Graphic file formats. Formats for saving graphic data Graphic file format is called

Vector formats Vector format files are especially brown for preserving linear elements (line and rich elements), as well as elements that can be laid out on simple geometric objects (for example, text). Vector files do not contain pixel values, but represent mathematical descriptions of elements. Behind the mathematical descriptions of graphical forms (lines, curves, splines), the visualization program will contain images.

Vector files are structurally simpler than raster files, and are organized like data streams.

Applications of the most advanced vector formats - AutoCAD DXF and Microsoft SYLK.

WMF. This is a vector format that is used by Windows graphics programs. This format is being developed for transferring vector images via the clipboard into the Windows environment. This format is accepted by almost all programs that use vector graphics. This format for raster images is not possible. Disadvantages: interference with color and failure to save low parameters that are set for images in graphics programs.

AI. Illustrator internal format. Can be used in Photoshop and this format is supported by all programs related to vector graphics. This format is the shortest way to transfer vector images from one program to another. Raster graphic elements are greatly destroyed during transmission via AI format.

CDR. This is the internal format of the Corel Draw program. This format is very popular, as is the software package. Many programs can import vector files from the Corel Draw format. The CDR format contains raster graphic objects. In this format, compression is stagnated, and for vector and raster files, the compression ratio is stagnated.

Metafile formats

Metafiles can save both raster and vector data. The simplest metafiles are those in vector format; There is a different syntax for assigning elements of vector data, which can also include raster image data. Metafiles are often used to transport raster and vector data between hardware platforms and for moving images between software platforms.

The most widely used metafile formats are WPG, Macintosh PICT and CGM.

Friday passed and I didn’t get around to writing about the Friday post under N3. The reason is trivial - the availability of a free time in connection with apartment meals and the low number of other problems. Hello, there will be photos on this Friday for sure. It was already ready yesterday before publication, but still ended up spending a lot of the evening on renovation work in the apartment. If you weren’t surprised, you have to marvel and raise your spirits.

Let's return to those fasts, and more precisely to the nutrition, which format of pictures bluster? They burned the word "picture" Absolutely no photography suits me. If you don’t sound the same way so often, you want to lose everything without change. I’ll just make one clarification. So, since a photograph is a raster image, then the post contains only about raster formats graphic images.

Zagali graphic formats- A set of rules for processing the removal of graphic data, with the method of further saving or editing them. How to follow the lines of V. Mayakovsky “All professions are necessary, all professions are important”... This can also be applied to image formats.

Rozrobniks will show off the chimalo raster formats to save files. Among the most frequently vikorized wartos are the following: BMP, TIFF, GIF, JPEG, PNG, PSD, ICO.So, let’s look at the pros and cons, as well as the area of reinsurance stagnation rasterized image formats.

Raster image format

BMP-(Abbreviation from Bit Map image) is itself standard raster format it has universal significance. It supports most graphic editors, including many extensions Paint. From the very beginning, the coding was done in the simplest way. However, this turned out to be inefficient, with fragments of skin pixels represented in just one byte. Also, more than 256 colors became available, which essentially limited the possibilities of image transmission. Nadali vin was thoroughly contemplating. Bit Map image This is the best way to save data and exchange it with other similar programs. But, at the same time, it takes up a lot of space in memory, so it is necessary to save the coding of all points of the image. File BMP does not support animation or continuous display.
TIFF— (View Tagged Image File Format)– universal for visual systems and topographic graphics. So raster image format ensure a high degree of bitterness to your friend. It was created in support of almost all programs designed to work with dot graphics files, which can be used on all platforms. Widely vikorist TIFF at the printing and printing press. Files (scanned images, illustrations, faxes, etc.) with extensions .tif In this exact format they save for a further color design, although a monochrome design is available – at the displays CMYKі RGB. It is not necessary to publish images on a computer network or during the creation of websites, and may even increase the size values. Unsuitable for animation.
GIF— (Following the original writers in Graphic Interchamge Format)serve for savingraster images and graphicsand to exchange them. It is one of the oldest on the Internet, it has been going around for a long time, regardless of those who are in a new position about the indexed colors (in a limited set). Files from extensions.gifwidely used in the design of Web sites. Among the main advantagesGraphic Interchamge Format These are the ones where the appearance of the image does not depend on the underlying platform or browser type, and the image is processed without wasting information. This format typically displays small images with a small number of similar colors, chairs, images and animation.GIFsmall in size, it will attract a lot of attention, which is important when creating HTML pages. However, the format is still limited - it has a small set of colors, which limits its ability to save images that have smooth transitions.
JPEG— (Abbreviation from Joint Photographic Expert Group) It also helps to wake up when the GIF image is created. Here the method of compressing photographs and other pictures is discussed. qi raster graphics file formats The widest when saving color images. Embossed image (images are saved in files with icon .jpg It is configured in a smooth mode, which ensures a high level and reduces data consumption. On the hard drive JPEG You can manually save a large number of pictures by viewing large photographs with smooth transitions. This allows you to protect your disk space. Also for further help JPEG It is possible to publish a completely pleasant photo in a computer image. It should be noted that when you save some of the data, some of it is lost, and when you save the same image again, the chances of irreversible loss of information increase. In this plan, the site is richly enhanced by an improved version of the format - JPEG 2000. However, it is not supported by all browsers, which is due to its expansion.
PNG— (portable network graphics) allows you to save raster graphics in a neat look without wasting money, and the files need to be saved less than GIF. In format PNG more accessible design in any color, as well as insight. This furniture reveals the wide possibilities of web design. The infection is growing steadily in popularity, interacting with all platforms, supporting frequent display, expanding with a wide range of colors, and supporting animation.
Internal PSD raster graphics formats (Shortened from PhotoShop Document) valid for software packages. They support all types of images, as well as their balls during processing. Saved in files with an extension icon .psd.

