Presentation of self-oscillation transistor generator. Zastosuvannya method of analogies when vivchenny those "generator on transistor". RC and LC sinusoidal generators
Radio amateurs need to remove radio signals. For this, it is necessary to have a low frequency and high frequency generator. Most often, this type of application is called a transistor generator for its constructive particularity.
Dodatkova information. The generator of the struma is a set of autocountry attachments, it is turned off and vikorized for the appearance of electrical energy in the grid, or the conversion of one type of energy into the first because of the given efficiency.
Autocolival transistor attach
The transistor generator is used for several types:
- the signal is seen by the frequency range;
- the type is seen by the signal;
- behind the algorithm.
The frequency range is accepted for the following groups:
- 30 Hz-300 kHz - low range, low frequencies;
- 300 kHz-3 MHz - middle range, referred to as pax;
- 3-300 MHz - high range, high frequency is indicated;
- more than 300 MHz - high-frequency range, indicated by microwave.
This is how the ranges and radios are connected. For sound frequencies, the range is between 16 Hz and 22 kHz and can be used in low, middle and high groups. The frequency of the presence in any kind of beat-to-beat pick up sound.
Stepped on - it looks like a signal:
- sinusoidal - displays the signal by sinusoidal;
- functional - at the outputs of the signals, the form is specially set, for example, straight or triangular;
- a noise generator - at the input, the frequency range is equal; the range can be used, in the presence of the demand for the living.
Transistor drives are designed according to the algorithm:
- RC - the main area of zasosuvannya - low range of і sound frequency;
- LC - main area of stasis - high frequencies;
- Blocking generator - victorious for virobniting signals-impulses with great scalding.
Picture on electrical circuits
For the cob, it is possible to recognize a sinusoidal type of signal. The most popular generator on a transistor of this type is the Kolivan Kolpitts generator. You should install the generator from one inductance and two lastly with the same capabilities. The generation of the necessary frequencies is rocked for help. Reshta elements provide the necessary mode of the robotic transistor on the stationary strum.
Dodatkova information. Edvin Genri Kolpitz is a copy of the news "Western Electric" for the first time ever. Buv a pioneer in the development of the signal. For the first time, at the presence of the radiotelephone, which allows you to travel across the Atlantic.
The generator is also widely available, which is set by the Hartley. Win, yak and Kolpitts's scheme, to achieve prostitution in the process, it is necessary to induce the induction with the information. The Hartley circuit has one capacitor and two consecutively from one inductance coil to generate a generator. Also, in the scheme, the presence of a dodatkova mnist for rejecting the pluses ringing bell.
The main area of stasis of high-level descriptions is the middle and high frequencies. Vikoristovuyt for rejection of non-carrier frequencies, as well as for the generation of electric cables of little effort. Accepting annexes of byte radio stations can also be used to drive a kolivan generator.
All re-insured regions cannot tolerate unstable reception. For this, one more element is introduced into the circuit - a self-oscillating quartz resonator. In addition, the accuracy of the high-frequency generator becomes practically standard. Vona reach the millions of small parts of the vidsotka. At the receiving annexes of the radio devices for stabilization, quartz must be used as a basis for stabilization.
If low-frequency and sound generators are used, then there is a serious problem here. For an increase in the accuracy of the setting, an increase in inductance is required. Alle the increase in inductance before the growth of the size of the boiler, it is strongly marked on the dimensions of the catch. An alternative circuit of the Kolpitz generator - the Pirs low-frequency generator - has been broken down to this. At these inductiveness in the daytime, and at the stage of freezing, a quartz resonator of self-oscillations. In addition, the quartz resonator allows the display of the upper interface.
Such a circuit does not allow the post-storage base change of the transistor to reach the resonator. Here you can formulate signals up to 20-25 MHz, including sounds.
The productivity of all discernible attachments lies in the resonant powers of the system, and is built up from the capacities and inductances. Sounds like this, the frequency will be determined by the factory characteristics of the capacitors and coils.
Important! A transistor is a target element, vibrations from a conductor. MAY three visnovki і building from the given input signal of small size to control the great strum at the input. The need for elements of buvak growth. Vikoristovuyutsya for the improvement and communication of electrical signals.
Dodatkova information. The presentation of the first Bula transistor was carried out in 1947. U 1956r. for the winhіd of the bipolar transistor Bula was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics Galuze. Until the 80s of the last century, electronic lamps would grow in vitality from radioelectronics.
