What is the replenishment of information in information science? Information and power. Operations with data

The concept of the power of information, and its form

The term information comes from the Latin word informatio, which means information, clarification, statement. Information is a hidden concept and a deep understanding that cannot be explained in one phrase. This word has a different meaning in technology, science and everyday situations. In this case, information refers to any data or information that you need to collect, for example, information about any kind of activity, etc. n. “Inform” in Sensi means “to inform something unknown before.”

The same information (newspaper article, announcement, letter, telegram, news, confession, chairlift, radio broadcast, etc.) can contain a variety of information for different people, depending on their accumulated know that there is a level of reasonable knowledge and interest in it. So, the information, composed of Japanese language, carries some new information to people who do not know this language, but may be highly informative for people who are Japanese. This new information does not replace the information posted by a friend of mine, which is either foolish or already known.

Information is a characteristic not of information, but of communication between informants and associates. Without the obvious presence of a person, even a potential one, talking about information is foolish. In cases where we are talking about automated work with information using any technical devices, you must first use the information, and then how many symbols you need to replace the information. Basically, computer processing of data for information involves a sequence of symbolic symbols (letters, numbers, encoded graphic images and sounds, etc.), without any meaning, and is presented to an intelligent computer in look. Each new symbol for this sequence of symbols increases the information required for reporting.

Information can be found at:

· Texts, little things, chairs, photographs;

· Light or sound signals;

· radiokhvil;

· Electrical and nerve impulses;

· magnetic records;

· gestures and facial expressions;

· smells and savory flavors;

· Chromosomes, through which signs of the power of organisms, etc., are transmitted.

Objects, processes, manifestations of material and immaterial power, as seen from the perspective of their information authorities, are called information objects.

What can you do with information?

All processes associated with previous operations on information are called information processes.


Power of information

Information carries the following authority:

· reliability

· Povnota

· accuracy

· value

· Ownership

· Mindfulness

· accessibility

· Tasticity.

The information is reliable as it shows the current reference status. Inaccurate information can lead to incorrect understanding and wrong decisions. Reliable information may become unreliable over time, but it may become outdated, so that the current information system ceases to be displayed. The information is complete as long as it is sufficient to understand and make a decision. Both inaccurate and supernatural information streams to a solution or can cause apologies. The accuracy of information is determined by the degree of its proximity to the actual state of an object, process, phenomenon, etc. . Only information that is quickly removed can bring a sense of self-sacrifice. However, it is not necessary to provide information immediately (as long as it can still be acquired), and to hide it. Since the value of this information is expressed in an unreasonable manner, it may become worthless. Information becomes sensible, as it is expressed by me, which is said by those to whom this information is assigned. The information must be submitted in an accessible (at least easily understandable) form. That’s why nutrition itself varies widely among school teachers and scientific researchers. Information from the same food can be presented briefly (in short, without unnecessary details) or in a report (report, richly). Brief information is necessary in guides, encyclopedias, and various instructions. The concept of “information” is used in various sciences, while in every science the concept of “information” is associated with various systems of understanding. Information in biology: Biology involves living nature and the concept of “information” is associated with the complete behavior of living organisms. In living organisms, information is transmitted and stored through various objects of different physical nature (DNA), which are considered as signs of biological alphabets. Genetic information is transmitted at birth and is stored in all cells of living organisms. Philosophical approach: Information is about interaction, reflection, knowledge. Cybernetic approach: Information is the characteristics of the carrier signal that is transmitted along the communication line.

You can see the following approaches until you obtain the information:

* Traditional (conventional) - vikorista in information: Information - information, knowledge, information about the state of information that people perceive from the outside world as sensory organs (sight, hearing, taste, sniff, smell).

* Imaginary - vikorista in the theory about information: Information - information about objects and phenomena of the middle class, their parameters, power and status, which does not change the level that is known about them significance and inconsistency know.

For people: Information is the knowledge that is taken from different parts of the body for various organs

Knowledge is divided into two groups:




І Web-masters of the big world. For layout of HTML pages. A very kind editor, I’ve never been a bad person for him. Zavdannya 1.15. State the difference between information and data. In each of the positions indicated in the task 1.1, indicate the role of data in the information process. Resolution: Data are not symbolic aggregates on the nose that are used for transmission...