Others will emerge raster graphics formats, which were not mentioned in the statistics, but you can write about them in the comments, without forgetting about the competition!

Knowledge of file formats and their capabilities is one of the key factors in pre-service training, image preparation for the web and computer graphics in general.

So, it’s a considerable such kaleidoscope, yak on the cobs of the 90s, if the leatherette is compounded by the vibrant, the editor-in-chief Zyatzhena hung up with its own overshum of the storage, otherwise there are more than one, it doesn’t mean, all the same is the same in TIFF, and compress it with JPEG.

The leather format, which has established itself today, has undergone a natural selection, satisfying its vitality and needs. All of them have characteristic features and capabilities that make them indispensable in work.

Knowledge of the peculiarities and subtle technologies is important for a modern designer, just as it is necessary for an artist to understand the chemical composition of materials, the strength of soils, types of metals and types of wood.

The main significance of Knowledge, behind the great revolution, is the expansion of people’s capabilities, an increased level of freedom, if people do things in a way that respects their needs, and not in a way that destroys their furnishings.

Format:

GIF | JPEG | PNG | TIFF | PostScript | EPS | PDF | Scitex CT | Adobe Photoshop Document | Adobe Illustrator Document | Macromedia FreeHand Document | CorelDRAW Document | PICT | WMF | BMP | RTF

Compression method:

LZW | JPEG | Huffman | CCITT | RLE (Run Length)

All graphic data on a computer can be divided into two large groups: raster and vector. Vectors are a mathematical description of objects based on coordinate points. It seems simpler, so that the computer paints the direct coordinates of two points that are connected along the shortest, the radius is set for the arc, etc.

Thus, vector illustration is a set of geometric primitives. Most vector formats can also be transferred to a raster object file or sent to a raster file (OPI technology).

Difficulty in transferring data from one vector format to another occurs with different programs, different algorithms, and different mathematics when dealing with vector and description of raster objects.

OPI (Open Prepress Interface) is a technology developed by Aldus that allows you to import not original files, but their images, which are created in the program as a low-resolution copy (sketch) and sent to the original. During the process of sending the sketches to the printer, they are replaced with original files. Using OPI instead of simple embedding makes it possible to save computer resources (memory transfer), which significantly improves its productivity. OPI mainly works with imported graphic files in programs such as FreeHand and QuarkXPress, and is widely used in other products.

The raster file of the inputs is simpler (for understanding). It is a rectangular matrix (bitmap), divided into smaller squares - pixels (pixel - picture element). Raster files can be divided into two types: those intended for display on the screen and others.

A number of files in such formats as GIF, JPEG, BMP are stored in the computer’s video system. On older Macs, there were 72 pixels per square inch of the screen (screen division), on Windows there was no single standard, but today the value of 96 pixels per square inch of the screen is often used. In reality, however, these parameters have now become more intelligent, since most of the video systems of today's computers allow you to change the number of pixels that are displayed on the screen.

Raster formats, including those intended for display on the screen, are created without on-screen separation, so that one pixel in a file corresponds to one screen pixel. The stench appears on the other side from the separate building on the screen.

Raster files, intended for pre-production preparation, can be printed, like most vector formats, the Print Size parameter is a different size. Associated with it is the concept of legal permission, which is the number of pixels per square inch of the page (ppi, pixels per inch or dpi - dots per inch - the term is not entirely correct, but often used).

The size of the separate print can be from 130 dpi (for a newspaper) to 300 (high-quality text), more than that is not required.

Raster formats are also divided into one type and contain additional information: different color models, vectors, Alpha channels or spot channels, balls of different types, interlining rapid expansion), animation, possibility of constraint, etc.

GIF (CompuServe Graphics Interchange Format)

The independent hardware-based GIF format was developed in 1987 (GIF87a) by CompuServe to transmit raster images along edges. In 1989, the format was modified (GIF89a), with added clarity and animation. GIF uses LZW compression, which allows you to compress files with a lot of similar fills (logos, inscriptions, diagrams).

The LZW (Lempel-Ziv-Welch) compression method of fragmentation in 1978 by the Israelis Lempel and Ziv and further investigations later in the USA. Squeezes the data together to search for new sequences (they are called phrases) in each file. The detected sequences are stored in the table and short markers (keys) are assigned to them. So, if in an image there are sets of orange, orange and green pixels that are repeated 50 times, LZW detects this, assigns a number to this set of pixels (for example, 7) and then saves this data 50 times in the view 7. LZW method, just like that , like RLE, works better on similar plots, higher in the noise of colors, it works much better than RLE, when more graphic data is compressed, but the process of encoding and unpacking is completed Better.

