Rating of the best Linux distributions: which one is better. A look at non-standard Linux distributions NixOS, its configurator and package manager

4 Solutions collect form web for "Can you legally sell modified versions of Linux distributions?"

Would it be completely legal for them to sell copies of a slightly modified version of Ubuntu (called Mubuntu = Modified Ubuntu)?

No. If you want a license for a security program, you may be able to obtain a license for trademark doesn't matter:

All modified versions of Ubuntu may be endorsed, certified or licensed by Canonical, so you intend to trademark them. Otherwise, you will have to remove and replace the Trademarks, and you will need to recompile the output code to create your own Windows files. This does not affect your rights under a closed-code license as it applies to any Ubuntu component. If you need to release, certify, or issue a version change for a remastered version, you will need a license from Canonical, which you can pay for. For additional information, please contact us (as indicated below).

You will need to allow Canonical to search for: (i) a brand name that ends with the letters UBUNTU or BUNTU, in order to find similar trademarks or another similar brand, and (ii) a trademark in the domain name or URL -address or for merchandising purposes,

You will be allowed to sell an unmodified version of Ubuntu, you will be allowed to sell a heavily modified version of Ubuntu, as Ubuntu no longer knows, otherwise for this slightly modified version of Ubuntu you need to please z Canonical.

So, please ensure that you provide licenses for all packaged software (provide output code, etc.) and do not violate any trademarks, copyright laws, etc. It is also your responsibility to yours They will not inflict any harm on third parties, such as murder, etc.

Enabling software with closed source code does not violate the licenses of any libraries such as Vikorist's (some licenses allow two types of software with closed source code om, and deyakі nі).

As Serge said, yes. However, you cannot change parts that are GPL (the final GPL manager) and then close the device. You cannot copyright GPL libraries in closed source code. In this manner, we are truly guilty: “ НІ", As if you had closed the main part of your system or desktop, so long as you are free and free of GPL, you no longer expect to see Ubuntu. In addition, I appreciate that you need to explicitly allow Canonical to vikorize a word like Mubuntu. The food pan is efficiently foldable. You will need to do a lot of research and possibly hire a lawyer to do so.

ONOVITI

I thought that I was updating the food, because there have been a lot of comments on the topic of how you can vikorize GPL libraries in closed source code. LGPL allows *, GPL DOES NOT **. From authority on the topic gnu.org/licenses/why-not-lgpl.html:

... the Small GPL wiki allows the library to be used in proprietary programs; The original GPL for the library will be available only for free programs.

However, these days most libraries are LGPL, OP, perhaps not as important as I initially thought.

* There are still questions in our minds that need to be addressed in order to use LGPL libraries.

** There is a problem if you can exploit the GPL library in closed output code, for example, if the program is not secure accessible behind the scenes And because the library is not considered a modification or modification of the work (for example, forward binding).

It is acceptable to download a Linux distribution, for example Ubuntu. It is acceptable to change one part, say, Window Manager.

No, you can't, since these projects are copyrighted by Canonical, if you need to make a contribution, you need to sign Canonical's favor:

coming project are eager to please Canonical. If you want to make your contribution to any of the projects below, go to the contacts of the project listed in the third column.

To make your contribution, you must sign Canonical.

Would it be completely legal for them to sell copies of a slightly modified version of Ubuntu (called Mubuntu = Modified Ubuntu)?

Why bother, since the stinks have been killed, let's close the original section of the new window? Will it still be sold legally?

You cannot purchase without Canonical's permission:

There is a list of websites that require trademark licenses

Allowed us to be guilty of violating any of the trademarks under any circumstances, except those that are specially permitted. It is clear to them:

    Be a commercial vikoristannya

    Vikorist on either the software product, which includes or will be supplied by us to the product, as there are any commercial interests associated with this product.

  • Vikorize the domain name or URL.
  • Vickory for merchandising, for example, on T-shirts, etc.
  • Various names that include the letters BUNTU due to computer ownership or software.
  • Servants tied to any kind of over-insurance of property.

Select LINUX distribution

Fedora Core

It is the most extensive Linux distribution with a long history. Until recently, he was known under the name Red Hat. However, the retailer (the company of the same name) saved this name for commercial implementation of its system. The current implementation, intended for end users, is called Fedora Core.

shortcomings:

  1. There is no NTFS support (relevant for people who are switching from Windows and who, at the same time, are running Windows XP from Linux on their machine);
  2. No MP3 support;
  3. Not Java;
  4. Localization - only UTF8, which in most cases results in squares and nutritional signs instead of normal Cyrillic. So, everything is getting better, but not completely. Since the Russian language is critical, it is necessary to change the locale to KOI8-R;
  5. Documentation is unclear. Since there is no tension with technical English - everything is OK! Є - there will be problems - all transfer documentation is only via і-net, http://www.google.com. Rumors take a lot of time and traffic.

advantages:

  1. To update the system and install the program, officially screw APT-GET and “face” to the new one - SYNAPTIC. It’s even easier with updates, since the packages don’t include all kinds of service information about them.
  2. The distribution is steadily developing and from release to release it becomes increasingly simpler and more user-friendly for the average user.
  3. The presence of a large number of already collected rpm packages (div. Below). Moreover, such packages are often collected by the program distributors themselves and posted on official websites.
  4. Є representative office in Russia. True, the technical advice is only for server (or commercial) versions of the distribution.
  5. A serious team is engaged in the development of the distribution kit.
  6. It is important that most of the “those” books about Linux describe the Red Hat distribution itself, in which Fedora Core was developed.

ASPLinux

This is a distributor of ham production, which is divided into the same company. It is a clone of Fedora Core (formerly Red Hat), with modifications from the point of view of application software and adaptations for our minds.

Expands in several variants (not necessarily purely server-based): Deluxe with diskless disks and with a complete set of documentation, Standard - with twice as few disks, with documentation without installation care, Express - a three-disc set with a short booklet .

shortcomings:

  1. Rozrobniki - over-the-top fans of patching the kernel. In the middle - 25-28 patches. As a result, the kernel is patched in such a way that it is not recognized by anyone from http://www.kernel.org! As a result, you need to compile any program from the weekend - play roulette: you may or may not win through these patches, to be lucky. So, by installing the kernel from http://www.kernel.org, you run the risk of ignoring the big and small problems with the work of such things as iptables, squid, etc.
  2. For updates, yum is used to “pull” service information about packages from the server, which often contains a volume that you can compare with them yourself. This information about the package was downloaded from the server, maybe the size is 1.2 MB, and the package itself is 1.3 MB. If there is a problem with a wide channel, the power supply drops; if there is a problem with the modem or expensive traffic, it is very and very unacceptable.
  3. As ASPLinux shards are based on the same Fedora Core, most often package updates come out behind the scenes, and can approach the size of the distribution itself.

advantages:

  1. Supports NTFS, MP3, Java, and Macromedia Flash.
  2. The localization is good (I would like to note that in the remaining versions of the distribution the ability to choose between koi8-r, cp1251, and UTF8 was taken away from the developer, depriving only the other two).
  3. The Deluxe version has clear and transparent documentation. І by installing the distribution, і by sizing the hard drive, І by post-installation adjustments. Written in an accessible and understandable way for people who have heard about Linux here and in someone’s home. I can confirm that there is more clear and concise Russian documentation than I can use with Linux.”
  4. Є push the technical distribution kit without any help from the distributors. Evidence will arrive in 4-5 years. If you send a lien with food, you will receive 100% confirmation in the evening. As a rule, you have a singing technical support specialist assigned to you, who you are fooling with your mindless and reasonable diets. Previously, there was technical support by phone, with version 9.0 they received it and now only by mail.
  5. Its Russian website and technical forum, on which, and often, are given evidence by specialists.
  6. Much of the information that can be gleaned from the "good" books about Red Hat, including ASPLinux.