Functional transistor generator
Functional oscillator on transistors of auto-oscillation of vinaydeni for virobnitting methodically repeating signals-impulses given form... The form їх is assigned to a function (the name of all groups of similar generators is declared as such).
There are three main types of impulses:
- rectangular;
- trikutni;
- pilkovidny.
Yak butt of the simplest low-frequency virobnik of direct-current signals, the multivibrator is most often induced. U nyogo sama simple scheme for picking with your own hands. Often, electronic workers repair the radio. The main feature is the availability of strict requirements to the nominal and form of transistors. The price is drawn through those that are connected to the multivibrators and are based on the powers and supports in the electric transistor lanes. The frequency on the multivibrator is in the range from 1 Hz to decile ten kHz. The high-frequency kolivannya is uncomfortable here.
Rejection of pilot-like and three-point signals is added to the standard circuit with direct-current pulses on the outputs of the additional lance. As a result of the characteristics of the preadapted lancet, rectangular impulses are transformed into triangular or pilkovidny ones.
Blocking generator
For our sutta, we pick it up on the basis of transistors, which are rocked into one cascade. The area of stagnation of vuzka is dzherelo significant, ale shvidkoplinnyh for an hour (the number of thousands of parts up to decilkoh tens of microseconds) signals-impulses with a great inductive plus ringing sound. Sparuatity - more than 10 or even up to tens of thousands in general terms. It makes it possible to achieve a serious fronts, because of its shape it is practically impossible to see them as geometrically correct rectangulars. Stagnate in the screens of electronic exchange devices (kinescope, oscillograph).
Pulse generator on Polish transistors
The main view of Polish transistors is that the input can be connected with the support of electronic lamps. The Kolpitts and Hartley circuits can be selected on polov transistors, only coils and capacitors are required technical characteristics... In general, there will be no generator on Polish transistors.
Lantsyugi, scho set the frequency, follow the same laws. For virobnitstva high-frequency impulses more beautifully attaching a special attachment, zibraniy from victoriannyam polovyh transistors. The polovium transistor does NOT bypass the inductance in the circuits, so the RF signal generator is more stable.
Regenerator
The LC-circuit at the generator can be replaced by a path by adding an active and negative resistor. Tse regenerative way of otrimannya pidsilyuvacha. Such a scheme is a positive bell ring. The staff will be able to compensate for the input into the colial contour. The descriptions of the circuit are called regeneration.
Noise generator
Main opinion - equal characteristic of LF and HF frequencies in the required range. It means that the amplitude characteristic of all frequencies of the whole range does not change. It is very important to use equipment for vimiryuvan and vіyskovіy galuzі (especially lіtako, - і rocket buduvannі). Besides, it’s like “siry” noise is called “siry” noise.
Simple sound generator with your own hands
Clear simplest butt- howler. You need all the elements: a floating capacitor, 2 bipolar transistors and a resistor for power supply. There will be an electromagnetical vipromynuvach on the way. For living, I will add 9V batteries to idle time. The robot's circuit is simple: the resistor is set to the base of the transistor. A ringing sound is heard through the capacitor. Resistor for adjusting the frequency. Navantazhennya is guilty of buty with a high support.
With all the development of types, sizes and forms of displaying elements of strained transistors for higher frequencies, it has not yet been invented. To that, the generator on transistors of self-oscillation stagnates in the main for low and high frequency ranges.
Video
vm_st:
meta lesson: Formuvati information about car seats; nayrіznomanіtnіshі frequencies vibrate behind the aid of autocollival systems, without them, they would be ill-fated for radio communication, television communication.
Hid robots
Reconstruction of home production using the method of storing tables
- On cards handed out to the scholars, s right side chaotically disassembled correct messages; from the left side there are written down formulas, laws, rotation of values, with vivchenoi those.
With a hand of 7 quills, you need to write down the correct codes of indications and give the robot to the reader.