GIF allows you to record images “in a row” (Interlaced), however, by recording only a part of the file, you can save the entire image, rather than in smaller sections. This is done by entering the entry, and then adding numbers 1, 5, 10, etc. Rows of pixels and stretching data between them, another pass follows 2, 6, 11 rows, the separation of the image in the Internet browser increases. In this way, long before the file is completed, the user can figure out what is in the middle and check if the entire file is up. Recording a few times in a row increases the size of the file, but as a rule, it is true that the authorities are buying.

GIFs can have one or more colors visible and become invisible in Internet browsers and other programs. Visibility is provided for the storage of the additional Alpha channel, which is saved simultaneously with the file. In addition, a GIF file can contain not one, but many raster images, which browsers can upsample one by one at the frequency assigned to the file. This is how the illusion of the roc is achieved (GIF animation).

The main limitation of the GIF format is that color images can be recorded in 256 color mode or less.

JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)

Strictly speaking, JPEG is not called a format, but a compression algorithm, based not on the search for new elements, as in RLE and LZW, but on the difference between pixels. Coding of data is obtained at a number of stages. First, the graphic data is converted into a color space of the LAB type, then half or three quarters of the color information is supplied (depending on the implementation of the algorithm). Next, blocks of 8x8 pixels are analyzed.

A set of numbers is formed before the skin block. The first few numbers represent the color of the block, and then the next few numbers represent the smaller ones. The range of details is based on the keen sense of the people, which is why great details are important.

At the next stage, depending on the level of content you have selected, a small number of numbers are thrown out to form fine details. At the remaining stage, coding is used using the Huffman method to more effectively compress the end data. Updates to these data will be provided at the turnaround time.

Thus, the higher the level of compression, the more data is thrown out, the lower the bitterness. With the help of JPEG, you can edit the file 1-500 times less, lower VMR! The format is hardware-independent, is always supported on PCs and Macintoshes, but is clearly new and cannot be understood by old programs (before 1995). JPEG does not support indexed color palettes. Since the specifications for the format did not include CMYK, Adobe added color correction, so many programs have problems with CMYK JPEG. The best solution is to use JPEG compression in Photoshop EPS files, as described below.

Available in JPEG format. Baseline Optimized - files are compressed better and cannot be read by other programs. JPEG Baseline Optimized is designed specifically for the Internet, all major browsers support it. Progressive JPEG is also specially developed for Merezha, whose files are smaller than standard ones, and slightly larger than Baseline Optimized. The main feature of Progressive JPEG is that of its analogue through a row-based design.

From what has been said, you can gain the following insights. JPEG better compresses raster images of photographic clarity, lower logos and schemes - they have more monochromatic transitions, and in the middle of monochromatic fills there are unexpected transitions. Great images for the web are compressed better and with less waste, either with high resolution (200-300 or more dpi), or with low resolution (72-150 dpi), because Each square of 8x8 pixels has the same size as the ones that have more squares in such files. It is not necessary to save any image with JPEG compression, since all the nuances of color transfer (reproduction) are important, since under time pressure there is a need to release this color information. With JPEG, you should save only the final version of the work, so that every over-saving will lead to new waste (discarding) of data and converting the output image from the porridge.

The LAB color space represents the color of three channels: one channel is shown for the brightness value (L – Lightnes) and the other two are for color information (A and B). Color channels represent scales rather than just one color. Channel A represents a continuous spectrum from green to red, while channel A represents a continuous spectrum from blue to yellow. The average values of A and B indicate real shades of grey.

The YCC color model is similar to that of Kodak Photo CD and FlashPix formats, which is not described here.

The Huffman compression method was developed in 1952 and is used as a storage part in a number of other compression schemes, such as LZW, Deflation, JPEG. The Huffman method takes a set of symbols and analyzes them to determine the frequency of each symbol. Then, for the widest symbols, the number of bets appears to be minimal. For example, the letter “e” is most often used in English texts. Using Huffman coding, you can represent the "e" with just two bits (1 and 0), instead of eight bits, the necessary representation of the letter "e" in ASCII encoding.

PNG (Portable Network Graphics)

PNG is a recently developed format for Merezha, clicks will replace the old GIF. Vikorist's waste-free compression Deflate, similar to LZW (itself through the patenting in 1995 of the LZW algorithm of PNG). These indexed PNG files are usually less expensive than similar GIFs, and RGB PNGs are less expensive than similar files in the TIFF format.

The color of PNG files can be anything up to 48 bits. There is double interlacing (not just rows, but rows), like in GIFs, which increases the size of the file. In contrast to the GIF, which is as transparent as honey - either way or not, PNG also supports the same pixels as the alpha channel with 256 shades of gray.

The PNG file contains information about gama correction. Gamma is a number that characterizes the level of brightness of the light on your monitor screen and the voltage on the kinescope electrodes. This number, read from the file, allows you to enter the brightness correction when displayed. It is necessary for the image created on Mac to look the same on Windows and other UNIX systems. Thus, this feature contributes to the implementation of the main idea of WWW - however, the display of information independent of the computer equipment.