V. The purpose of this work is to trace and analyze the legal nature of evidence in the criminal process. In this work I will try to give a fundamental characteristic of the concept and power of evidence in the criminal process. The work is subject to the proper legislation of the Russian Federation. 1. The concept of evidence in criminal proceedings The concept of evidence is defined in Art. 74 CCP of Ukraine: ...

This is the representation of the external world for additional symbols and signals. The information value of the information lies in the new information that is in place (in the changed unknown). Power of information: 1. Objectivity of information Information is not a reflection of the outside world, but it is independent of our information and importance. Therefore, the power of information can be seen as its objectivity. ...

science, including psychology. (4). 1. UNDERSTANDING ABOUT VIRTUAL SCALES Whether any species of a vimir conveys the manifestation of one vimir. One vimiru is the “vimiruval stick,” as S. Stevens said, which is the intellectual standard for performing these and other vimiruval procedures. In natural sciences and technologies there are standard units of the world, for example, degree, meter, ...

One of the main things to understand in information science is information. Today there is no single meaning of this concept. Prote clearly sees the main power of information - reliability, completeness, relevance, relevance, objectivity and others. The stench itself signifies the intensity of the information and characterizes it. All this power is purely subjective and lies within the reach of people up to this and other information.

What is this information?

Information is an abstract concept that does not have an exact, fixed meaning. There is a term from the Latin information, which is translated into Russian language as evidence and clarification.

The concept of “computer science” has an impersonal meaning that appears in the context. To date, no single meaning for this term has been identified. Thus, V. Shneiderov notes that there are over 400 values ​​of how knowledge functions in different galuzes.

You can sound, giving such meanings - statements and data, submitted in visual form - oral, written, electronic, sign; the totality of data recorded on a material surface; saving and expanding data.

Operate on various sciences, such as cybernetics, semiotics, mass communication theory, computer science, economics. Each of them selects the very wording that most accurately describes the content of information in this knowledge area.

Below we will look at the types of information and operations with it, and their main clear characteristics. The information will be reviewed by the authorities and will be completed. Applications for skin characteristics will be very simple and understandable, which will help you understand the essence of skin characteristics.

Types of information

Depending on the criteria, information can be classified according to the method of delivery, presentation and form of submission, recognition.

It is important in the way of perception to see information visually, auditorily, tactilely, smelling and savoring.

By area of ​​guilt - elementary, biological and social.

The form of data and fixation is textual, numerical, graphic, sound, machine.

For recognition - mass, special, special, social, statistical.

This is far from a new change in classification; in fact, there are many more of them. We just brought up the basics.

Operations on information

Various operations can be performed on the information, regardless of its appearance. Let's look at the main ones:

  1. Collected or accumulated information to ensure completeness, reliability and relevance.
  2. Filtering – filtering your information. For example, the reliability and completeness of information are one of the main aspects of power. If the information confirms to them, they can enter into a request and get rich.
  3. Information protection - protection against wastage, modification, and unauthorized removal of data.
  4. Re-creation is a change to the method For example, the text is presented as a table or diagram, and is spoken.

Main authorities of information

Like everyone else, it has its own specialness and power. Thus, the main characteristics are adequacy, objectivity, accessibility, accuracy, completeness of information. They themselves indicate the severity of the data being rejected, the level of their specificity of needs of this or that group of people.

Objectivity

The objectivity of information is the independence of data from thoughts and information, methods of extraction. Wherever it is objective, it is reliable.

For example, it is fixed behind another photograph, objectively, and daubed by the artist. Or wait for more details on the street. Thus, information about those that it is warm outside is subjective, but the information about those that the thermometer shows 24 degrees Celsius is already objective.

This power is infused by the fact that data was passed through the subjective perception of people, that is, facts and conjecture.

Povnota

Completeness of information is an indicator that indicates the level of sufficiency of data to complete a given task. It’s even clear, which is appreciated because of how much this information can help with the most common problems. As soon as there is enough information to make the right decision, that’s it. However, this approach will not bring the desired effect.

The more data is removed, the more human methods are available for solving the problem, so you can choose the right one and solve your problem. Incorrect information can lead to amicable decisions and reforms.

Let's look at how complete information may be important in any situation. Just try and be like this. They showed the weather forecast on TV, but they also said that the temperature on the street that day would be +25. In front of this, the announcer did not say whether it will be sleepy or frowning or whether it will be dark. Such information is unreliable. On this platform, viewers can praise the decision not to take the parasol with you and, as a result, get lost under the board.