Vicious eyewitness:

ASPLinux 9.0 vikoristavsya on home computer, At work, and two friends have more rock. Plus:
really good build-it-yourself constructor;
The collection of packages, Russification, documentation is completely decent;
Russian man-story in most of the episodes, as in the translation of your infidel servant;
all the trash that could rightly be said at the address of the rpm package management system was successfully shoved by the robbers;
There were very few problems with the deposits in the minds of the cruel dependence on the system;
stability and security at a high level;
There were no unexplained glitches noted, nothing stood out as completely robotic;
more than once I had to install ASPLinux 9.0 (just Shssss!!!) on super-secret equipment, which, according to the general plan, was responsible for the WSWS OS;
bugs and rakes - none;
The specific features simply could not be supported, except for the additional benefit of the drivers being written by hackers from the same ASP;
This means correct technical support to reach a high class - an argument that at that time clearly distinguished ASP from any or no competitors;

Minus:
the release of the distribution kit ASPLinux 9.2, and then ASPLinux 10, purchased with a change in the company's core, bestowed a great deal of merit on this shady team;
It’s impossible to say that the stink is definitely bad in all the tires, but when compared with ASPLinux builds versions 7.1, 7.3 and 9.0, the stink is present at all points, which I will describe primarily as goodness;
At the same time, packages in the distribution are at least not configured.
Not long ago, I sorted out the problem with the cobs that I encountered in ASPLinux 9.2 - there was no sound. Kernel 2.4.22, oss, graphic middle for instructions - Gnome (for instructions from Red Hat). And in this case, in the adjustments xmms vikorystovuvannym advanced extensions of the displayed bulo for zamovchuvannyam...respect! arts, and select - alsa; The problem is difficult for no matter how experienced or a beginner to understand only those that are silent.
Retailers who position their product as a desktop distribution are not guilty of allowing themselves such bad practices.

There are three options for the customer edition: the multi-disk Altlinux Master, the lightweight Altlinux Junior and the single-disk ALT Linux Compact.

accomplishments(On the cob - the best):

  • apt-rpm as a package management system. With a graphical shell Synaptic.
  • External Russification “out of the box” (coding koi8-r, cp1251).
  • There is a lot of Russian documentation in the distribution.
  • Normal work with multimedia (availability of codecs for listening to mp3, watching videos and DVD films, commercial 3D video card drivers).
  • Great Russian community of kristuvachs and robbers.
  • Large package base. Clear hierarchy of repositories at different levels of stability.
  • The openness of the convergence in both directions, if you are lucky, someone might become a maintainer of something. Div. Also backports.

not enough(On the cob - naigirshi):

  • ALM 2.4 still has the old Mandrake installer, which is why there are problems. The power installer is in the stage of public beta testing.
  • on Danish moment Every day there will be a global graphics configurator (for those who especially want to use the old drakex configurator “at your own risk”).
  • The unsupported installer for USB keyboards and mice is one of the most unpleasant negative features of M2.4 (only installation is required, there are no other problems).
  • Kernel 2.6 cannot be selected during installation. The distribution has all the infrastructure for the 2.6 kernel, but it is not recommended.
  • Installation in Expert mode can lead to a number of unexpected results. That's why it's important to use caution.
  • There is an idea that some cores do not work optimally with the disk system.

features:

  • Supported locales: English, Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Kazakh. In different codes, the Russian locale for translation is koi8-r.
  • The distributors of the distribution are trying to take as many security steps as possible, which is good. However, because of this, actions (access to the rights of a super-correspondent, installation, etc.) may not work as expected. And the security system is one of the most specific features of this distribution.
  • Vidity of the power forum. How to replace lists of outlets. This is the principle of the position of the retailers.
  • Vlasna system for collecting kernels in rpm packages. A large number of modules and kernels come in different packages.
  • Many administrative tasks are configured through the control utility.

It was formed by the same name German company, whose distribution kit is owned by Novell. There is a free Download edition and a number of “boxed” options. The status of the remaining items is different, and all information regarding this food can be withdrawn from further discussion.

shortcomings:

  1. Russification has not been completed to the end - half of the menus are in English, and half are translated crookedly in Russian.
  2. Official technical support of the Russian language for individual clients is still difficult.

Life and a short time at the same time:

  1. The locale behind the translation is UTF8 with a lot of inheritances, which is followed by the inheritances. Zokrema, working in the console with Cyrillic documents is difficult.
  2. YAST is a graphical utility for managing everything. Someone deserves to spit in front of her. It is not necessary to configure the system using additional configs - everything is done only through YAST. Previously, manually editing configs could lead to complete system collapse.

advantages:

  1. Just a great set of drivers, including proprietary ones, included in the distribution. The direct distribution of the packages to laptops is indicated - practically 100% guarantee of installation and operation of SuSe with any laptops, including WiFi, Winmodem, video cards, etc.
  2. A manual utility for updating the distribution.
  3. Get a great selection of software - practically everything that is necessary for normal work and, finally, - e.
  4. A very good set of ttf fonts, including Cyrillic ones, to make the choice of fonts from Microsoft more flexible.
  5. The distribution of collections is reliable and thorough, with purely German punctuality and brilliance.

All distributions that have been updated are based on *.rpm packages. We will not discuss the advantages and shortcomings of the batch system here. However, whatever else there are, there are two advantages to the rpm format. First - those that have the most extensive (besides the original codes) format of free software. On the other hand, the format itself and the utilities for working with it are described in detail in many “thick” books on Linux (Red Hat).

In addition to all the previous descriptions of distributions, which are backed by commercial companies, most of them are great, Debian is the result of a great team of developers (the project website is http://www.debian.org). It is expanding in various forms (in the form of iso images, file sets, etc.), available for free downloading, replication and distribution.

Features

1. Unlike other wider distributions (though we have no analogues), Debian has three main features: stable, testing and unstable.

  • stable - a distribution that is officially released (officially supported), which is not the latest, but not strictly tested and verified version of the program; After the release of the final version of stable, this version, strictly speaking, is not updated at all, but when updated to stable, it includes secure-updates, which fix security problems identified in the input programs already after wow; For the combination of these two factors, Debian stable is deservedly respected as the most reliable distribution kit, which is achieved at the cost of a certain change in versions;
  • testing - something to prepare for the upcoming release; will not provide the maximum level of security that stable provides (the product for home use is completely sufficient), but is supported by more current versions of software;
  • unstable - this is the place to take revenge as freshly as you want the latest version of everything you can - here you go; in the domain of testing, unstable there will be no releases, the program will gradually “re-recall” this one in testing;
  • In addition to these three tips, there is also an experimental tip, which is actually at the beta testing stage; If you want something so new that there is no other thing in unstable - we kindly ask, at your own risk.