PNG is supported in Microsoft Internet Explorer starting with version 4 for Windows and version 4.5 on Macintosh. Netscape has added PNG support for its browser in versions starting with 4.0.4 for both platforms. However, support for such important format functions as smooth transition clarity and gamma correction has not yet been implemented.

TIFF (Tagged Image File Format)

The hardware-independent TIFF format appears as an internal format in the Aldus PhotoStyler program. Its modular architecture appeared in the distance, and having successfully survived the death of certain programs, TIFF continues to evolve and develop to this day.

Today it is one of the most extensive and reliable, supporting almost all programs on PCs and Macintoshes and anything else related to graphics. Typically, TIFF is the best choice when importing raster graphics from a vector-based program. You have access to the entire range of color models from monochrome to RGB, CMYK and additional solid colors. TIFF can contain vertical outlines, alpha channels, spheres and other additional data.

Vinyatok becomes a singing world FreeHand. In some cases, TIFF files can significantly change their location during the creation of a PostScript file or directly in a document during the creation process. Most often, TIFFs are “sharpened” intermittently in the visual circuit. FreeHand is still better than Vikory EPS.

TIFF can be saved in two recording systems: Macintosh and PC. This means that Motorola processors read and write numbers to the right, while Intel processors do the opposite. Today's programs can easily accommodate format variations.

The TIFF format has the ability to save money by using several types of compression: JPEG, ZIP, and, as a rule, only LZW compression is used. A number of older programs (for example, QuarkXPress 3.x, Adobe Streamline, a lot of text recognition programs) cannot read TIFF files, but if you use new software, there is no reason not to use compression.

Adobe PostScript

PostScript is a language description of pages (language management of laser printers) by Adobe. There have been creations in the 80s to implement the WYSIWYG (What You See is What You Get) principle. Files in this format are a program with commands for wiki for a particular device. You can use the extension .ps or, at least, .prn and go beyond the additional Print to File function of graphics programs under the hour of installing the PostScript printer driver.

Such files contain the document itself (only those that were published on the pages), all related files (both raster and vector), vikoristan fonts, as well as other information itself: pay color, additional payments, line raster level and raster dot shape for the skin plate and other data for the mobile device. As long as the file was created correctly, it does not matter what platform it was used on, whether the fonts were True Type or Adobe Type 1 - all the same.

If you follow the instructions, if you have made the correct settings on your computer, you may encounter problems due to incorrect translation of the program from graphic language to PostScript language (for example, in the transfer of information ї about fonts, so don’t get into vikoryism). Most correct PS files are created using Adobe programs.

Data in PostScript files must be written in Binary code. A binary code takes up twice as much as ASCII. ASCII coding is required for transferring files across networks, for cross-platform sharing, and for sharing via serial cables. If you do this, double coding can go wrong (which can result in the file being unreadable) or cause “strange” behavior of the file server. These problems have long existed in current systems, although older computers and servers are weaker than them.

This applies to all formats based on PostScript: EPS and PDF, as described below.

You can find more detailed descriptions of PostScript, its features, problems and ways to close other programs on my website under the article “Non-terrible PostScript”.

EPS (Encapsulated PostScript)

The Encapsulated PostScript format can be called the most advanced and universal way to save data. This is a simplified version of PostScript: you cannot place more than one side in one file, and it does not save low printer settings. As with other PostScript files, the final version of the work is recorded in EPS, although programs such as Adobe Illustrator and Adobe Photoshop can be used to edit it as a working one.

EPS functions for transferring vectors and rasters in video systems are created by all programs that work with graphics. Vikoristovaty may only feel the same if you are working on a PostScript device. EPS supports all the necessary color models, including Duotone, which can also record data in RGB, cross-sectional contour, raster information, and font changes. In the EPS format, data is saved in the clipboard (Clipboard) by Adobe programs for exchange among themselves.

You can save a sketch (image header, preview) from the file. This is a low-quality copy of a separate work in PICT, TIFF, JPEG or WMF format, which is saved at once as an EPS file and allows you to edit in the middle, as long as you can open the file for editing in Photoshop and Illustrator. All others import the sketch, replacing it with the original information on a PostScript printer. On a printer that does not support PostScript, the sketch itself is destroyed. If you work on Photoshop for Macintosh, save your thumbnails in the JPEG format; other Mac programs save your thumbnails in the PICT format.

These JPEG images cannot be used by Windows programs. If you are working on a computer or do not know where the file will be saved, save the sketch in TIFF format (if you choose). CorelDRAW also introduces the vector format WMF for sketches, but even carefully using this child of Microsoft will not lead to good.

Initially, EPS was developed as a vector format, and later a raster version appeared - Photoshop EPS. Sketch type (TIFF, PICT, JPEG) Photoshop allows you to select the data encoding method. ASCII, Binary and JPEG. The first two were described more, but on JPEG they are not very good.

Photoshop allows you to compress raster data using an additional JPEG algorithm. Adobe has further developed this compression method. Now JPEGs in Photoshop are enhanced by CMYK and compressed into smaller JPEGs, which closely match the original specifications. In other words, EPS files without JPEG encoding are less important than JPEG files! However, I have great respect for the important feature of the work with JPEG-compressed images in EPS.

