36 bullet. Recently, I have gone by the way and the first prototype is to finish the Rockwell THE 74K calculator.
Yak bachite, the design is repeated in practice, and the functions of the calculator are 100 per cent.
B3-35 - Hanimex ESR Master
The same can be said about the Electronika B3-35 calculator (Hanimex ESR Master). The model is developed from B3-36 practically only by design.
B3-38 - Casio fx-48
For the current day, the Casio fx-48 calculator did not reach me by the way. Shown here is a photograph taken quite rockyv that on ebay auctions... Price is the lowest-value micro-calculator. Win buv detection with Casio fx-48.
MK-51 - Casio fx-2500
At about the same hour, one of the most popular microcalculators, the Electronika MK 51 (Casio fx-2500), was launched. Scho nytsіkavіshe - for Elektronіk B3-38 and MK-51 one and the same chip will be victorious. On the right in that Casio is still widely used technology, since one and the same microcircuit of the processor is used for the production of calculators and the great lineup calculator If you have a calculator MK-51, then you can change tsikaviy fact As soon as you press the F key and digital keys, you will see the function that is designed for the F1 key in the B3-38 calculator.
MK-71 - Casio fx-950
Similarly, you can say about calculators Elektronika MK-71 (Casio fx-950). Casio has a similar model with an 8-bit indicator instead of a 10-bit one. Win is called Casio fx-900. In these models, it is not important to change the mode of calculating trigonometric functions and vibrate degrees-gradiv-radians with buttons. And most importantly - in that, you can go from fx-950 to fx-900 by means of installation of this important in the intermediate position - between degrees and radians or between radians and grades. I changed - pratsyuє i on MK-71, and on Casio fx-950.
MK-53 - Monroe M112
With a calculator є misunderstandings. Monroe, I wanted to play the calculator, but I don’t sing it, so it’s a calculator from the company Monroe. On the right, in the one that is rich in form, that they let the calculators go, or for the vicoristov they got the ready calculator chip, or for the vicoristov OEM version The first companies have put only their own logos. Shvidshe for the entire model is broken with the Sharp calculator. It is unlikely that Casio is, because the Casio calculators have a minus sign, and Sharp calculators have a little more familiarity (in this model - in the left part of the display). And yet the calculator is one in the CPCP calculator with a year and a second. MK-87 is not up to the mark, because there is an okremo calculator and a good old one - maybe okremo.
And now the best are personal computers. The most recent calculator with BASIC - Electronika MK-85 is also a prototype. Tse - Casio FX-700P. However, no copy of the FX-700P was installed. One of the reasons was the presence of Cyrillic on the keyboard. Ale zavdannya, they put everything - I will make a copy of the yak on zovnishnim viglyadom, So and on the basis of the functions.
In the same way, an exact copy of the Wang 2000 computer (Іskra 226) has been broken in the very hour, so that you can launch programs for Wang, like the bullets at a great number.
MK-85M - Casio fx-700P
The design was very important, it was a lot of luck with the indicator, so it could reach an acceptable level and equal contrast. All the same, the MK-85 got in the way, and the machine went in.
Obviously, without shortcomings, it wasn’t obedient. One of them was shvidkodiya. Having said to me one person, who took a part in the development of the model, the foldability was in the fact that the functions were numbered in a row, at that hour in the fx-700P - by the "digit by digit" method. And another factor, which is known in shvidkodії - the selection of numbers: in the 16th viglyadі in the MK-85 and in the tenth in the FX-700P.
The MK-85 has a 16-bit microprocessor, for the command system of the DEC PDP-11. Casio has a 4-bit processor that can handle one digit of a number. More and more, the price has impacted on the amount of money.
MK-87 - Casio PF-3000
Tse duzhe rіdkіsny calculator. They let everyone close to 6000-8000 thousand examples. In Japan, Bula purchased line from virobnitstva touch buttons, Onslaught from a lung to a dot. As a result, weishov is even more folding and even an expensive calculator-notebook with a 16-bit microprocessor. Yoogo partiality appeared more than a hundred rubles, and far from the previous party on the right did not go.
Yogo prototype - the first calculator-note-book from Casio - PF-3000 three ways to see, but in general, the same for the functions of the machine.
First, I want to tell you about the MK-90 / MK-92. I want a calculator і MK-90 - a calculator of powerless design, a few details of the design proposed by Casio PB-410, especially new cartridges for saving programs on batteries. An even similar MK-92 with a color plotter on the Casio FA-10. Skoda, without reaching the MK-92 switch to the TV set.
Axis, no power and everything. Ale not think about it, they took care of it, but only copied the old analogs. We have carried out і vlasny virobnitstva calculators. Take hocha b MK-61, MK-52. Building used, simple design, a little bit of programmability appeared on high rivn, І ci calculators have become the most popular.
Do not think about it, but only copied from them. Promyslovoe shpigunstvo, vikorystannya each other's advanced technologies - a standard practice among competing powers. Even the sharp butt stock of our technologies is the American Lite F-15. Duzhe vin is already similar to our MiG-25. Ale tse vzhe zsіm іnsha іstorіya.
Thank you for the respect.
Text, photos - Sergiy Frolov
Zalіznі mayor of the past - 2008 r