The main advantage for the home brewer lies in the fact that in one system it is easy to combine (with wine on a shelf, especially) bags of several different pins at once; So if you upgrade, say, one program to unstable, you can remove the entire system from testing.

It is required that the release of specific versions of the software, in other distributions, be included in the main tab, in testing, unstable or experimental, which is explained by the no less stability of the software in comparison with other assemblies, and - greater rigor of the distribution kit's authors to the desired stability.

2. In the main, the distribution warehouse is consumed exclusively by free programs; Since the open/free software program has an important ideology for you, here you will find an additional explanation. All programs with the latest licenses are either placed in the non-free section, or they are only available in third-party devices; In this way, you will be deprived of the choice - only vikorystvovat security program in the strictest sense of this term, and add something else that does not fall within the scope of this term.

3. Debian actually does not have any schedule for the release of new versions. The motto of its distributors is “come out when it’s ready.” On the one hand, it takes an hour to bring (as recently, for example) to the trivial conclusions, on the other hand, it includes the release of a collected distribution, or to arrive before the stated release date (which happens practically with any software that may have a stated release date - I say I’m a rogue).

not enough

Perhaps the main disadvantage of Debian for a newbie in the context of the described collections can be called the increasing presence of centralized graphical configuration utilities (except, especially, such distribution-non-specific speeches, such as, for example, the control center line KDE). Instead of this there is a text mode interface for setting up other packages (the same text menu setter itself). The downside to this approach is the ability, at any moment, to re-adjust an individual package by the team

$ Dpkg-reconfigure package-name

without the need to figure out which cartridge of the anti-gas system your parameters are located in.

Another shortcoming is the legacy of the resolute installation to the status of software that is included in the main warehouse of the distribution kit, in which the main warehouse does not have drivers, say, for sophisticated video cards and soft printers. However, if you have access to the Internet, this problem can easily be solved, since video drivers are in the non-free section of the distribution itself, and in addition there are already a lot of drivers on Debian (and they are closely related to it in terms of package format) iv-commercial distributors.

accomplishments

  • First and foremost - apt (package management metasystem); In connection with this, problems with the installation of programs and the permission of their deposits are daily as a class;
  • a great repository of compiled, ready-to-use packages, which includes practically everything created by the creative genius of the open source codes; Of all the wide distributions (at least packaged ones), Debian has the largest set of software;
  • simple, both in installation and adjustment, and in operation - everything is logical, sensible, insightful and completely unified; Obviously, among Debian developers, both people in the sciences and non-computer specialists consider the amount of time spent on setting up and tuning the system to be extremely low, in line with the time spent on work nіy;
  • The great size of the basic installation is less than 200 megabytes without files - and also the ability to install the “basic” system immediately and start working in it, installing others only in the world of need, allowing you to Strictly control the amount of space on the disk, and do not throw away the free space (and sometimes such that they are not interesting) giga-, or even mega-bytes;
  • great Russian partnership, any kind of assistance can be obtained as in the Russian Email-conference [Email protected] [Email protected], So it is on numerous sites scattered across the expanses of the RuNet.

An additional factor that can also be attributed to the advantage is that on Debian it is based on the large number of so-called. LiveCD (the most famous of them, but not the only one - Knoppix), which allows you to get acquainted with the features of the distribution without installation, and with a positive result - fire up a full-fledged Debian system.

All refurbished distributions are definitely recommended for beginners. It is clear that offensive systems are not so obvious. However, they are gaining sufficient popularity, and therefore we respect the need to provide information about them - in a more clear form. So that you can choose your skin for yourself - approach the stench of your pen, no matter what.

Slackware

This is the oldest (nearly alive) Linux distribution, from the very beginning to the present day of its creator - Patrick Walkerdin. For more than 10 years, practically nothing changes (except for package versions, of course). And to yourself:

  • The installation/configuration environment is very similar to FreeBSD's sysinstall,
  • BSD-style initialization.
  • This is a package distribution - tgz format, but they have no deposits, the packages themselves are collected in binary form from the official initial codes without any patching, including the kernel. Tobto tse PURE Linux.
  • You can collect your own packages - build scripts for assembling contributions on the project website along with the output codes, the scripts are even simpler, to the point of speech.
  • The package database is maintained, but in principle it is not required.

The importance of monitoring deposits is both an advantage and a disadvantage. For example, I have about 150 packages in one folder; to install them all you need to run one command

$ Installpkg ./*.tgz

Respect, without any keys. As for those that may not start after being installed, you have to figure it out yourself.

However, there are many mechanisms for automated installation / updating from the Internet: slapt-get, swaret, getpkg, slackpkg and more.

Russification immediately comes down to the launch of just one script, such scripts themselves in Merezhi bezlich.

More basic and necessary configuration can be done through the pkgtool utility (which is used to manage packages), previously released by non-graphical front-ends.

There is an incredible amount of documentation on the distribution; all varieties have been known for a long time - you just need to do a little searching. Since essentially nothing changes in the distribution, it is practically not affected by the oldness factor. Before speaking, the documentation itself is supplied together with the distribution kit - English, but not bad.

There is no technical support in principle - and in principle it is not required. It’s enough just to remember the site www.slackware.ru - there are docks and a forum there, and www.linuxpackages.net - here you can find ready-made packages and those sent to ISO images.

Unicode is not yet being improved, it is necessary to take the bubo and shamans in certain moments.

Zagalom, with this distribution kit, children are shouting, so that novices: don’t start with anything else - it’s folding. Nothing like that, it’s simple, like the first Radyansky ruble, but the simplicity of this table is well received.

Gentoo Linux is a distribution that is becoming more and more popular in the OpenSource community, thanks to the growing number of hardware platforms, including the portable and manual “portage” system, for the motives of PORTS from FreeBSD.

Gentoo is a typical representative of the family of source-based distributions, which has many of its advantages and disadvantages. Chi approach this distribution of cobs - nutritional supplements. However, as soon as it gained widespread popularity, we learned that it was necessary to provide information in order for the very evidence of the koristuvach to be informed on the new one.

advantages:

  • High productivity. Possibility of extremely deep and comprehensive optimization of the hardware system.
  • Manual "installation and remote programs". There are a large number of add-ons in the portage system.
  • Manual renewal mechanism. Operational updating of the portage tree. The number of available software assigned to the customer.
  • The system displays add-ons with required options (for example, gpm support or data support, etc.) and necessary patches.
  • It is possible to install Gentoo from a sufficient Linux system (for example, from Knoppix LiveCD or any other “live” distribution that runs the gcc compiler), without a threaded driver. In this case, Gentoo disks are not required: the entire installation process can be completed without steps.

features:

  • Availability of a special installer.
  • It is necessary to read the instructions and instructions.
  • The number of "getting ready for routine" is limited.
  • Weekend collection.
  • A variety of graphical configurators for specific Gentoo utilities.
  • Editing files and installing console utilities is the best way to configure the system.
  • The accuracy of the investigators leads to the fact that the entire stable versions supplements are considered unstable.

shortcomings:

  • Very long and easy installation (a ready-made multimedia office system can be installed as soon as it is installed).
  • The ease of installing and updating programs is directly proportional to the regularity and availability of Internet access.
  • Solving problems with the addition of other additives, as problems (problems) appear, may not be trivial.
  • The essence of Russification "out of the box".