Drivers for printers and phototypewriters cannot print the color of such files. So, when you install a color on your computer, the EPS image with JPEG compression will appear on the first board (Cyan, please). No less, at the service bureau, Scitex workstations (most of them are in Israel) can colorize pages with JPEG EPS illustrations without any problems. Systems of other companies, I think, also support JPEG EPS, in case of emergency it will crash. At service bureaus and other companies in Tel Aviv, I was often recommended to use JPEG EPS instead of TIFF for recording raster data, so that it would be displayed more quickly.

There are many varieties of EPS that can be found in the creator program. The most popular EPS are created using Adobe Systems software: Photoshop, Illustrator, InDesign. Since 1996, Adobe programs have used a PostScript interpreter, so they can open EPS and edit them. This possibility seems even more important to me. Other graphic editors cannot open EPS; moreover, the EPS files they create are sometimes, at least apparently, special.

Among the most problematic are Quark EPS, which is created by the Save Page As EPS function, and FreeHand editable EPS, which is created by the Save As function. You should not particularly trust Corel EPS version 6 and lower EPS from CorelXARA. EPS files with CorelDRAW 7 still have the problem of adding fields to the Bounding Box (a smart PostScript box that describes all the objects on the page).

First, you can export from CorelDRAW, CorelXARA and, in a smaller world, from FreeHand EPS files and convert many program effects (such as fills, for example) from raster or simple vector objects. Thick outlines (more than 2 pt) can be converted into objects themselves, if the program allows such a possibility. You can check the EPS file in Adobe Illustrator, if it is correct, then everything is in order.

PDF (Portable Document Format)

PDF is registered by Adobe as a platform-independent format for creating electronic documentation, presentations, and transferring layouts and graphics through borders. Vikorist is used as an internal graphics format of Mac OS X.

PDF files are created by converting from PostScript files or using the export function of a number of programs. To convert, use Adobe Acrobat Distiller, which is the fastest way to create PDF. Creating a PDF using the export method from a program usually gives the best result - the files are important, but there are often problems with the installation of fonts.

For PDF creation there is also a PDFWriter program that works as a virtual printer. PDFWriter does not run on PostScript and cannot render graphics correctly. The use of quick preparation of simple text documents. Some people face the same problem with fonts that many programs can use to export PDF. The best and closest to the original PDF are created from PostScript and EPS files by the Acrobat Distiller program, which is included with the Adobe Acrobat package.

PDF was originally designed as a compact format for electronic documentation. To Tom, the VSI is able to squeak in the Nomom, I will yell up to the pissful type of іnform. The Acrobat Exchange 3 program (which in the 4th version began to be called simply Acrobat 4.0) allows you to set up customization fields, include fields that need to be filled in, include video and sound in a PDF file, and other activities.

CCITT (International Telegraph and Telephone Committie) compression method for fax transmission and reception. A narrower version of Huffman coding. CCITT Group 3 is identical to the fax format, CCITT Group 4 is the fax format, but without special information that controls.

The PDF file may be optimized. From here, elements that are repeated are removed, a new order for visiting pages via the web is established, with priority first for text, then graphics, and font selection. However, if there are no repeating elements, the file will usually get larger after optimization.

PDF is increasingly being used to convey dimensions in a compact form of graphics and layout. You can save all the information for the output device as in the output PostScript file. PDF version 1.2 (Acrobat 3) is available. However, version 1.2 cannot include information about trapping, other specific data (DSC, for example), not color profiles. Everything is implemented in the current format options.

A more detailed description of the technologies based on Adobe Acrobat PDF can be found on my website in the article Lyudina-Orchestra 3.0.

Scitex CT

PostScript file, instructions for output, go through a series of stages on the way to the phototypesetting machine. The most important is routing - the process of converting PostScript data into a bitmap and then converting it with a PostScript interpreter (RIP).

Files in CorelDRAW format can be saved for transferring/transferring the work to a PC, rather than importing it with layout programs. On Macintosh, CorelDRAW for Windows files open in CorelDRAW for Macintosh and Adobe Illustrator 8 and above.

PICT (Macintosh QuickDraw Picture Format)

PICT is the original format of Mac OS Classic. The standard for the clipboard is the vikoryst graphic language of Mac OS. PICT is designed to carry raster, vector information, text and sound, and RLE compression. Supports all programs on Mac. Pure bit PICT files can be of any depth (from Lineart to CMYK).

Vector PICT files, which may have arisen in modern times, have a few new problems with labor and other activities at any time.

The format is customized for the needs of Mac OS, and when creating the same types of presentations only for Macintosh. The Mackintosh PICT pose is extended. pic or. pct, can be read by many programs, but working with it is rarely simple and straightforward.

WMF (Windows Metafile)

Vector WMF is a vikoryst graphic language of Windows and, one might say, it is a common format. Serve the transfer of vectors through the clipboard (Clipboard). Of course, almost all Windows programs that are otherwise associated with vector graphics.

However, regardless of simplicity and versatility, the WMF format is used only in extreme cases for transmitting “naked” vectors. WMF supports color, it cannot save a number of parameters that can be assigned to objects in various vector editors, it cannot place raster objects, and there are a lot of programs on the Macintosh.

