Get virtualization. Virtualization: a new vision for the development of IT infrastructure. How a virtual machine is powered

During the rest of the hour, anonymous companies that work not only in the IT sector, but also in other areas, have become seriously attracted to virtualization technologies. Home coristuvachi also considered the reliability of the virtualization platforms that allow you to launch a dekilka operating systems at virtual machines one hour. At the moment, virtualization technologies are one of the most promising according to the assessments of various successors in the information technology market. Ринок платформ віртуалізації та засобів управління в даний момент сильно зростає, і на ньому періодично з'являються нові гравці, а також у розпалі процес поглинання великими гравцями дрібних компаній, які займаються розробкою програмного забезпечення для платформ віртуалізації та засобів для підвищення ефективності використання віртуальних інфраструктур.

At the same time, a lot of companies are not yet ready to invest seriously in virtualization, the shards cannot accurately assess the economic effect of the introduction of technology and do not wish the staff to have sufficient qualifications. Even though there are already professional consultants in rich western countries who analyze the IT infrastructure, prepare a plan for the virtualization of physical servers in the company and evaluate the profitability of the project, there are very few such people in Russia. Insanely, in the near future the situation will change, and at the moment, if different companies evaluate the advantages of virtualization, they know the facsimiles, as if they may have sufficient knowledge for the promotion of virtualization technologies on a different scale. At the moment, impersonal companies are no longer able to conduct local experiments to win virtualization, blocking, mostly, cost-free platforms.

Luckily, a lot of vendors, krim commercial virtualization systems, promote also cost-free platforms exchanged functionality In order to allow companies to frequently win virtual machines from the most common medium of business and, at the same time, assess the possibility of moving to serious platforms. At the sector desktop computers Koristuvachi also begin to zastosovuvaty virtual machines in everyday work and do not hang great powers to virtualization platforms. That is why the cats without bones look at us in front of us.

Leaders in the selection of virtualization platforms

The development of virtualization projects on different levels of abstraction systems has been three years already for over thirty years. However, more recently, the hardware tightness of servers and desktop PCs has made it possible to adopt the technology of virtualization of operating systems. So it has already developed, that there are a lot of fates like different companies, and so enthusiasts have divided up different tools for the virtualization of operating systems, but not all stinks at the moment are actively promoted and found in a place that is acceptable for an effective audience. Today, the leaders in the field of virtualization development are VMware, Microsoft, SWSoft (together with Parallels, to be sure), XenSource, Virtual Iron and InnoTek. There are also such products as QEMU, Bosch and others, as well as for the virtualization of retailers of operating systems (for example, Solaris Containers), as they do not have a wide width and vikoristovuyutsya a narrow number of fakhivtsiv.

Companies that have achieved great success in the market of virtualization server platforms, spread their products without cost, relying not on the platforms themselves, but on their own management, without which it is difficult to win virtual machines on a large scale. In addition, commercial desktop virtualization platforms, recognized for use by IT-professionals and software retail companies, may be more feasibility, lower cost-free counterparts.

Tim is no less, as to zastosovuvat server virtualization on a small scale, in the SMB (Small and Medium Business) sector, cost-free platforms as a whole can fill a niche in a medium-sized company and secure the cost savings.

If vikoristovvati bezkoshtovnі platform

As you don’t need a mass-scale throating of virtual servers in the organization, constant monitoring of the productivity of physical servers when navigating, which changes, and a high level of their availability, you can win virtual machines based on costless server platforms for internal streaming. With an increase in the number of virtual servers and a high level of their consolidation on physical platforms, it will be necessary to spend a lot of effort on managing and maintaining the virtual infrastructure. Fallow according to what you need to win different systems such measures to save data, for example, Storage Area Network (SAN), make a backup copy and update after a crash and "hot" migration of running virtual machines to other areas, you may not be able to use the capabilities of virtualization-free platforms, however, Platforms are constantly being upgraded and adding new features to expand their scope.

One more important moment - technical support. Cost-free virtualization platforms are either developed within the framework of the Open Source community, depersonalized enthusiasts are engaged in product development and support, or are supported by the platform vendor. The first option is to transfer the active participation of coristuvachiv in the development of the product, putting together messages about pardons and does not guarantee the solution of your problems with vikoristanny platform, in the other case, the most technical support is not expected. That is why the qualifications of personnel, which razgortaє bezkoshtovnі platforms, can be on a high level.

Bezkoshtovnі flooring platforms virtualizatsiy most dotsily zastosovuvat z metoyu іzolyatsії ії koristuvachа, vіdv'yazuvannya їх vіd їkh vіd їkh vіd їkh vіd specific obladannіa, ilіhtnіh tsіlyakh vіchennі operаtіynykh sistemі i zapechnogo vypechnogo proprovannya. It is unlikely that varto zastosovuvaty bed-free platform on a large scale for development or software testing in software companies, stink shards can not be enough for anyone functionality. Prote for home victoria bedless products of virtualization as a whole is suitable and it is possible to build butts, if virtual machines with the installation of bedless flooring systems of virtualization vikoristovuyut at virobnichimu middle.

Costless virtualization server platforms

It is practical for any organization that wins the infrastructure of servers, often due to the need to install both standard merging services (DNS, DHCP, Active Directory), as well as a number of internal servers (additional data, databases, corporate portals), so do not think of great vanity and spread across different physical servers. Number of servers can be consolidated from a number of number of pieces from virtual machines on one physical host. If so, the process of migrating servers from one hardware platform to a different one will be simplified, the backup procedure will be simplified, and the backup procedure will be simplified. Depending on the types of operating systems, under the supervision of some of the services, it could be possible to choose a suitable, cost-free product for the corporate environment before the virtualization system. При виборі серверної платформи віртуалізації необхідно враховувати характеристики швидкодії (вони залежать як від техніки віртуалізації, що застосовується, так і від якості реалізації різних компонентів платформи виробників), простоти розгортання, можливості масштабування віртуальної інфраструктури та наявність додаткових засобів управління, обслуговування та моніторингу.