FreeBSD

The main difference between the descriptions lies in the fact that it is not a Linux distribution, but rather an operating system (albeit controversially). Therefore, it is viewed as a purely server platform (according to various estimates, up to 40% of Runet servers operate under its management). However, its operation as a table-top operation for primary investors is not protected by anyone. FreeBSD is distributed by a partnership of independent distributors and is available for free downloading and replication from the project’s servers.

shortcomings:

  1. It's not Linux, but it's similar! Some details are very different, as a result of which there is some confusion with the mount command and in order to achieve automatic start of xs through the runlevels change.
  2. Installation requires information about the BSD-specific nomenclature of devices, about the disk layout schemes and the peculiarities of the BSD layout of the device (understanding that the Extended Partition does not have a non-registered disk attribute, logical disks can be created using to others).
  3. The installer is also a configurator, sysinstall settings are not entirely logical, the same items are repeated in menu items installationsі configurations, It is necessary to understand that disk partitioning at the installation stage is the same, and at the configuration stage it is required when connecting, for example, an additional disk. Archaic installer interface, less rich in automation capabilities, less graphical installers for user-friendly Linux systems, and not as clunky as the universal Gentoo installer (bash + text editor).
  4. A circle of encouraged possession at w, NIZh in linux, considerable 3d-grades for cards, vidmіnny nvidia, naskilki Meni Vidomo, not everything is smoothly “cool” soundkovukha (precisely, it is a very chance of knowing the driver of the vibric for the Virus for the Wiza for the Wizard or an exotic device.
  5. A set of packages on the installation disks of the surroundings is entirely possible that the required package will not be stored there. Installation of additional packages (from binaries or ports) requires the use of a fast and cheap channel, especially for working with ports.
  6. There is practically no FreeBSD-specific commercial software.
  7. Official technical support daily as class. There is very little (adapted from Linux) “paper” literature.

advantages:

  1. It's not Linux, but it's similar! From the point of view of a developer (NOT an admin), there is practically no difference between Linux and FreeBSD. And many administrative functions (for example, managing cloud records) are implemented more efficiently.
  2. To install, you need to master the BSD layout specifications and the nomenclature of devices along with a couple of simple recipes. Without even mentioning that mastering these specifics is great for broadening your horizons :-))
  3. To understand the logic of the sysinstall device, be aware of the fact that FreeBSD consists of a base system that can be configured at the installation stage (and perhaps later), and additional software (packages and ports), not part of the system є. It is also important to understand that Linux and perhaps all additional software are absolutely the same as in Linux. In case of doubt, you can always rely on sysinstall - although not ideal, but certainly reasonable.
  4. The feature support in FreeBSD, as it is already the case, is usually implemented more efficiently than in Linux. All devices critical to the installation and operation of the system are supported. It is practical to enable storage with disk controllers, ATA RAID and similar devices.
  5. The set of packages and ports for FreeBSD includes absolutely all the free software available in the form of core codes. It is possible to snatch packages or email codes for ports on one machine (for example, for a free service) and install them on something completely different - for example, a phone.
  6. Due to the binary mode with Linux, it is possible to more easily launch all Linux-specific (including commercial) software - from RealPlayer and Flash to Oracle and similar monsters. There are practically no wines, food costs are only limited.
  7. The lack of technical support is compensated by the abundance of online documentation, starting with the famous FreeBSD Handbook, almost all of it is on distribution disks, and in Merezha is available in Russian translations. There are few books, but they are good :-).

    8. I, so that the good might still prevail -

  8. In contrast to Linux, there are a lot of FreeBSD: all variations on this theme, from Freenzy to PC-BSD, are different ways of expanding the package of one or the same OS. It is very important that all readers who read about FreeBSD should understand it themselves; they don’t need to guess what it’s like with Linux, whether this description is up to the system or the specifics of a particular distribution. Moreover, all knowledge about FreeBSD may be stagnant to any other BSD system (maybe with minor corrections).

Finally, the most important thing: no matter what distribution kit or what operating system you choose, it is unlikely that this choice will be the last and the last one in your life. We prepare the next step until we ideally try more than one or two options.

In the world of Linux, we have many clones on and off. Debian, Ubuntu, Red Hat, SUSE - all different distributions, there is no principle of importance in any of them. Half of the popular Linux distributions are Forks of Debian or Ubuntu, others are Forks of the old Slackware with a different package manager and beautiful configurators. How much spread has not been lost and there is no trace, but maybe we’re just kidding?

Fork to the “Entry” section from the previous article

Nowadays, Linux users cannot understand, but before choosing a distribution kit it will be a real epic. The distributions were effectively differentiated according to a variety of parameters, and through their availability high speed internet And virtual machines and visibility played an even more important role. Slackware has realized its simplicity, Red Hat has been processed down to the last detail and has built-in configurators, Mandrake is equipped with a graphical installer, and Debian’s megafeatures are APT, which allows (and you won’t believe!) Automatically download from ft from the Internet.

The greatest success was to obtain a four-disc Red Hat set, which included all the graphical shells and a bunch of application software, and, as it was not mentioned, Mandrake on two disks was completely included. At that time, only one person could download a disk image; there were numerous discs with the most popular collections in their hands. The distribution itself was refreshingly simple and imbued with a just-for-fun spirit, as many Frankensteins appeared, including my old one, who died today on a 10-gigabyte Seagate drive.

The fates passed, Seagate killed Kingston, and the distribution kits were transformed into a great folding colossus, created to extract pennies from the company, whose administrator raptov persuaded his superiors to transfer the servers to Linux. Amidst the numerous installations of Ubuntu and Linux Mint, the same Frankensteins continue, as they bring something new into the world of Linux, even in honor of the money-grabbing.

Slax and modular expansion system

At the time, Slax impressed me so much that I joined a group of distributors who intend to create a distribution based on your ideas. The group, however, quickly settled down through the unrealizability of the idea, and the Slax axis continues to survive and remain healthy.

Slax is not just a distribution, it is a purebred LiveCD, which, among other things, can be expanded with modules. To strive for another elegant mechanism, which, I believe, is also involved in a number of other projects, but especially for such purposes, it is necessary to search here itself - the Unionfs file system. The essence of the method is immediate: since it is not possible to change the file system of the distribution on a CD by installing additional software, the Slax developers have come up with a method for connecting file system images to it on top of the root.

All additional software for Slax is expanded in the form of modules with sb extensions. The module is an image of the Squashfs file system (simply a FS in the context of restrictions), which contains additional files and all the necessary files that lie behind these paths of the file system, which are not in the working system (usr / bin / abiword, for example ). Place this module in a special directory on a flash drive (/ slax / modules) or cut it onto a disk, and the system will automatically pick it up and mount it on top of the LiveCD root when installed (Unionfs mounts the FS one on one, like the balls of a pie). As a result, an addition will appear in the system that is not physically there.