BMP (Windows Device Independent Bitmap)

Another original Windows format. This is supported by all graphic editors that run under this operating system. It is used to save bitmap images that are used for use in Windows and, in fact, are no longer used.

Save both indexing (up to 256 colors) and RGB colors (over 16 million colors). It is possible that the RLE principle is constrained, but it is not recommended, since there are too many programs of such files (they can be extended.rle) that cannot be understood. This is a different type of BMR format for the OS/2 operating system.

Vikoristannaya BMP is not for the needs of Windows but has a wider service for newcomers. It is important to understand that using BMP is not useful neither on the Internet, nor for personal use (especially), nor for simple transfer and saving of information.

RTF (Microsoft Rich Text Format)

The RTF text format has been praised here for its extraordinary properties before transferring texts from one program to another. It allows you to transfer formatted text from optical character recognition programs and text editors from graphics programs and any other directly. RTF can be a good solution (and also a single output) when transferring non-Latin, for example, Hebrew or Russian text from programs to programs in Windows 95/98 Hebrew Edition.

The secret of its insanity lies in the use of special tags in RTF and Unicode formatting. Unicode itself (which is the basis for the Microsoft Word 97/98 format for Macintosh and PC) allows you to easily transfer Russian texts from PC to Mac and back from MS Word 97/98 files (true for higher versions of Word).

RTF is used as the main editor in TextEdit, which comes with Mac OS X, and in WordPad, which comes with Windows.

The skin of us is so much the same as to smear from the images. Let's take a closer look at the nutritional meaning of this term. Even image formats include not only graphics, animation, animation, etc.), but also video. We are particularly concerned about reorganizing files, as well as saving other types of information.

What is the image format?

This is information that is stored in a file that is intended for data visualization (displayed on a device that displays on a monitor, TV, printer, mobile device, etc.).

As for the information in the file, it is important that it describes the method of visualization, the method of creating a complete static and dynamic image, its size (not to be confused with the size of the file itself), the thickness and depth of color And that's it.

Concepts of vector and raster graphics

Now let's look at what image formats are available, including standard graphics. Be sure to clearly differentiate between vector and raster graphics. These two types are basic.

Vector graphics allow you to visualize an object based on a mathematical description of the aggregate elements that are included in the image, which are called primitives. They are taught the simplest concepts, familiar to everyone from school. These are dots, lines, curves, stakes, rich patches, etc.

The advantage of this approach is the ability to describe a large number of adjacent elements without unduly increasing the final size of the file. In addition, scaling is strongly evident here, which allows you to change the size of the skin element or their totality without losing the clarity of the entire image. Such a description algorithm is especially suitable for graphics created manually, for example, in any graphics editor. For photographs this method does not work.

PCX is a format for saving raster images in 24-bit color. It's too tight, but not suitable for creating detailed graphics, such as photographs.

RAW is a universal format that is used for images that are suitable for digital cameras. One can say about this that this is the format of the most beautiful image. This can be the output material for processing both image and sound. In addition, the support of meta-data provides great potential for processing and running compression algorithms without or with any costs. The format is specific and requires basic knowledge when working with it.

File formats of specialized graphic editors

In addition to standard types, you can also see formats of graphic images that can be obtained from specialized editors.

PDF is a format that can contain text and graphic data. Split by Adobe Corporation. This format conveys a variety of different methods for compressing a specific skin element, which can be placed in the end file. Today it is universally important for technical documentation in electronic form.

CDR is a vector format of the graphics editor Corel Draw. You can only learn yoga with this software package. It is not supported by other editors, but can be easily exported to other formats.

AI is a format in Adobe Illustrator, which is supported by most other editors. The main feature is the greatest stability of the image and the full efficiency of PostScript technology. They can be used as an intermediate format when transferring from one to another.

PSD is the smallest image format in the Adobe Photoshop software package for intermediate editing of folded images. Allows you to vary the size of the balls and mixing modes, but may have a larger size equal to other formats. The final format for saving files is limited to the program itself.

Large format image

If we talk about a great format, it is necessary to have high detail, choose RAW, TIFF or PSD.

However, many professional photo and video cameras, which have matrices of around 20-25 megapixels, are of the same standards. Most of them are adapted to the widest types of formats. Everything here is left to rest until the camera itself is adjusted. They also miss mobile devices.

Main types of video and animation

Now let's briefly look at the video, the fragments of which can be interpreted in any sense as images, or rather, as a set of images that are mixed (frames). Here the primary driver is the frame rate per second (fps) and the size of the image in pixels.

The development of digital video is just around the corner, using the well-known AVI format, which is compiled into dossi, as well as a container that contains information, compiled or compressed using various methods (codecs). A special decoder is required for this to work.

Recently, such formats as WMV, MPG, MKV, MP4, VOB, TS and many others have appeared, and the rest can be seen as image formats of a high-quality TV, which allows Create files with HD, Full HD luminance standards ( 2k) or Ultra HD (4 k).

When it comes to animation, Flash technology is the most popular technology these days. Initially, it was developed by the Macromedia corporation, and then it was bought by Adobe and completely modernized. The format of such files is SWF. It is important for creating small animated videos, computer animation, banners or simple games.