Energy of the magnetic field | Im = Um / R |
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Energy of the electric field | XC = 1 / ω C |
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power supply colival contour | |||
Basically, іvnyannya, scho describe the vіlnі kolivannya in the contour | Im = qmω |
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Thomson's formula | u = Umsinωt |
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Electric charge change law | T = 2π / ω0 = QUOTE |
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The law of the snake silly struma | q '' = - q / LC |
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Amplitude of sili struma | I = Im / QUOTE |
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The law of snake springs | XL = ωL |
||
Potency of Magnetic Induction | q = qmcosω0t |
||
Active op_r in an electric lancet with a resistor | W = QUOTE + QUOTE |
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Chinne meaning sili struma | Ф = BScosωt |
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Chinne meaning naprugi | I = Imsin (ωt + φ) |
||
Formula of the Umnisny support | R = Um / Im |
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Formula of inductive support | |||
Amplitude of the force of the struma at resonance | Wk = Li2 / 2 |
||
Requirement for an electrical lance with a resistor | U = Um / QUOTE |
Vidpovidі code: 1 16; 2 3; 3 11; 4 7; 5 6; 6 10; 7-13; 8 - 4; 9-5; 10-12; 11-14; 12 - 8; 13-17; 14-2; 15-9; 16-1; 17- 15 /
Vivchennya new material
Repetition of mechanical self-oscillations.
1. Autocollection systems.
As soon as in the system, in which it can be added to the electromagnetical connection,
Since the system itself would regulate the supply of energy in portions, then there would be an uninterrupted amount of energy.
the system is called autocollection However, in them, there is a non-extinguishing amount of energy for the development of the necessary energy from the dzherela in the middle of the system.
The transistor generator is an autocollection system.
2. How do I fit the non-extinguishing circuit into the circuit?
need to overlook automatic to the robot valve abo key.
The valve is to blame for the great Volodya ...
shvidkodієyu. So to the robot of an inertia-free valve, a vicon is a transistor, which is stored in 3 ways: collectors, 
emitera and base. Emitter and collector may have the same basic charge;
the main nose of the base may be the prototype sign.
3. Transistor generator robot. 
On the schematic of the bacimo, the colival contour is sequentially connected with the dzherel sprung, and the distance is the transistor.
Negative potential is supplied to the collector, and positive potential to the emitter.
Transition base - collector є zvorotnym (strum in lanceyuz is not found); at the same time, the emitter base appears to be direct. We will show the key on the diagrams.
The circuit in the circuit has appeared and after charging the capacitor, it is necessary to change the base of the negative potential of the emitter. The sequence is shown to the closed key on the diagram. To compensate for the loss of energy in the contours of the stress on the transition
there is a permanent sign, for a ringing sound.
In this vipadku zvorotny ringing vinnikє through the inductive ringing of cats. One of the niks is welded into the contour, and it is connected to the emitter junction.
If the connection in the circuit is extinguished, it is necessary to select the phase of the connection to the internal transition, so that the "shipment" of the circuit is going to the circuit in the required interval of an hour.
Due to the inductance of the coil and the capacitor, lay the frequency of the coil in the circuit.
ω0 = 1 / QUOTE
The less the inductance and the ith the less the more the frequency of the less
Transistor-based generators are widely used in radio-technical annexes, electronic calculating machines.
4. The main elements of the self-oscillating system.
Vidіlimo basic elements, which can become stagnant in bagatyokh autocollection systems.
Closing vivchenoi by those
1. Do you have a car seat?
2. What is the cause of self-oscillations in the direction of large and small waves?
3. Describe the role of the transistor in the state of self-oscillation?
4. How does the ringing sound and how does it come to the generator on the transistor?
5. Vidіliti elements of the self-oscillating system.
Let’s go for a lesson
Homework: § 36, rev. §34, no. 971, 976.
11 class
Self-oscillations. Transistor generator.meta
Learn about car parks.
Ochikuvani results
Know the principle of robotic generator, self-oscillation.
Be able to formulate the mind and the food and nutrition of the highest and lowest order.
Forming spilkuvannya tips for robots in groups.
Lesson type
Robot in groups
necessary materials
Line, spoon, grab, waggie, thermometer, stopwatch, battery and dynamometer tripod, vantage. Results table. Pobudova coordinate system. Assessment sheets of experts.
Go to lesson:
step to lesson
the reader's
dii uchnya
motivation
Greet, lads!
You are still even younger, but you have a great deal of knowledge. For example, they independently and already stopped eating a long time ago, but the spoon, if you miss it, just go down, and not get worse. How do you know that everything is correct? At the end of the paragraph, you will know how to eat
Training "Numbers in a Pair".
I will show you that many fingers. Inodi for one ruci, Inodi for two. Immediately, if I raise my hand (or hands), be guilty of standing up the same styles of the participants, as I show them (not more or less). You can only sisti so that I will lower my hand (s).