The beauty of this idea lies not only in its ability to extend LiveCD, but also in the absolute simplicity of implementation. No package managers, version conflicts, excess add-ons in the file system, absolute protection against FS failures, the ability to upgrade to a clean version of the OS. With zagalom, you can overextend it for a long time. Alas, there is no need to rely on a simple mechanism that can be implemented in several rows using a command interpreter.

There is only one problem: having a full-fledged distribution with hundreds of overlay file systems will come at a cost to both productivity and stability.

GoboLinux and other add-on catalogs

Another approach that is not unique to Linux (although standard in OS X and Windows) before installing third-party programs is tested in the GoboLinux distribution. Replacement of the primary Unix directories /bin, /usr/bin, /usr/share and others to place the installation of add-ons in the “smear” across the view system, GoboLinux vikorista set of directories /Programs, /Users, /System, /Files, / Mount i / Depot.

In fact, the distribution is directly similar to OS X. All system files are located in the / System directory, and the add-ons installed by the user are in / Programs, or in their own powerful directory (for example, / Programs / Firefox). As a result, it is possible to install different versions of the same program (or libraries), and for other software you have to physically erase the directory.

However, such an organization of directories has a problem, which is a lot of police. The problem is that, unlike add-ons for OS X, software for UNIX is written according to the FHS standard, which gives the system a standard directory tree that includes /bin, /etc, /lib, /usr and so on. Additions can restore this structure on the disk and, if damaged, can behave undisturbed.

To solve this problem, GoboLinux developers have developed two hacks: a special kernel module and symbolic messages. The module receives all standard directories (/bin, /etc and others) when listing the root directory, but makes it impossible to deny access to them during direct browsing. This is how you can capture the real structure of the directories from the backend.

The idea, in its turn, raises the problem of insanity. All system libraries and programs that are stored in /System are located in the /bin and /lib directories, which allows the system to function correctly. The range of third-party add-ons is provided by the installer, which creates a new message for the skin installed program. So, when installing Firefox, a file appears / usr / bin / firefox, which actually goes to / Programs / Firefox / bin / firefox, as well as a number of other messages.

So, this is a typical representative of the Frankenstein family, but he also has his own mischief-makers, especially among those who find the standard organization of the UNIX file system outdated and ineffective. But let’s not argue, this is how it works.

NixOS, its configurator and package manager

Speaking about package managers and file system organization, one cannot help but mention NixOS, which is not the most popular and “correct” distribution from the point of view of stagnant technologies. NixOS is inspired by two main ideas: a declarative model of system configuration and an instantaneous package manager, eliminating many of the problems associated with dpkg, rpm and the like.

These technologies are closely interconnected and, at the same time, implement the same principle of organizing the distribution, which allows you to describe any of its settings (including all configurations neither files nor a set of package installations) in addition to one central config. For example, I’ll create the following simple config /etc/nixos/configuration.nix:

# Roztashuvannya zavantazhuvacha boot.loader.grub.device = "/dev/sda"; # Root section of the fileSystems system. "/". Device = "/dev/sda1"; # Enable SSH behind the scenes services.sshd.enable = true; # Enable Apache (+ settings) services.httpd.enable = true; services.httpd.adminAddr = " [Email protected]";Services.httpd.documentRoot="/webroot";

This file describes standard settings a simple web server with SSH access. Thus, NixOS effectively allows you to configure multiple settings for different services in one file, but not in any way, but in the fact that, given the config, it is easy to clone the entire distribution. Copy this file to your newly installed NixOS instance and run the command

$Nixos-rebuild switch

And voila. After a few steps, we can obtain a distribution with Preconfiguration and running SSH and Apache. It is clear that this command not only installs, configures and launches the software, but actually brings the distribution to the described state. This means that after finishing the command in the system, you will be able to lose only SSH and Apache Forwarding and nothing else except their files and configs (essentially, an analogue of installing from scratch).

This functionality can be used for the quick development of a distribution kit, communication between stations, the quick transfer of a system between physical or virtual machines, the development of clusters, and much more. In addition, the NixOS package manager guarantees the integrity of the system when updated and allows you to update it to the latest state.

It is also possible that different versions (or assemblies) of one package are distributed in different ways in the system in the directory / nix / store and are identified by the system by hash, so updating is not the same operation as downloading new ones versions of packages, they are developed in a unique way and “switching” the system to their vicor. There is no stopping anyone from switching back at any moment. By the way, this approach solves the DLL Hell problem, allows you to download additions to previous versions and, therefore, install two versions of the same software one after another.

NixOS is a very powerful system, and I recommend that anyone new to Linux give it a try. Let's move on, through QubesOS and its virtual desktops.

QubesOS or Xen as the basis for the OS

IN different hours There was no attempt to create a stolen operating system based on isolation technology and virtualization of applications. Microsoft recently took up this project as part of the Syngularity project, but all of these attempts were not successful. As if the garni were not ideas embedded in the OS, in 100% of cases the stench became a “victim of another system” - it was not possible to attract merchants and retailers to the new platform.

The QubesOS project, led by Polish security expert Joanna Rutkowska, stands out against their backdrop in that it promotes the development of a secure OS without the need for And learn how to work with add-ons, drivers, and write millions of lines of code from scratch. QubesOS is just a Linux distribution based on Fedora, but rather than other wines, it is based on the idea of ​​strict isolation of applications and system components through virtualization.

The system is based on the Xen hypervisor, on top of which a number of virtual machines (domains) are launched, each of which is responsible for performing its system functions. In several domains there is a network stack (including a set of drivers), file systems and RAID drivers, as well as a graphics stack that includes the X server. To launch add-ons, you must also work across domains, not one at a time (otherwise the system would die if the RAM ran out quickly), but divided into “groups of interests”: careers, work, Internet banking, and so on.

The data transmission channel between encryption domains and may be subject to exchange by type transmitted information and possible addressees. This means, for example, that the evildoer will find a hole in edge stack If Linux can deny access to the edge domain, then there will actually be a short circuit in the middle, since all that can work with the edge domain is to process the data on the edge connections and transfer data from authorized domains. This does not prevent sniffing and spoofing, but rather stealing the data that is stored in the host domain.

As a graphical center in QubesOS, it is based on KDE, modified so as to capture the organization of the robotic system from the eyes of the developer. Add-ons are automatically launched in different domains, and the middle ones are displayed in different colors to indicate which domain the add-on is running in.

Currently, QubesOS vendors are preparing for release another release of the system (RC2 is already available), which will include a separate domain for Windows add-ons and a USB domain for secure operation with USB devices.

ChromeOS

ChromeOS is one of the most atypical, strange and controversial Linux distributions. For most people, this is just a browser that works on the bare surface, but for those who are familiar with Linux, this is a full-fledged operating system, in which there are no standard distributions, which are interspersed with power sources, lazy company Google.

Behind the scenes, ChromeOS is a heavily stripped-down Ubuntu, on top of which is a graphical middle ground, based on the Chromium project. The system is backed up by the same Ubuntu Upstart, but due to the need to start a much smaller number of components, the cold start of ChromeOS is much faster (literally in a second). The graph here is based on X.org, but it is also possible to use the correct support for the installation of devices, which will bypass the X-protocol directly into the video adapter (therefore, it will be necessary to change to Wayland or Mir).