Another example: students were told what they would eat in the second week, but the subject was not named. There are also very few such data.

In order to obtain more information, it is necessary to collect as much data as possible and, having filtered it, extract the most important information from the results that can be used to determine the highest level of tasks.

Credibility

Reliability of information – its accuracy, effectiveness, facts.

Reliable information will be based on facts and objective information. The completeness and reliability of information interact with each other, while inconsistent information may be unreliable. For example, when certain facts are considered, the information is effective. Related to the reliability criteria:

The number of created, lost and unknown data.

Diversity of language (methods of fixation).

Reasons for the unreliability of information, which can be seen as the most widespread: confusion, as in the beginning (incorrectly transmitted, through errors), and in error - disinformation, complacency in recording data , taking care of important details.

Relevance

Relevance of information - the level of relevance of the information being removed at a given hour, the information being removed at the moment.

For example, let’s take the same weather forecast. For tomorrow and the coming year, it will be relevant for us, so we can help you choose a suitable outfit, and perhaps speed up your plans. At the same time, the forecast of yesterday or this year is irrelevant for us, because it has no value, since this information was taken out of time, does not correspond to the time to tell us.

In addition to remembering that, depending on the purposes, the information is not relevant for some people, it may be relevant for others. So, when exposing the evil in certain situations, wait until the day of theft or killing can be of key importance.

Thus, the power of information - completeness, relevance and reliability - are important for critical problems.

Novelty

Information can be introduced into something new from the basic essence of the object. It is important that under her mother respect only those data that can bring harm to people, and information about what is new.

Not everyone is aware of this power that is binding on information. The power of novelty information comes in the form of information about any new investigations, revelations, or clues that have come to light in the world. For example, information about election results is new, but lasts for a short period of time.

Brownness

The usefulness and value of the information is assessed entirely by the needs of those and other people who live with them, the tasks that can be solved with their help. Core information is of the highest value.

For example, for people with allergies, information about the availability of this product is valuable. For a broker or a banker - the state of the economy at the moment. Reliability, relevance, completeness of information is a guarantee of its value, a guarantee that with its help a person can achieve the task assigned to him as quickly as possible.

Adequate

Adequacy - the relevance of the information to what is being looked at, the relevance of the object that is displayed or revealed. In general, adequacy is a concept similar to the objectivity of information and reliability.

It is possible to establish such an example of the adequacy of the information. When it comes to food, the color of the leaf people say is green. If the information is blue, black, round leaves, etc., then the information received cannot be considered adequate. Thus, the adequacy of the information is correct and reliable in supplying food.

Availability

Availability - the ability to retrieve other information, perform a number of operations on it, before reading it, changing it and copying it, searching for new tasks, extracting new data.

The main applications of information availability when repeated are scientific monographs, research, publications in books, information about the environment.

In any case, we can talk about the availability of political and economic information for marriage in general, but we can talk about its abundance in a way that is not always reasonable.

Another brightening example of the accessibility of information can be a book written by people close to me. And since it is controlled by a foreign mine, an unknown people, then it is no longer possible to talk about the availability of information that fits in it.

Visnovki

Until now, there is no single meaningful term information. Every skin knows, every day it develops its understanding of this term. To put it bluntly, the information is just the kind of information that a number of vocal authorities are throwing around.

And the abundance of information is one of the main powers. It also includes relevance, reliability, accessibility, objectivity, and relevance. The data of power may even be subjective, and in some cases it can be of a mental nature.

Concepts of information

I understand "Information"(Lat. informatio– summary, clarification, summary) a significant contribution is made, apparently to this point, where the concept is seen: in science, technology, and basic life. Please be respectful of any information or information you provide (information about any kind of activity, etc.).

In literature one can find a great number of meanings of the term "Information" which represent different approaches to this end:

Viznachennya 1

  • Information-Vidomosti (Vice, Danі) is inconsistent with the form of forms (“Federal Law of the Russian Federation VID $ 27.07.2006 $ p. $ 149 $ $ and іnformatics technology that Zahist Informatics”);
  • Information- information about the excessive light and processes that take place in someone, captured by humans or by a special device (Tlumachny Dictionary of Russian Language by Ozhegov).

When talking about computer data processing, information means a sequence of symbols or signs (letters, numbers, encoded graphic images and sounds, etc.), which carry meaning and are presented in a computer-readable way i.