What helped us to fit in with the assignments and what made it difficult for us to visit?
Reconstruction of the home staff "Interview for three"
D / s
1) § 1.6 No. 4.5-4.8
2) Test 2015 Option 1
3) Vibrate a theme for a pre-slidnitsky project.
Issue of stingaseti "Fundamentals of kinematics".
The solution to the problematic situation "Hot style".
1. What rank in the kolivalny contour is the electromagnet kolivannya?
2. Yak bi vee called the number of yak vіdbuvayutsya pіd zvnіshnіm pouring?
3. How do you think it is possible to correct such a flow in the other way?
Rozpodil vibrated with a ball.
Get ready for an active initial and educational activity.
Vykonuyut zavdannya.
Create a poster with a stretch of 5 chilines spiraling onto the preparation material of the booth.
Assess the robot for a skin member of the group.
Main part
In a real colival system, the energy goes out, the energy goes out step by step into heat. The collapse was not extinguished, it was necessary to compensate for the loss of the energy of the colival system. Є two ways to improve the energy of the colival system.
Vimusheni kolyvannya Self-oscillations
Autocollars are called non-extinguishing kolivannya, which can run without periodic call flow.
How do I fit the non-extinguishing circuit into the circuit?
The transistor generator is an autocollection system.
It is necessary to secure the automatic robot of the valve or the key.
The valve is to blame for the mother of the greater shvidcode. So to the robot of an inertia-free valve, a vicon is a transistor, which can be stored in 3 ways:
collector, emetera and base. Emitter and collector may have the same basic charge; the main nose of the base may be the prototype sign.
3. Transistor generator robot.
On the schematic of the bacimo, the colival contour is sequentially connected with the dzherel sprung, and the distance is the transistor.
Negative potential is supplied to the collector, and positive potential to the emitter.
Transition base - collector є zvorotnym (strum in lanceyuz is not found); at the same time, the emitter base appears to be direct. We will show the key on the diagrams.
The circuit in the circuit has appeared and after charging the capacitor, it is necessary to change the base of the negative potential of the emitter. The sequence is shown to the closed key on the diagram. To compensate for the loss of energy in the contours of the stress on the transition
there is a permanent sign, for a ringing sound.
In this vipadku zvorotny ringing vinnikє through the inductive ringing of cats. One of the niks is welded into the contour, and it is connected to the emitter junction.
If the connection in the circuit is extinguished, it is necessary to select the phase of the connection to the internal transition, so that the "shipment" of the circuit is going to the circuit in the required interval of an hour.
Due to the inductance of the coil and the capacitor, lay the frequency of the coil in the circuit.
ω 0 =1 /
The less the inductance and the ith the less the more the frequency of the less
Transistor generators are widely used in radio-technical annexes, electronic calculating machines.
Groups of scholars will distribute obscenities to learn about information and use the background notes in the reference notes spiraling to the end of the day.
Fizminut
"Two halves"
Get the warm-up.
possession
The main elements of the self-oscillating system.
1. Do you have a car seat?2. What is the cause of self-oscillations in the direction of large and small waves?
3. Describe the role of the transistor in the state of self-oscillation?
4. How does the ringing sound and how does it come to the generator on the transistor?
5. Vidіliti elements of the self-oscillating system.
To comprehend your activity at the level.
Deal with the steps of reaching the set goals, denoting the rejection of knowledge.
reflexion
"Odnokhilinne ees"
Homework:
1) §1.8 part 31
2) put in short bags
3) add 10 additional buildings from the UNT collection
Learn to comprehend your thoughts on the same lesson
>> Transistorized generator. self-oscillations
§ 36 GENERATOR on transistors. car seats
Vimusheni kolyvannya, as they looked at the doteper, to see the next step wintry springs, Scho to play with generators at power stations. Such a generator cannot be connected to a high frequency, which is necessary for a radio connection. The need for a rotor is extremely large. Kolyvannya high frequency otrimyuyut for the help of other attachments, for example, behind the help of a generator on a transistor. The names are so that one of the main parts є napivprovidnikovy prilad- transistor.
autocollation systems... Unfailing behavior is not easily seen in the lance of the lasting periodical stress. There are a lot of ways to reject non-extinguishing kolivan.
Let’s go to the system, in which there can be no more electromagnetics, є sources! ^ Energy. If the system itself will regulate the necessary energy in the volumetric circuit to compensate for the input of energy on the resistors, then in this case there may be no extinguishing energy.