Other components also include the graphic library Clutter, PAM, D-Bus, NTP, syslog and cron. There are no package ideas in the system, and all OS updates are downloaded during an OTA update “in one piece.” During the update, the system will not be overwritten, but will be replaced by another system partition, which, after re-upgrading, will become the first one. Thus, ChromeOS can always be updated to its original state, but the update itself cannot crash the system.

Due to the presence of a large number of standard components of Linux distributions and a focus on browser add-ons, ChromeOS is highly resistant to malware. As with a desktop browser, the web add-on (read: tab) is based on a powerful sandbox, which allows you to avoid compromising the entire system in the event that an attacker finds the root in the browser itself. The system partition is only for reading purposes. To confirm the integrity of the system, the TPM (Trusted Platform Module) module is installed in the Chromebook.

In general, ChromeOS is not a full-fledged operating system, but rather a non-standard Linux distribution, which cannot be said, for example, about Android or Firefox OS.

Debian GNU / kFreeBSD or “why not?”

The Debian distribution has long been supported by a wide range of powerful computer architectures. This product runs on ARM, MIPS, PowerPC, Sparc and any other officially or unofficially supported machines and processors. However, one of the most popular Debian ports is ... to the FreeBSD kernel.

Basically, Debian GNU / kFreeBSD is the same distribution, just modified to run on the FreeBSD kernel. There is the basic apt-get, a set of configurators, a System V-style initialization system, repositories of binary packages, KDE and GNOME, so for the end user the difference will not be visible at all. Then the system administrator will find plenty of baked goods for himself.

The main idea behind this project is to eliminate the ability to exploit FreeBSD technologies that are not available in the Linux kernel. These include the native ZFS support, the modular subsystem for working with GEOM data warehouses, the Netgraph modular edge subsystem and, especially, the reference implementation of the TCP / IP stack. Everything is available in Debian GNU / kFreeBSD at the same time as in the original Debian language.

  • Damn Vulnerable Linux - the most popular distribution in the world
  • Stali - a distribution based on the KISS idea from the Suckless project

Bichni wines: INFO

The first model for installing add-ons in updated directories was introduced in the GNU Stow installer.

However, in addition to Debian GNU / kFreeBSD there is also a port to the Hurd microkernel, which means that the proteo system is deprived of the advantage.

The version of the Chrome browser for Windows 8 is nothing more than ChromeOS in miniature.

GNU/Linux- multinational OS. And the country creates its own distributions, which are installed both on workstations and on servers. Russia does not rise, and there are only a handful of good (and not so good) Linux distributions that I can tell you about. In this case, I will tell you about the most famous and popular distributions, which are developing well and are actively being revived. Let's go!

Rosa Linux

Rosa Linux- distribution, based on the deceased’s nini Mandriva, I will continue this development. This distribution kit contains a number of editions, which are insured at different rates. Free desktop edition, e Fresh, This includes the latest and most stable software. editorial staff "Cobalt", "Nickel", "Chromium" created for government agencies, and certified by the Ministry of Defense of Russia and FSTEC. These distributions do not have public access. The server version was initially primed on Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL), Zgod also transferred to the Mandriva base. A distribution kit is being developed based on the Rosa project OpenMandriva, Kotriy є "Poligon" for testing new software and technologies (as Fedora for RHEL).




The distribution has the following options:
  • ABF (Automatic Build Farm)- distributed through continuous development and collection based on the Git version control system. ABF designs as a structural façade for private (distributive) technical processes. This approach allows, with a minimal entry threshold, without large-scale changes in package databases and collection technologies, distributions on different package databases to be added to ABF. A single external logic, supported by ABF, makes it possible to quickly exchange functionality between groups of developers from the base and related distributions and between different base assemblies, and also accelerates the appearance in distributions of new application functionality from external customers. The OpenMandriva project has contributed to the ABF folding environment.
  • ROSA Hardware DB- database of tested equipment;
  • RocketBar- panel for easy launch of add-ons with the ability to switch between them;
  • SimpleWelcome- a single point for launching add-ons grouped for functional purposes;
  • TimeFrame- a visualization tool that allows you to track activity and find documents and files based on recent dates.
  • StackFolder- an applet that allows you to organize quick access to the most popular directories and files (included in KDE 4.10);
  • Klook- a utility for quickly viewing a group of files (analogous to QuickLook in Mac OS X, in KDE 4.10 for details);
  • ROMP- multimedia programmer based on MPlayer and SMPlayer;
  • ROSA Software Center- add-on installation center;
  • Upstream Tracker- development and analysis of changes in Linux libraries;
  • Kernel ABI Tracker- analysis of changes in the Linux kernel.
The main graphic edges in Rosa, є KDE. The development team has created its own original design, which is suitable for Windows users and does not affect used Linux devices. There is also an edition with graphic edges GNOMEі LXDE, But they are owed less respect. Official website

Calculate Linux

Calculate Linux- a whole line of corporate distributions based on the famous Gentoo(The same one that is taken from the output codes during installation), but you can also install it with a simple and sensible installer, high build capacity and system utilities, and also complete with a wide range of installed software (in the Desktop edition It’s true Skype). In this case, Calculate will be combined with Gentoo, vikoryst your own system portage to prompt installation of the software, as well as to accommodate the large number of binary packages in the repository. Calculate is available in the latest edition:

  • Calculate Linux Desktop KDE/MATE/Xfce (CLD, CLDM, CLDX)- this is a modern desktop based on the graphical platform KDE, MATE or Xfce, which can handle most office tasks. The main features are seamless installation, a manual update system and the ability to save client records on the server. The external appearance of the desktop is identical on all three distributions. Spyware users can reliably process multi-purpose files and documents from Windows OS on various desktops.
  • Calculate Directory Server (CDS)- can act as a domain controller, allowing you to set up Samba, Mail, Jabber, Proxy services with the help of the Calculate 2 utility using simple unix-like commands. The calculate-server package has been released, which is included in the Calculate 2 utilities warehouse (Apache 2 license), new versions of the server are released at intervals of 2-3 months.
  • Calculate Linux Scratch (CLS)- a basic distribution, similar to stage3 in Gentoo, built for other versions of the desktop. Place the required minimum of additional packages, drivers, libraries, Linux kernel output code and portages into the stage3 admin.
  • Calculate Scratch Server (CSS)- as well as CLS, the vicorist has a minimal set of packages. On admin as the remaining purposes for installation on the server.
  • Calculate Media Center (CMC)- specialized distributions, optimizations for saving and sharing multimedia content.

All versions of the distribution are expanded in the form of a premium livecd image with the ability to install on HDD, USB-Flash or USB-HDD.


features:
  • Ready client-server solution.
  • Shvidka's throat is sore at work.
  • Full value of robots in heterogeneous boundaries.
  • Model update: rolling release.
  • Includes specially developed Calculate utilities for configuring and installing the system.
  • Interactive system assembly is supported - preparing an ISO image of the system for your specifications.
  • Reliability of administration.
  • Possibility of installation on USB-Flash or USB-HDD with ext4, ext3, ext2, ReiserFS, Btrfs, XFS, jfs, nilfs2 or FAT32.
  • 100% success with Gentoo with the support of binary repositories updates.
Official website

Runtu


Runtu- this Russian collection Ubuntu, Oriented, oddly enough, at the Russian koristuvach. The system is completely Russified, very easy to install, and has a good set of installed add-ons. An important feature of the distribution is a set of system utilities developed by the project participant FSnow. This software is available in the Launchpad repository ppa: fsnow / ppa.