In information science, the following significant term is most often used:

Vicennia 2

Information– for information (knowledge, expression in signals, notifications, notifications, notifications, etc.) about the excess world, which is the object of saving, processing, transmission and recovery.

The same information (magazine article, publication, confession, leaflet, evidence, photograph, television program, etc.) can carry a lot of weight and change information for different people, due to the knowledge they have accumulated, The level of availability of this information and the level of interest before it. For example, the novelty is composed of Chinese language, not irrelevant information for people who do not know this language, and may be useful for people with Chinese knowledge. This new information is irresistible and new, published by my friend, as it is either foolish or already known.

Information is viewed as a characteristic of the information, and the relationship between the information and its content.

Types of information

Information may be found in various types:

  • text, babies, armchairs, photographs;
  • Light and sound signals;
  • radiokhvili;
  • electrical and nerve impulses;
  • magnetic recordings;
  • gestures and facial expressions;
  • the smells and savoriness are noticeable;
  • chromosomes, which transmit signs and power of organisms, etc.

Separate main types of information, how to classify the form of filing, the ways of coding and saving:

  • graphic- one of the most recent types, in addition to which they saved information about the excessive light in the appearance of rock babies, and then in the appearance of paintings, photographs, diagrams, chairs on different materials (papier, canvas , marmur and in.), which depict pictures of the real world;
  • sound(acoustic) – to save sound information in $1877$ r. a sound recording device was found, and for musical information, a method was developed for encoding special characters from wikis, which makes it possible to save them as graphic information;
  • textual– codes the language of people using special symbols – letter (for each of its people); To save your vikory, you need to use a papier (records from the sewer, etc.);
  • numerical– codes the entire world of objects and their authorities in the wider world with the help of special symbols – numbers (for the skin system its own coding); became especially important with the development of trade, economics and penny exchange;
  • video information- A method of preserving “live” pictures in the extra light that appeared with the release of cinema.

There are also types of information for which methods of encoding and saving have not yet been found - tactile information, organoleptic ta in.

Initially, information was transmitted to large distances using encoded light signals, after the output of the electrical system - transmission of the encoded signal through wires, and later - via radio signals.

Respect 1

The founder of this theory of information is considered to be Claude Shannon, who also laid the foundation for digital communication by writing the book “The Mathematical Theory of Communication” in $1948, which first demonstrated the possibility of using double-digit code for transmissions. and information.

The first computers were specialized in processing numerical information. With the development of computer technology, PCs began to be used for storing, processing, transmitting various types of information (text, numeric, graphic, sound and video information).

You can save information on an additional PC on magnetic disks or strips, laser disks (CD and DVD), special non-volatile memory devices (flash memory, etc.). These methods are constantly being refined, obtaining and carrying information. All information related activities are controlled by the central processor of the PC.

Objects, processes, manifestations of material and immaterial light, as seen from the perspective of their information authorities, are called information objects.

A large number of different information processes can be added to the information, including:

  • gateway;
  • reception;
  • combination;
  • saving;
  • broadcast;
  • copying;
  • obrobka;
  • joke;
  • spriynyattya;
  • formalization;
  • divided into parts;
  • vimir;
  • vikoristannya;
  • wider;
  • goodbye;
  • ruin;
  • memory;
  • re-creation;

Power of information

Information, as any object, may authorities, the most important among them, from the perspective of computer science, are:

  • Objectivity. Objective information is independent of people’s knowledge, methods of recording, thoughts and days.
  • Credibility. The information displayed in the Help Desk is reliable. Inaccurate information often leads to incorrect understanding and wrong decisions. Old information with reliable information will be produced as unreliable, because there will no longer be any image of the right one.
  • Povnota. The information is complete, as long as it is sufficient for understanding and making a decision. Inaccurate or supernatural information can lead to the suppression of praise for a decision or reconciliation.
  • Accuracy of information – the stage of closeness to the real state of an object, process, phenomenon, etc.
  • The value of information lie in the importance of praising the decision, the highest task and further importance in any type of human activity.
  • Relevance. Only timely extraction can lead to a clear result.
  • Sanity. As soon as the value of your information has become obvious, it has become increasingly commonplace. The information will be reasonable if, at a minimum, it is presented in a reasonable way for the reader to recognize it.
  • Availability. The information may indicate the jealousy of the possessor. For example, the food itself is available in different ways for school and university students.
  • Shortness. Information is received much more clearly when it is presented not in a clear and rich manner, but in an acceptable level of condensation without intricate details. The brevity of information is essential in guides, encyclopedias, and instructions. Logicality, compactness, and a manual form of presentation make it easier to understand and assimilate information.