The project is a virtualization platform with open source code, development of a new brand of independent retailers, supported by the SWSoft company. The product is licensed under the GNU GPL license. The core of the OpenVZ platform belongs to the warehouse of the Virtuozzo product, SWSoft's commercial product, which has more capabilities than OpenVZ. Obidva products vikoristovuyut original technique of virtualization: virtualization on equal copies of the operating system. This way of virtualization can be less flexible compared to full virtualization (it is possible to run only Linux family operating systems, one core for all virtual cells can be run), the prote allows reaching close to 1-3 productivity costs). OpenVZ support systems cannot be called full virtual machines, but rather virtual environments (Virtual Environments, VE), in which there are no emulations of hardware components. Such a pidhid allows you to install different Linux distributions as a virtual environment on one physical server. In case of any virtual skin, it is very possible to use the process tree, system libraries and cores, and you can customize the interfaces in your own way.

Virtually honed to appear for coristuvachiv and dodatkіv, who work with them, practically with insulated middles, so that they can be treated independently from other otchens. Due to these factors and high productivity, the products of OpenVZ and SWSoft Virtuozzo have gained the most expansion for the support of virtual private servers (Virtual Private Servers, VPS) in hosting systems. On the basis of OpenVZ, it is possible to give clients a few views of virtual servers based on the same hardware platform, on the skin of which different programs can be installed, and they can be reloaded from other virtual servers. The OpenVZ architecture is shown below:

Some independent experts conducted a peer-to-peer analysis of the productivity of virtual servers based on the commercial platforms SWSoft Virtuozzo and VMware ESX Server for hosting purposes and blamed the winnowing that Virtuozzo could better cope with these tasks. Insanely, the OpenVZ platform, on Virtuozzo's promptings, can be as highly productive, but it doesn't get much more advanced management tools than Virtuozzo does.

The OpenVZ core is also suitable for learning, but you can experiment with your own isolation without the concern for other host cores. At the same time, the OpenVZ platform for other purposes is not currently doable due to the obvious inflexibility of the virtualization solution on the same operating system.

The company has recently entered the market of virtualization platforms, has recently joined the competition with such serious server platform vendors as VMware, XenSource and SWSoft. Virtual Iron's products are based on the cost-free Xen hypervisor, which supports the Open Source community of Xen-community. Virtual Iron is a virtualization platform that does not depend on the host operating system (the so-called bare-metal platform), and is directed to the corporate middle ground of great enterprises. Virtual Iron products may have all the necessary tools for setting up virtual machines, managing them and integrating them into the company's information environment. Virtual Iron supports 32-bit and 64-bit guests and host operating systems, as well as virtual SMP (Symmetric Multi Processing), which makes it possible to use multiple processors in virtual machines.

Virtual Iron has been working on paravirtualization techniques for running guest systems on virtual machines, like XenSource's products based on the Xen hypervisor. Whispered paravirtualization transmission of whispers in virtual machines of special versions of guest systems, the output code of any modifications to the launch of their virtualization platforms. With the need to make changes to the kernel of the operating system, which is not a big problem for an OS with open source code, but for closed proprietary systems, such as Windows, it is not acceptable. There is no great increase in productivity in paravirtualization systems. As practice has shown, manufacturers of operating systems are reluctant to turn on support for paravirtualization in their products, so the technology has not gained great popularity. As a result, the Virtual Iron company was one of the first to win hardware virtualization techniques that allow running non-modified versions of guest systems. At the moment, the remaining version of the Virtual Iron 3.7 platform allows you to run virtual machines on server platforms only for additional hardware virtualization. The following processors are officially announced:

• Intel® Xeon® 3000, 5000, 5100, 5300, 7000, 7100 Series
• Intel® Core™ 2 Duo E6000 Series
• Intel® Pentium® D-930, 940, 950, 960
• AMD Opteron™ 2200 or 8200 Series Processors
• AMD Athlon™ 64 x2 Dual-Core Processor
• AMD Turion™ 64 x2 Dual-Core Processor

Before that, on the Virtual Iron website, you can find the lists of a company-certified owner for its virtualization platform.

Virtual Iron products are available in three locations:

• Single Server Virtualization and Management
• Multiple Server Virtualization and Management
• Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI) Solution

For now, the cost-free solution is the Single Server solution, which allows me to install Virtual Iron on one physical host in the organization's infrastructure. With which iSCSI protocol is supported, SAN networks and local systems saving.

The single server can be seen without cost, but the minimum help before installation:

• 2 GB RAM
• Drive CD-ROM
• 36 GB disk space
• Merezhevy Ethernet interface
• Merezhevy Fiber channel interface (non-binding)
• Support for hardware virtualization at the processor

Virtual Iron allows you to accurately assess all the possibilities of hardware virtualization and the ability to manage virtual machines. Without a cost of seeing, we are recognized in order to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of the virtualization platform and management benefits. However, it can also be victorious over the virobnichiy middle ground for support of the company's internal servers. Firstly, the use of a host platform does not affect the provision of licenses for the host OS, but in another way, it reduces the productivity spent on supporting guest systems. Typical stosuvannya of the virtual iron virtual iron - the distribution of a large number of virtual servers in the infrastructure of a small organization to the SMB sector with a method of accommodating the equipment of the life of important servers and the promotion of their keranovnosti. Nadal, when buying a commercial version of the platform, the infrastructure of virtual servers can be expanded, and you can also gain such capabilities, as an effective backup and hot migration of virtual servers between hosts.