There are two editions of Runtu:

  • Runtu XFCE- with light graphical sharpness of Xfce, tuned to the native Windows-based interface;
  • Runtu LITE- with the latest Openbox window manager, focused on old and weak hardware.
Official website

Russian Fedora Remix

Russian Fedora Remix(or RFRemix) - compilation based on the Fedora distribution. In the face of new Russification, Volodya with the latest changes:

  • The fonts look orders of magnitude more beautiful than in the original Fedora;
  • For connections to repositories with incorrect drivers, proprietary software, etc.;
  • Multimedia codecs are installed behind the scenes, which cannot be included in the original Fedora through a patent exchange;
  • In a similar manner, corrections and enhancements are added that Fedora does not accept upstream.

Otherwise, it’s primarily Fedora. Official website

ALT Linux

Primed from the beginning Mandrake(Which later became Mandriva), but gradually became transformed into an independent system. A unique feature of ALT Linux is its package manager: packages formatted RPM, As in RedHat-like distributions, they are not managed using additional utilities APT (Advanced Packaging Tool), Yaka є "Ridny" for Debian and similar ones (such as Ubuntu). ALT Linux is also known to the fact that it is being disseminated from many schools, and computer science teachers are working on it for themselves (including Windows). The distribution contains both publicly available, cost-free editions and versions for government agencies certified by FSTEC and the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. Simply Linux distribution, a light edition of ALT Linux, which contains a large amount of multimedia software, as well as a simple and user-friendly desktop based on Xfce. Development of packages for ALT Linux is carried out in a special workshop Sysyphus. Obviously, the following edition:

  • ALT Linux Centaurus- a richly functional distribution kit for servers and workstations, first for all purposes for use in corporate networks;
  • Alt Linux KDesktop- a universal, richly functional system designed for computer users, the Alt Linux KDesktop (ALT Linux KDesktop) includes everything necessary for office work, creation of various types of graphics and animation, sound and video processing, development supplements, as well as enlightenment. When installing the system, you can assemble your own distribution and configure the necessary functionality;
  • "Alt Linux School"- a set of distribution kits for lighting installations. The kit includes operating systems based on ALT Linux for infrastructure use initial mortgage:

    school server
    School teacher
    School Junior
    School Meister

    The main feature of the kit is the integration of workspaces, studies and publishing. This feature allows not only to centralize the initial process, but also to promote the interaction between student and teacher in a manner that is essential for all forms of chats and forums. Messages may include posts, decisions and comments. It is also possible to exchange files of any format, both between the storage device and the account, and between the accounts;

  • vischedescribed Simply Linux.

Astra Linux


Operating system special purpose based on Debian GNU / Linux, created for the needs of Russian security agencies and intelligence services. It will ensure the level of protection of processed information up to the level of the state prison “entirely secretly” inclusive. Certified in the information security certification systems of the Ministry of Defense, FSTEC and the FSB of Russia. Releases are published bearing the names of the heroic places of Russia and the countries of the SND.

The virus generator breaks down the basic version of Astra Linux - Common Edition (for special purposes) and its modification Special Edition (for special purposes):

  • version of the “zagalny meaning” - "Eagle"(Common Edition) designated for “virtuous management of medium and small businesses.”
  • version of “special purpose” - "Smolensk"(Special Edition) intended for the creation on this basis of automated systems in a protected area, which process information at the level of secrecy “totally secretly” inclusive
Official website

PupyRusLinux

This is a lightweight distribution, created specifically for weak users. The small size of the system (about 120 megabytes) allows you to be completely captivated by RAM, Ensuring maximum productivity. PuppyRus Linux is oriented towards computers with x86 architecture, optimized to ensure maximum productivity, and due to the low power of ownership, it can breathe “other” life into an outdated model.
PuppyRus has dropped two original package systems from its successor Puppy Linux: .PETі .PUP. They are files compressed using the gzip algorithm, in the middle of which there are directories with files associated with them for installation. These directories have the same names and structure as standard directories in the UNIX file system.
Thus, the process of installing new packages is accompanied by unpacking the packages into the root directory. Package manager software PetGet Monitors the installation process, registers the files that are copied from the package to the system and records the changes in a separate file - the installation log. After unpacking, PetGet installs the installation script (script), which is also located in the middle of the package.
When you uninstall the PetGet package, going to the log of your installation, it deletes all files that resemble the new one. After this, PetGet creates a post-installation script (script), which will be included in the package later. Official website

Agilia Linux

This is a Linux distribution, the basis for which is not being developed MOPS Linux(Who in his heart of foundations Slackware). The main principles that the distributors strive for are the ease of installation and mastering the system, as well as the availability of the most stable programs.

Historically, AgiliaLinux is directly based on MOPSLinux. At that time, MOPSLinux as a whole was based on the Slackware package base, until the end of its life gradually increasing the majority of its power packages. AgiliaLinux has continued this way, and the package base is independent. The package format is txz, and mpkg is used as a package manager. Official website

Many koristuvachs have no doubt and download the new version. People think that in the updated version the developers have added all the bells and whistles, added some cool functions, made the design more attractive, and the interface more friendly. But it never fails to demonstrate the truth. Only in 2016 a number of modifications and assemblies were released. Among them are different systems: both good and bad. So you need to think about how Linux vibrates. And then, having assessed all the pros and cons, install the distribution.

There is no universal system that will suit all business owners. Skin people need to take care of their own. The administrator cares about functionality, security and flexibility remote control. Novachkovi - friendly and simple interface. For those who like innovation, there are a lot of options that are not available in previous versions.

In 2016, the Russians released a lot of distributions. Among them, you will definitely find the one you need. Ale zhoden rating does not make a choice for you. It is better to independently evaluate the option.

And a number of important criteria that are important in any version of Linux:

  • Stability. If the system gradually “falls”, shows failures, terminates the work of the program, no other achievements can be included in the top 2016. You will have to constantly find the causes of failures and identify data changes. It doesn’t matter for which tasks you modify the modification - stability is always important.
  • Safety Dirks in the system are a clue for any virus. Of course, Linux is an excellent example of reliability. This should be stored in the Firewall, access log, and protection settings. It is better to choose the distribution in which it is already installed optimal settings And close all loopholes for useless software.
  • Functionality. Availability of useful and useful options. Or what kind of “rodzinki” that they added to other Linux systems. Golovne - don’t overdo it. Since there is a large number of functions you don’t need in the selection, it’s better to take it in a simpler way. Even the stinks will overwhelm the system.
  • Handiness. The interface is not only intelligent, but also practical. So that all important options are at your fingertips. So that when the computer is turned on, you can start working.
  • Suchness. Older systems are good at a lot of things. The stench has been re-verified for an hour. If you have used them before, after switching to the 2016 distribution, you will have a chance to call them. This new modification may not work properly. Since it was released recently, it seems to be prone to bugs. Ale is still better than today's Linux. This is a new version. Retailers are working on programs, focusing on new systems. At some point, a red addition may appear, if it is not reasonable with your work. I happen to fall in love.
  • Design. Of course, a shell is not a smut. Even if nothing appears under her. If other criteria guide you, why not marvel at the design of distributions. Yogo can be changed. It’s hard for us to rank the most beautiful Linux 2016 releases. Just when choosing a modification, marvel at the design options in it.
  • Support, partnership. It’s not just the development team and the official Linux tech support that deserves respect. Important people are those who take advantage of the operating system. They flock to the forums, discuss meetings, look around timidly. They can provide nutritional advice and suggest how to solve the problem. If you install an unpopular version of Linux, you will have to figure it out on your own. And even koristuvachiv, who work with her, will not be so rich. You are unlikely to find them. This criterion does not apply to highly specialized modifications.