Systems in which non-extinguishing energy is generated for the development of the necessary energy from the dzherela in the middle of the system are called autocollection. Non-extinguishing kolivannya, which can be found in the system without inflowing on some constant periodic forces, are called auto-kolivannyi.
The transistor generator is the butt of the self-oscillating system. Win is stored in a colival circuit with a capacitor with an inductive coil L, a jerel of energy and a transistor.
How do I fit the non-extinguishing circuit into the circuit? As soon as the capacitor is used to charge the circuit, then the circuit will be damped. In the end of the skin period, the charge on the capacitor plates is less than the value, lower on the cob of the period. The total charge, obviously, is saved (it will be zero), but it will change the positive charge of one plate and the negative charge, which is equal to the modulus of value. In such a rank, the energy level changes, so as it is from the formula (4.1) is proportional to the square of the charge of one of the capacitor plates. The amount of energy was not extinguished, it is necessary to compensate for the loss of energy for the skin period.
You can replenish the energy in the circuit by charging the capacitor. For any need, periodically connect the circuit to the dzherel post-life springs... The capacitor is guilty of being connected to the dzherel only at the interval of an hour, if the plate is brought to the positive pole of the dzherel is positively charged, and when the plate is brought to the negative pole - negatively (Fig. 4.21). Only in the first place, the capacitor will be charged, replenishing its energy.
If the key is closed at the moment, if the plate has a negative charge attached to the positive pole of the dzherel, and a positive charge is brought to the negative pole, then the capacitor will be discharged through the dzherelo (Fig. 4.22). The energy of the condenser will drop when it will drop.
Otzhe, there was continuous stress, continuously connecting to the capacitor to the circuit, it cannot be brought into a new non-extinguishing connection, since the permanent force itself cannot be used to remove the mechanical connection. Stretch out half of the period of energy to fit into the contour, and stretch the next half of the period to turn into dzherelo. At the contour of the non-extinguishing circuit, it is not necessary to stand behind the drain, but it will be connected to the circuit at intervals of an hour, if the transfer of energy to the condenser is possible. For this, it is necessary to secure the automatic key to the robot (or the valve, which is often called). With a high frequency, the key is guilty of the power of the overwhelming speed. In the capacity of such a practically inertia-free key, a transistor is installed.
The transistor, nagadayamo, is stored in three different types of conductors: emiter, base and collector. Emitter and collector may be the same basic charge, for example, a driver (like a conductor of a p-type), and a base can be used for a basic pro-type sign, for example, an electrical device (like a conductor of an n-type). A schematic diagram of the transistor is shown on little 4.23.
Transistor generator robot. A simplified generator circuit on a transistor is shown on little 4.24. The colival circuit is connected one after another with a dzherel sprung and a transistor of such a rank, so that a positive potential is supplied to the emitter, and negative potential to the collector. At a complete transition, the emiter - base (internal transition) is direct, and the transition base - the collector (collector transition) appears to be ringing, and the strum is not found in lancers. Tse of responding to the opening of the key on the little ones 4.21, 4.22.
In the lance of the circuit, the capacitor is charged to the circuit during the stroke, it is necessary to use the base negative voltage, and at that time interval, if the upper (div. Fig. 4.24) plate of the capacitor is positively charged, and the lower one is negatively charged. Tse wіdpovіdaє to the closed key on the little one 4.21.
At intervals of an hour, if the upper plate of the capacitor is charged negatively, and the lower plate is positively charged, the strum in the lancet circuit is guilty of being outside. For the whole, the base is guilty of the mother's positive potential of the emitter.
Thus, in order to compensate for the loss of energy, the line in the contours of the spring to the international transition, we periodically change the sign in the suvor of the appearance of the springs on the contours. It is necessary, as it seems, a ringing sound.
The zvorotn_y zv'yazyk in the turned-out generator_ is inductive. The inductive coil Lsv is connected before the transition, and is inductively tied to the inductive coil L circuit. Collecting in the contour during the course of the electromagnetics induction creates the collation of the springs on the ends of the cat, and by itself, on the eternal transition. If the phase of the line springs to the internal transition is correctly selected, then the "postage" of the strum in the lanes of the contour go to the contour in the required interval for an hour, and the line does not go out. Navpaki, the amplitude of the amount in the contour grows up to quiet pir, as long as the loss of energy in the contour does not exactly compensate for the necessary energy from the dzherel. The amplitude is greater than that of the dzherela. To make the struma more powerful, the capacitor is charged up.