From the point of view of transparency and simplicity, VMware Server is the insane leader, and for productivity it does not stand out in commercial platforms (especially in Linux host systems). Up to a short time, you can see the daily support of hot migration and the daily backup, yaki, prote, most often rely on commercial platforms. Insanely, VMware Server is the best choice for the swedish riffing of internal servers in an organization, including the built-in virtual server templates, which you can know on other resources (for example,).

Podbags

PIDSUMOVOVICHIKS OF THE CISHEN OF THE SERVICE SERVENT Platforms Virtual, can say, Kozhna to the moment of the moment of loan in the sector SMB, de for Rakhunov Vikoristani Virtual Machines is possible for the surge of iztvishchiti, Zrobity ї Bilshuyuyu, The cost-free platforms allow us to evaluate the possibility of virtualization not on paper and to see all the advantages of technology. At the end, let's go Zveda table characteristics of cost-free virtualization platforms, which will help you choose a different server platform for your purposes. Aje itself, through bezkoshtovnu virtualization, lie down the path to a farthest contribution of pennies to projects with virtualization based on commercial systems.

About virtualization today, I don’t have a clue. It can be said without further ado that today it is one of the main trends in IT development. However, a lot of administrators can do it with the level of knowledge about the subject, kindly respecting that virtualization is available only to great companies. Vrakhovuyuchi urgency by those who have created a new division and rozpochati series of articles about virtualization.

What is virtualization?

Virtualization of the current year - understand even more broadly and differently, prote mi of the current year to look at all aspects, to go far beyond the boundaries of the stats. Tim, who is only familiar with this technology and will complete the simplified model, we have tried to simplify and understand this material as much as possible, without going into details of the implementation on this or other platforms.

What is virtualization? It is possible to run on one physical computer a small amount of isolated one type of one virtual machine, skin of some kind of "think" that works on a normal physical PC. Let's look at this diagram:

On top of the real hardware security, a special software was launched - hypervisor(or a monitor of virtual machines), which ensures the emulation of the virtual room and the interaction of virtual machines with the real room. Vіn аlѕο vіdpovіdaє іn іnіkatsiї virtualnykh іz iz real otochennyam zapomogoyu mérezhі, splnyh folders, zagalnym buffer іntoshcho.

The hypervisor can work both directly on top of the hall, and on the same operating system, as well as hybrid implementations, like working on top of a specially configured OS of the minimum configuration.

Behind the help of the hypervisor, virtual machines are created, for which the minimum required number of virtual halls is mulled and access to the resources of the main PC, which is called " host". Skin virtual machine, Like a savvy PC, destroy your OS instance and application software and further interaction with them does not interfere with the work of a savvy PC or a server.

How is the virtual machine powered?

Regardless of the foldability of a virtual machine (VM), it is only a folder with files, depending on the specific implementation of their set and quantity can change, but in the basis of whether the VM is based on one and the same minimum set of files, which are not critical.

The most important is the virtual file hard drive, yogo vtrata dorіvnyuє vіdmovu zhorstoy disk zvchaychay PC. For others, for importance, there is a file with VM configuration, which is a description of the hardware part of the virtual machine and host resources that are being shared. To lay down such resources, for example, virtual memory as a visible area of ​​the host memory.

In principle, the entry of a configuration file is not critical; if one file of the virtual HDD is present, you can start the virtual machine after creating the configuration again. So by itself, as if you could only have one hard drive, you can connect it to another PC of a similar configuration and take a new machine.

In addition, other files can be stored in the virtual machine, but they are not critically important, although the cost may also be negligible (for example, I will become aware that I can allow you to turn the virtual PC back).

Advantages of virtualization

Fallow, in recognition of the flooring and server virtualization. The first victory is important for the initial and test purposes. Now, to learn about technology, or to protest the promotion of any kind of service in a corporate environment, to get enough hard PC and get a floor virtualization. The number of virtual machines, like you can mother at your virtual laboratory, is surrounded by less disk space, the number of machines running at once is surrounded by the main number of available ones. operational memory.

Just a little bit below, I'm doing floor virtualization from our test lab, which has Windows 8 running.

Server visualization is widely exploited in IT infrastructures, no matter how equal, it allows one physical server to launch multiple virtual servers. The advantages of this technology are obvious:

Optimal selection of counting resources

It's no secret that the number of hardships to find servers cob row and just average PCs for rich management and server roles over the world and do not win all over. Sounds like adding additional server roles, however, such a pidhid significantly complicates the server administration and promotes the imovirnist vidmov. Virtualization allows you to safely count all the resources, seeing the critical role of the server. Now, in order to maintain, say, a web server, you will not have to run a database server

Saving physical resources

The choice of a single physical server zamіst kіlkoh allows you to effectively save electricity, space at the server room, use the satellite infrastructure. It is especially important for small companies, as they can significantly reduce the cost of renting through a change in physical expansion, for example, the need for a ventilated server room with air conditioning.

Increased scale and expansion of infrastructure

The world has a growing company more value nabuvaє mozhlivіst shvidko that without іstotnyh vitrat zbіshiti counting the tightness of the enterprise. Call out this situation, transferring the replacement of servers in more difficult times with the onset of migration of roles and services from old servers to new ones. It is practically impossible to carry out such a transition without troubles, downtime (including planned ones) of a different kind of "transitional periods", in order to create such an expansion with a small rush for firms and administrators, as in most cases zmusheni work at night and at weekends.

Virtualization allows you to turn the food chain more efficiently. For the presence of a large number of host resources, you can easily add the necessary virtual machines, for example, increase the available memory and add the processor core. If you need to increase productivity, you can create a new host on a specific server, where the virtual machine will be transferred, which will require resources.