Whatever Linux distribution you choose, don't settle for the most advanced version. Look through a number of options. Those that suit other people may not particularly suit you.

Run the similar collection on a virtual machine or using a LiveCD. Zhoden rating, review or thought does not replace special evidence. Linux in this regard is not transferable. You will be able to understand whether the program is suitable for you only after you spend an hour with it.

Build, which will gradually complete. New versions are released frequently. In 2016, Ubuntu is still popular. I wanted them to release 10 years of that.

The system is suitable for beginners who want to “try out” Linux. It's easy to install. It has a user-friendly and beautiful interface. No one has anything greedy.

You can use Ubuntu without using the terminal. It's not like "classic" Linux - you have to work in the command line. This is simultaneously a plus and a minus. You are at home in a new environment. If you want to install a different build, you will not be able to use it without instructions.

Ubuntu often adds new features. And at the same time - new bugs. They are revealed to the world.

  • Rose is everywhere without any harm. There are a lot of programs and modifications that can be very interesting.
  • Quick installation - 10 minutes, and the distribution kit is already on your computer.
  • Sensible and kind interface. It's easy to get in touch with someone.
  • No viruses. More precisely, viruses simply cannot infect the system. Nothing can be downloaded on Linux Ubuntu without the permission of the client. Just because you yourself can’t “miss” the bad programs, don’t put them in the build.
  • Multi-boot operating systems are available. Ubuntu can be installed alongside Windows. For this there is no need to adjust anything.
  • The folded kit comes with software security.
  • The rating of Linux distributions is expected to be incomplete without Ubuntu. This is the expansion of the build. If you have a problem, you can find a solution in the partnership or on the forum.
  • Low stability. Failures occur periodically. However, if properly configured, the system will function normally. Regardless, Ubuntu and its modifications are better than compiling Linux. Even though the faults in it are not so critical.
  • You may have favors that no one has ever dealt with. That's the problem with new versions.
  • If you plan to try other Linux distributions, it will be difficult to get over Ubuntu.

Mint

Smart graphical interface. Є a module that will speed up adaptation if you switched to Mint from the Win system. They have a similar taskbar, desktop, and navigation. You will soon call until the new “situation”. A handful of working cores. Just choose the one you will be comfortable working with.

Mint foundations on Ubuntu. The creators of Mint wanted to take all the shortcomings like Linux. The special feature of the collection is that it contains multimedia codecs. The programs required for full-time work on the computer are already included.

beautifully designed Gateway link. The creators of the modification, following the thoughts of the koristuvachs, will listen to the new one.

  • Mint is not the most extensive collection of 2016 rock. Great partnership. You can go all the way to dissects with a proposition or an idea.
  • Vona is catless.
  • є row coris functions: Plugins for easy installation of programs, updating, launching programs.
  • User-friendly graphical interface. You can switch between work environments.
  • Modifications and updates are coming out frequently.
  • No public ballots security.
  • The retailer is not an official company, but an enthusiast. There is a lot of value in this, since the creator of the system will be closer to the koristuvachs. However, he can allow for amends, and even he does not have a team of professionals.

One of the oldest representatives of Linux. Ale wine is popular in 2016 due to its stability and security. He has a great team of developers. But new versions are rarely released.

Debian is installed on the server. It is suitable for remote administration. New ones have better package management systems.

The collection is not suitable for beginners. She has a larger number of programs and settings that need to be understood. It's easy to install the build.

  • This is a sign of stability.
  • Supporting the impersonality of various architectures.
  • It works quickly and efficiently.
  • I will ensure safety.
  • The number of programs is great. Close to 43,000 packages.
  • Debian is easy to update.
  • Suitable for servers and remote administration. Є package management system.
  • After installation, initial adjustment is required.
  • The settings themselves are difficult to figure out.
  • The distribution is already outdated. Popular in 2016 only through those with the most stable and reliable build on Linux.
  • Updates rarely come out.
  • There is a lot of software available at one time or another. It will be difficult for beginners to get used to such extensive software.

Other collections

  • Arch Linux. Simple and easy to use. If you want to get into Linux and learn how to use it, Arch Linux will be your best choice. However, the distribution has one major shortcoming. After installation you will not gain anything. All functions need to be discovered and adjusted independently. And no automation. Before you begin this assembly, read the instructions before it.

  • Chalet OS. How are you from yesterday? koristuvach Windows, Chalet OS is for you. This build is very similar to Win. Ale under the shell of Linux. You can use the new system, Vikorist and the original graphical interface. The collection was published recently. She may still have shortcomings.

  • Elementary OS. The distribution has a sleek design. And all this is great. The modification was given only those additions so as not to destroy the overall composition of the work table. No new solutions or functions. Elementary OS is simply a beautiful operating system.

  • Cube Linux. Suitable for laptops. The build is stable. It has a practical and unobtrusive interface. After all, the battery lasts longer. On Cub Linux you can run software designed for Ubuntu. Youmu is not needed pressing computer. It can be installed on old laptops. On the downside, the system will become very popular.

Highly specialized distribution kits

The axis is more beautiful than the Linux 2016 distribution, intended for highly specialized tasks.

  • Ubuntu Studio. Multimedia studio based on Ubuntu. Professional product, intended for designers, sound engineers and those involved in video editing. The functionality of the straightening system only on the plant is not intended for other tasks. Ubuntu Studio does not require a lot of resources. They can be divided between programs.

  • Tails. If you don't want to be followed, install Tails. Developments based on Debian. Bild will ensure security, confidentiality and complete anonymity at all times. Runs from LiveCD.

  • Snappy Ubuntu Core. Innovation for innovation's sake. Intended for “reasonable speeches.” You can use it to control home automation tools (microwaves, pressure cookers). The system does not require a lot of resources to operate.

  • SteamOS. There is a big problem for Linux - there are not enough igors. Through this, many Koristuvachs were respected for being better than Windows. And we didn’t intend to look at her at all. Finally, the Valve company found a solution - it released “Linux for gaming.” operating system Steam OS based on Debian. It has available functions of the Steam platform.

To decide which Linux to choose, you need to try a few of these builds. In the reviews and tops you can only look at the options. If you know exactly what you need, install it without any hassle.

Which Linux do you most respect?

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