Generators on transistors are widely used not only in radio-technical annexes: radio devices, transmitting radio stations, transmitters, etc., Ale and in other electronic calculating machines.
The main elements of the self-oscillating system. On the butt of the generator on the transistor, you can see the main elements, typical for the autocollation systems (Fig. 4.25).
1. Dzherelo energii, for the rakhunok, which can not fade away (in the generator on the transistor, there were no longer any springs).
2. Columnar system - that part of the self-oscillating system, without the need for a colival loop (in the generator on the transistor there is a colival circuit).
3. Adjustment, which regulates the necessary energy from the dzherel to the colival system, - the valve (in the opened generator the role of the valve is the viconuє transistor).
4. Pristrij, which will prevent the ringing sound, behind the addition of which there is a control system for controlling the valve (in the generator, the inductive sound of the coil is transferred to the circuit with the coil in the lance of the emitter - base).
Apply the other autocollation systems. Self-oscillations break down not only in electrical systems, but also in mechanical ones. Prior to such systems, an extraordinary year with a pendulum or a balancer (a wheel with a spring, like a torsion wheel) is introduced. Dzherelom energy in the year є the potential of energy from a lifting weight of an abnormally tight spring.
To the autocollation systems, an electric link with an interceptor, a whistle, organ pipes and a lot of them is carried. Our heart і.іegkіe can also be seen as an autocollection system.
We got acquainted with the best folding type of carriage - car seats. In autocollival systems, non-extinguishing frequencies are vibrated. Without such systems, there would be no modern radio communication, no TV connection, no EOM.
1. This is also an autocollection system!
2. Who has the mind of self-oscillations due to motions and vilnyh kolivans!
3. Describe the power of the pn junction in the guides.
4. Yak winding transistor!
5. Yaka the role of the transistor in the generation of autos!
6. Yak, there is a ringing sound in the generator on the transistor!
7. Introduce the basic elements of the self-oscillating system.
8. To guide the butts of autocollation systems, not visible in the text.
* * *
At the end of the day, a look at mechanical and electric kolivans. Wonderful is the sameness of the nature of the nature of the processes of nature, the sameness of mathematicians, how they describe. Qia is the same, yak mi bachili, the sutta will fall down vivchennya kolivan.
Kolivannya in the contour is seen with great frequency. The capacitor will retain its energy loss at the moment, if the polarity is lost from the polarity of the dzherel. At that moment, if the polarity is opposed, it will be discharged through the dzherelo. LC _ ++ _ _ +
Yak pristіy, zdatnogo zdatnіtu such a function, you can vikoristovuvati a transistor, through a capacitor of the collation circuit, it will be connected with a dzherel strum. shvidkodiyuchiy adjuster if the signal is not fed to the base - the strum through the transistor is not found, the capacitor of the connections is from the jerel when the signal is fed - the strum through the transistor is idde and the capacitor is charged from the jerel?
Yak pristіy, zdatnogo "give a signal" at the necessary moment, vikoristovuyut a cat with a ringing sound, one end of what is known from the base, and іnshiy with the emiter (inductive sound) L sv. L E B K We have rejected the system, in which there can be an uninterrupted flow of energy for the replenishment of the replenishment of energy from the center of the system itself.
After charging the capacitor, the upper plate is charged positively, the lower plate is negatively charged. The capacitor starts to discharge through the boiler. The strum in the first quarter of the period incrementally build-ups, darkening, generating a change in the magnetic field, which pierces the coils of the coil L. strum, straightening from the emitter to the base. The transistor passes the strum to the capacitor, which in the whole hour passes through the induction strum, which spits down directly to the cob. All the energy is lost, the signs of the charges in the plates change on the counterpart L of St. L E B - I K + -
The stream through the capacitor now flows in the opposite direction, growing into the first four and expanding in the other Porodzhen with a stream of magnetic field, piercing the turns of the coil to the contour, and, also, inductively tied to it the cat L of the sonar cat Induction strum, straightening from the base to the emitter, as a result of which the base potential will be seen and the current to the capacitor is not found. The condenser has only an induction strum, which spins straight from the strum to the cob for a while. The capacitor recharges, the signs of the plates fluctuate on the counter. L St. L E B