An hour of idle time at this situation is not enough and it takes up to an hour for the necessary copying of VM files from one server to another. In addition, there are a lot of modern hypervisors to replace the "live migration" function, as they allow you to move virtual machines between hosts without teeth.

Increased capacity

Maybe, the physical exit of the server is out of whack, one of the most important moments of the robot system administrator. The situation is aggravated by the fact that the physical instance of the OS is practically installed and hardware-independent, which does not allow you to easily start the system on a different location. Virtual machines make this shortfall, when the server-host is installed, all virtual machines can be easily transferred to another, reference server.

If the hardware part of the server does not play any role, you can take the virtual machine from the server on the Intel platform and successfully run it through a small amount of fluff on a new host that works on the AMD platform.

This environment allows you to timely bring servers to service or change their hardware part without teeth of virtual machines that work on them, to do timely transfer them to another host.

Possibility to upgrade old OS

Regardless of the ongoing progress and release of new versions of the software, the corporate sector often continues to beat the outdated versions of the software, the main butt can be 1C: Enterprise 7.7. Virtualization allows you to enter such a software into the modern infrastructure without any changes, it can also be out of the box, if the old PC, which works under the old OS controls is fine, but it’s impossible to launch it on the modern day. The hypervisor allows you to remove the old room for security with the old OS, and transfer the physical system to the virtual environment without spending data is allowed by special utilities.

Virtual Merezhi

It is important to reveal the current PC without being connected to the future. Therefore, modern technologies of virtualization allow virtualization like computers and networks. Like a great computer, a virtual machine can have one or more mesh adapters, and can be connected to an external mesh, through one of the host's physical mesh interfaces, or up to one of the virtual meshes. Virtual network is a virtual network switch, to which one is connected. mesh adapters virtual machines. For consumption, in such a measure, with the help of a hypervisor, DHCP and NAT services can be implemented to access the Internet through the host's Internet connection.

The possibility of virtual borders allows you to create folding border configurations at the borders of one host, for example, going up to the offensive scheme:

Connection host to external tethering for the help of a physical tethering adapter LAN 0, for the help of which physical interface to the outer layer, a VM5 virtual machine is connected via a wire adapter VM LAN 0. For other machines, the same host and VM5 are two different PCs, each of which has its own network address, its own network card with its own MAC address. Another VM5 tier card is connected to the virtual tier switch VMNET 1, to the new connection to the network adapters of virtual machines VM1-VM4. In this way, we organized a secure internal network within the boundaries of one physical host, so that we can access the external network only through the VM5 router.

In practice, virtual networks allow you to easily organize a network with a different level of security within the boundaries of one physical server, for example, to blame potentially unsafe hosts in the DMZ without additional data on the network.

Mittiev's signs

Another function of virtualization is that it is important to reevaluate. The essence of її zavoditsya to the point that, be it a little hour, without the noise of the robots of a virtual machine, you can save a sign of її in-line work, dragging not one. For an unbroken administrator, it’s just holy, mother can easily turn around to the cob, as if it didn’t go well. On the vіdmіnu vіd vіd vіd svrennya zhorstkogo disk image z farthest vіdnovlennyâ system for help, scho mozhe take a significant hour, chime between the signs vіdbuvaє protyazh lіchenі khvilini.

In addition, you can set up instantaneous signs for initial and test purposes, for their help you can create a whole virtual machine station tree, allowing you to quickly switch between different configuration options. On the little one below, a tree of familiarizations of the router from our test laboratory is pointed, as you are miraculously aware of our materials:

Visnovok

Regardless of those who sho mi magalis give less a short look, Statya wiyshla dosit volume. At the same time, MICHOMIAM, ShO ZHO Danny Material Vyatye, really osttsiyniti viburny, yaki nadaeology virtual, is osmisite, represented by passing, the henfraststructure, the outburst . .

In our time, in organizations of any kind, before the general directors and IT-workers, the head of the effective recruitment of the necessary resources in the organization, as well as the speedy supply of material assets for the equipment, electricity, and rent of space for the data processing center, stand before the general directors. All tasks can be done with additional server virtualization. Virtualization is a representation of a set of enumeration resources or logical association, recognized for the isolation of other resources, software or computers one type of one, which allows you to change the staleness between them. The possibilities of virtualization include anonymous methods of one-hour sleeping of various resources in one safe physical system. For security different ways Virtualization Microsoft hopes for a solution, displayed on the next illustration:

Rice. one Schematic diagram Microsoft virtualization solution

Before report description That practical zastosuvannyam dermal solution virtualization company Microsoft, I would like to say a few words about the very technology of virtualization. The concept of virtualization appeared even before the creation of x86 operating systems, and in the mid-60s, the IBM company created two operating systems - Virtual Machine (VM) and Conversational Monitor System (CMS). In the 90s, 32 and 64-bit operating systems appeared. Wu 2006 roci Intel companies AMD has released new instructions for processors that allow them to tweak hardware virtualization. Without going into detail in the instructions, the technologies are called AMD Virtualization (AMD-V) and Intel Virtualization Technology (Intel-VT). With this help, you can develop a hardware scheme that secures or allows you to simultaneously run a number of operating systems on the same host computer, which is called a hypervisor.