Mobile systems

When it comes to mobile systems (smartphones or tablets based on Android, iOS, Blackberry, etc.), specialized image formats are even rarer. Mostly standard computer image formats are used for both graphics and video. However, without installing codecs and decoders, these types of videos cannot be created. This will also lead to the problem of converting the output material to a different type.

For example, standard phones only accept the 3GP format. Android chi iOS recommend vikorystuvati MP4. There are a lot of options available.

Changing basic image parameters

Singingly, everyone understands miraculously that editing needs to be done with the help of special programs.

The simplest operations for resizing, resizing, rotating, tilting and others can be found in the simple Paint editor, which is included with any Windows “operation”.

If the required folding actions, for example, change the color, saturation, contrast, edit the balls, split the image around the warehouse, etc., then you will end up using professional packages on the base of essential products. el Draw or Adobe Photoshop.

To edit video, it has its own utilities, for example Vegas Pro. In addition to standard capabilities, they can have special effects and modeling systems that allow you to transfer to a later date a mathematical model of a real image of how Morpheus and Neo were filmed in the first part of “The Matrix” "

Redesign of formats

Conversion occurs using additional utilities called converters. One of the brightest representatives is Xilisoft Video Converter, which can convert both graphics and video.

For graphics, you can use, for example, ACDSee Ashampoo Photo Commander, Free Image Convert And Resize, or more. Today you can find a lot of such programs.

The only thing that can be greatly appreciated is the final format and possible waste of space (the compressed image format). When viewing pictures or videos on a smartphone or tablet, it will not be so noticeable, but on the TV panel the difference will become even more noticeable.

Which format is best for saving data?

Photos on your computer can be saved in the universal JPG format. When I look at the monitor for an hour, special clarity is not required. Otherwise, if photographs need to be enhanced. It’s best to use original camera formats here.

When converting one format to another, it will simply be impossible to update the “output” in one format; it is not recommended for those who upload files to the studio to change their original appearance. Thank you, because you have the necessary knowledge and carry out the editing yourself from the best sources of professional knowledge.

Those same fuss and video. Everything depends on which device you will look at each other.

Visnovok

The image formats are numerous and varied, which can include graphics and video. The statistics reviewed the most popular formats. The nutrition of their processing and transformation, the choice of software, the selected format for saving data, then the skin care provider decides itself.

Graphic file formats. Raster and vector formats.

TIFF format

TIFF(eng. Tagged Image File Format) – a format for saving raster graphic images. TIFF has become a popular format for saving images with a great depth of color. It is used for scanning, faxing, text recognition, printing, and is widely supported by graphics programs.

Structure format and allows you to save images in the color mode with a palette, as well as in different color spaces:

Binary (bicolor, sometimes called black and white)
Halftone
With an indexed palette
CMYK
YCbCr
CIE Lab

Modes supported are 8, 16, 32 and 64 bits per channel.

Stisnennya. It is possible to save images in TIFF format without compression. The levels of constraint depend on the characteristics of the saved image itself, as well as on the algorithm that is used. The TIFF format allows the following compression algorithms to be used:

PackBits (RLE)
Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW)
LZ77
JBIG
JPEG
CCITT Group 3, CCITT Group 4

Algorithms CCITT Group 3, CCITT Group 4 are split up for fax communication (they are also called Fax 3, Fax 4). Currently, they are also used in printing, digital cartography systems and geographic information systems.

TIFF is a tagged format and the new vikorist contains basic, extended and special tags:

The main tags form the core of the format and are supported by all products that implement the TIFF format according to the specification. Support for extended tags to replace the main ones.

JPEG format

JPEG(English: Joint Photographic Experts Group, under the name of the developing organization) is one of the popular graphic formats that is being used for saving photographic images. Files that are JPEG may have the extensions .jpeg, .jfif, .jpg, .JPG, or .JPE. The JPEG algorithm allows you to compress images both at cost and without cost.

JPEG algorithm in the world adjective for embellishing photographs and paintings to create realistic scenes with smooth transitions of brightness and color. The greatest expansion of JPEG is taken from digital photography and for saving and transferring images via the Internet.

On the other hand, JPEG unimportant for cramped frames, text and iconic graphics, a sharp contrast between adjacent pixels leads to the appearance of noticeable artifacts. Such images can be completely saved in cost-free formats such as TIFF, GIF and PNG.

JPEG (as well as other compression methods that work) don't come near To compress the image with a large number of processing steps, fragments of image processing will be introduced immediately while preserving the intermediate processing results. JPEG is not to blame for such problems if minimal costs are unacceptable, for example, when compressing astronomical or medical images.

Before not enough compression of the JPEG standard may lead to the appearance of characteristic artifacts in updated images at high levels of compression: the images are scattered into blocks measuring 8x8 pixels (this effect is especially noticeable in areas of the image with smooth changes in brightness), in areas with high spatial frequency (for example, for contrast) between the images) artifacts appear in the appearance of noise halos.

However, despite the shortcomings, JPEG was removed even more wide range of colors through a high level of compression, support for compression of multi-color images and a noticeably low numerical foldability.