Starting in 2007, Microsoft, together with Citrix, created their own type 1 hypervisor, which is called Microsoft Hyper-V Server 2008. Understanding virtualization has an important role played by the virtual machine monitor (VMM - Virtual Machine Monitor). This is the software level of abstraction, which distributes the hardware platform on a splint of virtual machines. VMM is responsible for closing, isolating and saving virtual machines, as well as for providing access to host system resources. This mechanism is tied to the architecture of the processor, recognized for running virtual machines on systems that work directly on the hardware level. On the next illustration, you can see three main types of architectures that are used for building VMM:

Rice. 2 Main types of virtualization

There are three main types that are used to create interfaces between virtual machines and virtualization resource systems: full virtualization (emulation), hardware (real) virtualization, and also paravirtualization:

• Povna virtualization. This technology, as it is victorious for the application of a singing virtual medium, as it ensures the outside simulation of the basic possession. New virtualization was not possible until the addition of AMD-V and Intel-VT technologies. Microsoft wins technology from Virtual Server 2005 R2 and Virtual PC. For the technology of new virtualization, Microsoft is a monopoly. Solutions are also available with the help of such products: ADEOS, Mac on Linux, Parallels Desktop for Mac, Parallels Workstation, VMware Workstation, VMware Server (more GSX Server), VirtualBox, Win4BSD and Win4Lin Pro;
• Hardware virtualization. This technology allows running on one physical computer (host) a number of instances of operating systems (guest OS) with the method of ensuring their independence from the hardware platform and emulation of a number of (virtual) machines on one physical. Hardware virtualization gained its recognition with the advent of Intel-VT and AMD-V instructions. Solutions based on technology Windows Hyper-V Server 2008/2008 R2 from Microsoft, as well as VMware ESX and Xen from Citrix;
• Paravirtualization. Paravirtualization is the key technique of virtualization, if the guest operating systems are ready to go to the virtualized environment, then the core of the troch is modified. The operating system interacts with the Hypervisor program, which is the best guest API, replacing the selection of such resources, like a table of memory history. For a long time, the term paravirtualization is an association with Citrix, a technology behind XenSource technology. In late 2006, Microsoft signed a contract with Citrix to implement APIs in Hyper-V infrastructure to enable Linux-based operating systems.

Let's take a look at the skin solution of Microsoft's virtualization report.

Virtualization of profiles

Before the first decision, virtualization in Microsoft can include virtualization of profiles. Virtualization of profiles transferring the division of profiles of koristuvachiv, their data and programming on the koristuvach’s computer. Virtualization of profiles is based on a number of technologies: folder redirection, offline files, and Active Directory technologies along with multiple group policies. Folder redirection - this technology, which is used on the client side, which allows you to easily change the name of folders, as well as change the name of the koristuvach profile. Autonomous files secure access to files located on a shared resource and work with files in that case, if the computer is not connected to a shared resource.

Active Directory technology allows you to save the data of the infrastructure units of the enterprise, and the very information about the employees, computers and services, sharing them with the fox, domain and parenting, that allows you to store all the data on the computers of the work stations. Crimea tsyogo given decision allows you to change the changes that take place in the infrastructure of identification and access of the enterprise, victorious mechanisms for auditing.

The Active Directory structure includes five such components:

Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS). AD DS Domain Services provides centralization of repositories, assignments, and identification of virtualized profiles. The main task is re-verification of the right and authorization of the infrastructure unit in the merezh, as well as the management of objects for additional group policies;

Easy Directory Access Services (AD LDS). This server role provides support for updating catalogs and adding AD DS, based on the same core. AD LDS allows you to change the scheme, which is configured, to support the program without modifying all the AD DS schemes;

Active Directory Certificate Services (AD CS). This server role is victorious for issuing digital certificates, such as linking the object of identification or subtrimki authentication of the coristuvach, computer or service to a valid private key;

Active Directory Access Services (AD RDS). The server role is given to secure the protection of information, for the help of which it is possible to set the allowed unauthorized blocking in the network, as well as the middle position in the firewall blocking sphere. This guarantees the integrity of the data that are generated, and protects the intellectual authority of the organization;

Active Directory Federation Services (AD FS). Tsya server role promotes partner visions, allowing the necessary creation of impersonal objects of identification for one security principle.

It really looks like this. Let's say your organization has 500 cases in 15 different companies in three offices. Zrozumіlo, at the skin office there is a lot of work, and the skin has seen all your offices in my mother’s kerіvnikіv. You, as the administrator of this business, need to be centralized to keep all the offices, as well as the oblique records of the coristuvachi, computers of that group, in which stinks are accumulated. It is necessary for you to improve your working jobs, to hedge the coristuvachas, to change the deeds of improving security. For example, fence the coristuvacham in the sales office at all offices in the command line and the editor of the register. And also on computers, which are used for displaying conferences, display tapestries with a corporate logo on the work table. In addition, it is necessary to immediately respond to the movement of coristuvachs around the organization, changing their alignment, changing the name of the connection with friends / separations and more.

Having installed a domain controller in the central office, and in the files of the domain controller only for reading, you will solve no problems related to the security, integrity of the directory service and the administration of the infrastructure of your business.

Your organization may have installed a Microsoft Exchange Server mail server, at which time the Active Directory schema will expand. In the future, the AD scheme can grow as little as possible. Perhaps, apart from a mail server, when installing third-party vendors, you may also need to integrate into the AD DS schema. To avoid a lot of problems, you also need to install Easy Directory Access Services (AD LDS).

Expanding the flow of organizations beyond your borders, the crime of domain services, you will also have a chance to fire up certification services. The simplest example is the publication of Outlook Web Access services, in order to give the possibility of using an e-mail server at a later stage of the organization.

An example of the implementation of such an infrastructure can be used on the next illustration:

Rice. 3 Topology of the domain infrastructure of business

Virtualization of the event

The virtualization of the manifestation allows for the processing of information in the form of a graphical interface of the program system for entering from the keyboard and mouse. In other words, virtualization is manifested in the core of the program's interface in the form of a physical computer, on which the program is being installed. In this way, the notifications allow you to run add-ons in one resource (corresponding computer or mobile extension), as it was actually inserted in another roztashuvannі (for example, near the center of the collection of data). Tim himself, virtualization appears to fit into the global concept of virtualization as a technology that isolates one version computer resources other.

Remote Desktop Services Windows Server 2008/2008 R2 (or Terminal Services) allows you to work with Windows programs installed on the server, or with a typical Windows desktop. The implementation of the virtualization solution is to be done with downtime. After the planning is completed, the administrator installs Windows Server 2008/2008 R2 as a terminal server by installing one or more terminal services on the other server. After that, the administrator needs to install on the terminal server the appropriate programs that are necessary for the robots.

Terminal Services can also be used to provide remote access to remote work stations, as well as secure access to add-ons and a work table for additional web access, implemented to remote work tables and the possibility of local other remote programs. Vuzol virtualization in distant work tables can be fixed in such a way that an individual work style is assigned to the skin coristuvachev in the organization, or so that the coristuvachi are redirected to the deep pool with dynamic recognition of virtual work tables.

Virtualization of servers

Server virtualization transfers the clustering of virtual machines on the host servers of the host server hosting. Specially for this reason, Microsoft has developed a solution for virtualization on a hardware level, which is called Hyper-V and is implemented in all editions of Windows Server 2008/2008 R2 x64 cream Windows Web Server 2008/2008 R2. Hyper-V is the entire virtualization platform, based on hypervisors, as it allows the expansion of the server operating system. The server virtualization should sound like this:

• Interface keruvannya. For virtualization of servers, use a management interface, administrators can create, create, and monitor for virtual machines that work on a computer. Until then, with virtual machines, you can surf remotely.
• Memory management. For server virtualization, a memory manager is also chosen, which distributes the resources of the host machine's operational memory between us and isolates virtual guest machines.
• Management planning. For virtualization of servers, it is also necessary to plan for access to physical resources for different virtual machines. The scheduler is set up by the administrator so that different virtual machines can distribute hardware resources as needed.
• Management of hard disks and storage. For virtualization of servers, abstract systems are used to save and manage resources, so that in a virtual machine it is possible to create powerful hard disks, as well as to create interfaces.
• Virtualization of outbuildings. Safeguarding the use of existing attachments in virtual machines.

For virtualization of server operating systems, Microsoft has developed the technology of new hardware virtualization.

Microsoft Hyper-V Server 2008/2008 R2, released on June 1, 2008, and absolutely cost-free solutions from Microsoft. Bezkoshtovna 64-bit Core version of Hyper-V is surrounded by a command line interface (CLI), deconfiguration of the streaming operating system, physical hardware and software possession is dependent on additional shell commands. Administration and configuration of the server is required for the help of RSAT installed on the computer keruvannyam Windows Vista or Windows Server 2008/2008 R2 with an add-on for Hyper-V administration with MMC.

Microsoft's virtualization needs Microsoft Virtual Server, as well as the Hyper-V role in Windows Server 2008/2008 R2. The role of Hyper-V allows the creation of a virtualized server environment and a twist on the legacy technology of Windows Server 2008 R2. This role is available in 64-bit editions of Windows Server 2008 Standard, Enterprise and Datacanter both in full and in kernel mode.

It really looks like this. In front of you is the task of launching a domain controller, a Microsoft Exchange Server mail server, a certificate services server, as well as remote desktop services. Having bought some good servers, you will spend a lot of money on the cooling system and renting a place for their distribution. To install all the roles of one physical machine is not enough. The role of the Hyper-V server operating system Windows Server 2008/2008 R2 has been upgraded.

After installing a host server 64-bit operating system, be it an edition, Windows Web Server 2008/2008 R2, install the domain controller role, DNS and Hyper-V. At the hypervisor, create virtual machine styles, the skills are necessary for the implementation of all your roles. For example, having created the first virtual machine, you can install Microsoft Exchange Server with the roles of mail screen server, transport server and client access server. For this machine, you will need to see enough resources, the shards of your mail server will win over your entire organization. On another virtual machine, you can expand the roles of certificate services and remote desktops, creating three different servers on one physical machine.

PC virtualization

There are also solutions for creating isolated virtual operating systems for computers that are equipped with client operating systems. In line with the latest technologies, PC virtualization technology is expanding both on server and client operating systems Microsoft Windows. PC virtualization technologies are still evolving, there are only two PC virtualization technologies: Microsoft Enterprise Desktop Virtualization (MED-V) and Microsoft Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (Microsoft VDI).

Complementing one of the two technologies of PC virtualization, deployed on both client and server operating systems, at once provide a comprehensive solution. Microsoft has a solution for MED-V, recognized for desktop virtualization, and Microsoft VDI, recognized for server virtualization of desktop PCs.

MED-V is the technology of virtualization of workstations, as it relies on the popular middleware and simplicity of the Microsoft Virtual PC. MED-V enhances the ability to open and close Virtual PC on Windows client systems, without worrying about smooth transition koristuvachіv to the virtual environment for additional innovation Windows XP Mode. Tim himself summіsnіst program operating systems zavoditsya to the minimum dіy and sooner the migration of operating systems. MED-V provides administrative tools for running programs in a virtual environment. MED-V technology can only be implemented on 32-bit operating systems.

Microsoft Virtual Desktop Infrastructure is a new architectural model for virtualization of desktop computers that allows virtual machines of server systems to be played on client operating systems. Microsoft VDI applications for virtualization of PCs, which can give a lot of individual data, which ensures the centralization of data collection, which is maintained by all computers in data processing centers.