PDF format

PDF(English: Portable Document Format) - a cross-platform format of electronic documents created by Adobe Systems with a variety of PostScript language capabilities. Most often, a PDF file is a combination of text with raster and vector graphics, and sometimes text with forms, JavaScript, 3D graphics and other types of elements. First of all, assignments To present printed products in electronic form, the amount of daily professional equipment that can be processed in PDF is significant. To review, you can use the official free Adobe Reader program and third-party programs. The traditional way to create PDF documents is with a virtual printer, so that such a document is prepared in its own specialized program - a graphics program or a text editor, CAD, etc., and then exported to PDF format for use anywhere in the world. electronic viewing, transmission to other people, etc. PDF .

The PDF format allows you to supply the necessary fonts (linear text), vector and raster images, formats and multimedia inserts. Supports RGB, CMYK, Grayscale, Lab, Duotone, Bitmap, and several types of raster information compression. The current technical formats for printing are PDF/X-1, PDF/X-3. Includes an electronic signature mechanism for document security and authentication. This format expands the volume of related documentation.

CALS format

Rastrove CALS format(eng. Computer Aided Acquisition and Logistics Support) standard, developed by the US Department of Defense to standardize the exchange of graphic data in electronic form, especially in the areas of technical graphics, CAD/CAM and image processing additives.

CALS is a good documentation format, albeit a cumbersome one, in which you can try to collect a lot of speeches. If you are not familiar with US documents, you will probably find this format much easier to work with. The CALS raster format is necessary for most programs that process documents for the US government. The fragments of all data are subject to the byte organization of problems such as “where to end the egg between a dull and a hot one” are not to blame.

Characteristics of the CALS format

Type - Bitmap (bit matrix)
Color - monochrome
Embossed - CCITT Group 4 or without embossed
Maximum image size – no edges
Image decal for file - so, only for Type II
Platforms - everything

BMP format

BMP(In English Bitmap Picture) - a format for saving raster images, developed by Microsoft. The BMP format is used by non-personal programs, since its support is integrated into the Windows and OS/2 operating systems. Files in the BMP format can have extensions of .bmp, .dib and .rle.

The color depth in this format can be 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 32, 48 bits per pixel, but a depth of 2 bits per pixel is not officially supported. When the depth color is less than 16 bits, a palette with multi-color components with a depth of 24 bits is created. In the BMP format, images can be saved either or without the use of various compression algorithms. Zokrema, the BMP format supports RLE compression without losing capacity, and current operating systems and software allow the use of JPEG and PNG.

PCX format

PCX(PCExchange) is a standard for presenting graphic information, not a very popular analogue of BMP, but is supported by specific graphic editors, such as Adobe Photoshop, Corel Draw, GIMP, etc. .

Format type- raster. Most files of this type use a standard palette of colors, but also format extensions designed to save 24-bit images. PCX – hardware-deposited format. Designed to save information in a file in the same format as in a video payment. To work with old programs, you need support for the EGA mode with a video controller. The algorithm for such compression is very simple and takes up little memory, but is not very effective and impractical for compression of photographs and more detailed computer graphics. Vikorists squeeze without spending. When saving the image after the pixels to go, however, the color is combined and instead of inserting the color for the skin pixel, the color of the group of pixels and their number is indicated. This algorithm does a good job of compressing images in which there are only one color area.

Advantages to the format

the possibility of creating a limited palette of colors (for example, 16 or 256 colors);
supported by a large number of programs.

Shortcomings in format

does not support RGB color systems;
Numerical options, especially when working with tickets, can work with a file that is impossible;
A simple compression scheme can increase the size of certain files.

PNG format

PNG(English: portable network graphics) - a raster format for saving graphic information, like a vikorist file without waste.

Galuz zastosuvannya

The PNG format is designed to replace the old and simple GIF format, as well as the simple world, to replace the old and simple TIFF format. PNG format positioned ahead of us for Wikoristan on the Internet and editing graphics.

PNG encourages three main types of raster images:

Newton images (with 16-bit grayscale color)
Color indexed images (8-bit palette, 24-bit color palette)
Full-color image (with gray color 48 bit)

The PNG format saves graphic information in let's squeeze look. Moreover, the cost operates without costs, for example, with JPEG without costs.The PNG format has a higher level of compression for files with a large number of colors, lower than GIF, but the difference is around 5-25%, which is not enough for an absolute priority in the format, including small 2-16 color files. The GIF format is compressed with no less efficiency.

PNG is a good format for image editing, but for saving the intermediate stages of editing, the rest of the updating and saving of the image takes place without waste.

Animation

There is one feature of GIF that PNG is not implemented - support for multiple images, especially animation; PNG is primarily used for saving one image in one file.

Sun Raster Format

Image format Sun Raster This is a common raster format of Sun Microsystems platforms that supports the SunOS operating system. This format supports black and white, monochromatic and color raster data with a sufficient depth of color. It also supports the conversion of color cards and simple compression of Run-Length data. Most images in the SunOS operating system are presented in the Sun Raster format. This format is also supported by most image-based programs under UNIX.

Characteristics Sun Raster format

Type - bitmap (bit matrix)
Colori - massacre
Stysnennya - RLE
Image decal in file - not supported
Platform - SunOS
Programs - a lot of programs for UNIX

Graphic file formats

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