It really looks like this. Your organization may need to win over an hourly portion of operating systems on client computers. For example, software testers are guilty of overturning practice software products on different operating systems. Having installed the Windows 7 operating system, it is necessary to test the programs also under the previous operating systems, for example, Windows Vista and Windows XP. After Windows installation Virtual PC, stinks can create isolated guest virtual systems and test a software product without interfering with the OS.

Program virtualization

Software virtualization allows you to create an isolated environment for robotic programs that includes software-specific libraries, registry and other system elements. With the help of Microsoft Application Virtualization (App-V) programs can be made available to computers without the need to install them directly on a computer. It has become possible to start a process called virtualization of appendices, which allows the skin appendage to be processed in a free autonomous virtual environment on a client computer. Virtualized programs isolated one from one. This allows you to avoid conflicts between add-ons, but stinks, like before, can interact with the client computer.

The App-V Client is a component that allows you to interact with programs after they are published on your computer. The client controls the virtual environment, which virtualizes the software on the skin computer. Having installed the client on the computer, the programs must be made available to the computer for the additional process called publication, which allows the virtual programs to be launched.

Visnovok

From these stats, you know about the virtualization solution, as expected by Microsoft. Virtualization methods are divided into the following groups: virtualization of profiles, virtualization of appearance, virtualization of servers, virtualization of PCs and virtualization of programs. Also, in this article, there have been introduced practical applications for the implementation of virtualization technologies in the middle of the field.

Fahіvtsі companies Cosmonov's days are working with different systems of virtualization, like every hour of work with a damp gloom, and so are design robots. Over the course of the hour, we caught up with a small number of virtualization systems and recognized for ourselves the strengths and weaknesses of the skin of them. From this article, we took the thoughts of our engineers about the most common virtualization systems and their short characteristics. So you thought about the privacy gloom and look at the different virtualization systems for the accomplishment of this task for you.

For the cob, let's figure out what kind of virtualization system and what it needs. Virtualization of physical machines (servers, PCs, etc.) allows you to divide the intensity of one physical outbuilding between the number of virtual machines. In this way, virtual machines can mother the operating system and software security, so as not to fall into the hands of virtual machines. On this day, there are few systems of virtualization, the skin of them has its own peculiarities, so we can look at the skin of them well.

VMware vSphere - the flagship product of the VMware company, the mad leader in virtualization for rintu, is already richly rocky in the past. It has a wide functionality and is specially created for data centers that provide cloudy solutions to companies that will be privately cloudy at various scales. Maє thoughtfulness interface and a large number of technical documentation. Since you have little knowledge in virtualization, the system will by hand selection For you. Licensed for the number of physical processors in the dark regardless of the number of cores. At the link with the great functionality and impersonal modules, a system is given to increase the capacity to the resources necessary for your work.

WMware Esxi- є cost-free analogue of VMware vSphere. So, as a Danish hypervisor without costly wines, it has more modest functionality, sufficient for the implementation of more typical tasks of virtualization and management of private gloom. So ask forgiveness from vikoristanna

Hyper - V- a product of the Microsoft company as an extension to OS Windows Server, starting from the 2008 version. It is also used for looking at the product, prote vicorist for robotic OS Windows server. The Danish hypervisor makes it easy for you to install and operate, and, arguably, supports all versions of OS Windows for guest machines, the software does not guarantee the operation of the buggy OS Linux. Great respect that the hypervisor itself is being expanded with a cost-free license, but for robots it requires paid OS Windows.

OpenVZ- more no-cost system virtualization is implemented on the Linux kernel. As the majority of Linux systems can be good indicators of productivity and resource savings Linux distributions like the OS of guest machines. However, it does not support OS Windows, for which reason the virtualization system is given cannot be considered universal.

KVM - the virtualization system itself is based on the Linux kernel and expands to a free license. May be more good indicators of efficiency for the amount of resource savings. May be more functional and achieve universality at a glance of the operating systems of guest machines, supporting absolutely all operating systems. For the perfection of that pіdtrimki from a clean looker, it will require the same knowledge and skills to work with Unix systems. However, the use of anonymous graphical interfaces as an addition to the hypervisor in a different way licensed to expand freely to paid versions.

Xen- a product of distribution to the University of Cambridge with a valid code. Larger components of the fault for the inter-hypervisor, which allows you to achieve good indicators of efficiency. The order of the hardware virtualization also supports the paravirtualization mode. Xen supports the launch of more essential operating systems.

LXC- Adding a new virtualization system to a different operating system that allows you to run a few instances of the Linux operating system on one physical machine. The peculiarities of this system are those that it does not operate with virtual servers, but with add-ons, which vikoristoyut the core of the OS, which at the same time isolate one type of one, which gives the best indications of the efficiency of resource saving.

So let's guess that in the darkness of Cosmonov you can implement the infrastructure, no matter how foldable, without bothering with thin robotic systems of virtualization and hardware security with minimal costs per hour. Cloudy Cosmonov has available both ready-made solutions, and dark servers for the completion of your business tasks.

The topic of virtualization is even wider and there are impersonal nuances in robotic rewiring systems of virtualization, commissioned from impersonal variations of the hardware vikonann. In this article, we do not show the superiority of a single system, but we suggest their main characteristics for the selection of a good system at the cob stage.

Virtual center of the concept

A new direct virtualization, which gives a complete picture of the current infrastructure of the city behind the help of aggregation technology.

Types of virtualization

Virtualization is a general term that embraces the abstraction of resources in rich aspects of calculation. Types of virtualization should be hovered lower.

Software virtualization

Dynamic broadcast

With dynamic broadcasting ( binary translation) the problematic commands of the guest OC are overridden by the hypervisor. After that, as soon as the commands are changed to security, the guest OS is turned on.

Paravirtualization

Paravirtualization is a technique of virtualization, if the guest operating systems are ready to run into the virtualized environment, then the core of the troch is modified. The operating system interacts with the hypervisor program, which is the best guest API to replace such resources without intermediary, like a table of memory pages.

The method of paravirtualization allows to achieve greater productivity, the lower method of dynamic translation.

The paravirtualization method zastosovuetsya less in that case, as a guest OS may vodcrit weekend code, Yaki can Modifikuvati Vidpovly to Lіspensy, an abdomor of the il Gostovo Roz Rozbliken with one Vobron to the urahuvanni can of the parallest Paravoids of the guest (I, for Kho, PID GIPPIRIZHIRI RIPIZHIRI RIPIRIA RIDIZHIKOI, TO I PARAVITRYARYARYARYARYARYARYARYARYARYARYARYARYARYARYARYARYARYARYARYARYARYARYARYA

Formerly, the term “vinic” is used by the Denali project.

Vbudovana virtualization

Advantages:

• Spіlne vykoristannya resursіv obom OS (catalogues, printers, etc.).
• The stability of the interface for windows add-ons from different systems
• When finely tuned to the hardware platform, productivity is little affected by the original native OS. Shvidke switching between systems (less than 1 sec.)
• The procedure for updating the guest OS is simple.
• Two-way virtualization (additives of one system are launched in a different and different way)

Implementations:

Hardware virtualization

Advantages:

• Asking for help software platforms virtualization for the management of hardware interfaces and support for virtual guest systems. Tse zamenshuє trudomіstkії that hour for the development of virtualization systems.
• Possibility of increasing the swidcode of virtualization platforms. The management of virtual guest systems creates a very small intermediate ball of software security, a hypervisor, which gives greater swidcode.
• The protection is increasing, the possibility of switching between independent virtualization platforms on the hardware level is emerging. Skin from virtual machines can be used independently, one type of one is isolated from its own space of hardware resources. This allows you to use the code to support the host platform and increase security.
• The guest system is not tied to the architecture of the host platform and the implementation of the virtualization platform. Hardware virtualization technology allows running 64-bit guest systems on 32-bit host systems (with 32-bit virtualization environments on hosts).

Apply zastosuvannya:

• test labs and tutorials: Testing on virtual machines manually to add programs that need to be added to fine-tune operating systems, for example, install programs. For the sake of simplicity in the development of virtual machines, stench is often used to teach new products and technologies.
• extension of the installed programs in front: a lot of retailers of software products create ready-made images of virtual machines with installed products and put them on a cost-free or commercial basis. Services provided by Vmware VMTN or Parallels PTN

Virtualization of servers

1. placement of several logical servers at the boundaries of one physical server (consolidation)
2. combining a number of physical servers into one logical one for solving the singing problem. Example: Oracle Real Application Cluster, grid technology, high performance clusters.

• SVISTA
• twoOStwo
• Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization for Servers
• PowerVM

In addition, server virtualization will allow you to update systems that fit well, on any available computer, regardless of any particular configuration.

Virtualization of work stations

Virtualization of resources

• Distribution of resources (partitioning). Virtualization of resources can be represented as a subdivision of one physical server into a sprinkling of parts, the skin of which can be seen for the master as an okremy server. Not the technology of virtual machines, which is based on the level of the OS kernel.

For systems with a hypervisor of another type of offending OS (host and hypervisor), physical resources are taken away, and a license is required. Virtual servers that work on the OS kernel level may not use firmware code, which gives the ability to run hundreds of virtual servers on one physical server, which does not require additional licenses.

Disk space, or a throughput channel of a merezhі, which is divided, for a day, a number of smaller warehouses, easier to use resources of the same type.

For example, prior to implementation, a subset of resources can be introduced (Crossbow project), which allows creating a sprinkling of virtual mesh interfaces based on one physical one.

• Aggregation, rozpodil chi adding impersonal resources from great resources chi aggregation of resources. For example, symmetrical multiprocessor systems can be combined with impersonal processors; RAID and disk managers merge anonymous disks into one great logical disk; RAID the same network of vikoristovuye impersonal channels, combined so that the stench seemed like a single wide-range channel. On the meta-computer clusters, everything is refurbished. Others here include file systems abstracting from data collections, for example, Vmware VMFS, Solaris / OpenSolaris ZFS, NetApp WAFL

Program virtualization

Advantages:

• isolation of the additions: the presence of inconsistencies and conflicts;
• to look at the original appearance: the registry is not affected, there are no configuration files - the server is required;
• less resource consumption against emulation of all OS.

Div. also

Posilannya

• An overview of methods, architecture, and implementation of virtualization (Linux), www.ibm.com
• Virtual Machines 2007

• Virtualization of servers. Neil Macalister, InfoWorld
• Server virtualization in standard architecture. Leonid Chernyak, Vіdkritі systems
• Alternatives to leaders at the channel 2009, 17 September 2009

• Hardware Virtualization Technologies, ixbt.com
• Spiral hardware virtualization. Oleksandr Oleksandrov, Vіdkritі systems

Notes

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

Marvel at the same "Virtualization" in other dictionaries:

virtualization- At the practice of the SNIA association, such a high-profile appointment is given. "Virtualization - tse diya (act) for the integration of a number of outbuildings, services or functions of the internal warehouse infrastructure (back end) with additional external (front ... ...)

virtualization- Subdivided the physical level of the fence (roztashuvannya and z'ednannya outbuildings) according to the її logical level (working groups and coristuvachs). Nalashtuvannya configuration of the measure for logical criteria to replace the physical ones. … Dovіdnik technical translation

Merezha virtualization is the process of integrating hardware and software mezhezh resources into a single virtual merezh. The virtualization of the border is subdivided into a name, so that the impersonal border is brought together into one virtual, and internal, which I create ... Wikipedia