The word "information" is similar to the Latin word informatio which means clarification, clarification, recognition. The word information itself has recently begun to be transformed into a precise term. Until then, the information was taken as the one in the language, the sheets are transmitted during the time of spilting. Nina’s space, which is invested in her understanding, has already changed and expanded. Vinikla has a special mathematical discipline – information theory.

If you want to provide theoretical information and introduce some specific meanings, you want to avoid any common understanding. Let's take a look at the actions taken.

Information - This is the reflection of real (material, objective) light, as reflected in the appearance of signals, signs.

Information - be it a collection of signals, data (data), which the system receives from too much of the middle (input information), or saves There is in the middle of the singing system (internal information).

Information comes from the appearance of documents, small objects, texts, sound and light signals, energy and nerve impulses, etc.

Under the information, understand information about objects in the extra light that are perceived by humans, creatures, plants, or special devices and promote their level of awareness.

Information is sought for further information. Messages can be spoken, written, like little ones, gestures, special signs or organized in any other way. Use butts to inform you about the display of the visual device, road signs, text in telegrams, sleep confirmation, etc.

Types of information

Information can be divided into types using a number of symbols:

Behind the way to spriinyattya

For humans, information is divided depending on the type of receptors they receive:

  • Visual – perceived by the visual organs.
  • Auditory – perceived by the organs of hearing.
  • Tactile – sensed by tactile receptors.
  • Smelling - sensed by smell receptors.
  • Smakova - absorbed by smack receptors.

Behind the form there is a tribute

Following the form, the information provided is divided into the following types:

  • Textual - what is conveyed as symbols, meanings and lexemes of language.
  • Numbers - like numbers and signs that represent mathematical operations.
  • Graphic - the appearance of images, appearances, objects, graphics.
  • Zvukova - sleep or have a visual recording of the transfer of language lexemes in an auditory way.

For recognition

  • Masova sets out the obvious facts and operates with a set of understanding that is understandable to most of society.
  • Special - to place a specific set to understand, when selected, the transfer of records is carried out, which may not be known to the majority of society, but is necessary and understandable within the framework of educational social and the groups where this information is distributed.
  • Features - a set of information about any features that mean social formation and types of social interactions in the middle of the population.

Power of information

Brownness. The validity of the information is assessed based on the issues that can be derived from it. News that is important and important for one person is irrelevant for another because they cannot be ignored.

Relevance. The information is relevant (timely), because it is important at the given moment. If you are planning to travel by train, then it is important for you to have information about when the train departs. However, this information loses its relevance after the tension collapses.

Virility (truthfulness). The information is important to be reliable, since it does not reflect real action, it is correctly explained and confirmed. If you have learned about the news from TV programs, then this information is probably reliable. Nowadays, there is a lot of talk about the arrival of aliens, which is expected to be the beginning of a new era, but it is unreliable.

Objectivity. Information can be objective or subjective (either or not depending on judgment). For example, the information “the water in the sea is cold” is subjective, while “the temperature is +17 degrees Celsius” provides objective information.

Povnota. The information is complete, as it is sufficient for making the right decisions and taking the right decisions. Whenever people have to rely on any information, they immediately evaluate whether there is enough information to make the right decision.

Sanity. The information has made it clear that there is no need for additional information (nutrition is not to blame). As people say now, they are not yet prepared to understand, for example, they are using the English language before, but people have learned this, then with instinctive information they have gained all other information, no It would have been better if the people had learned the English language.

Nose information

The center in which the message is recorded is called the nose of the message. In the “pre-computer” era, information was stored on paper, photographs, films, magnetic strips, etc. With the advent of the first computers, there was a widespread use of punched cards and punched strips, magnetic disks, and compact discs.

A punched card is a single sheet of thin cardboard of standard sizes. At the first positions of the punched cards, holes are punched. The presence of a song in a singing position is counted as one, and its presence is counted as zero.

A punched stitch is a stitch of a standard-width paper paper, in order to record information by punching lines at the leading positions on 5 or 8 parallel tracks.

Of course, behind the designs printed on punched cards and punched stitches, there is a whole lot of information.

Magnetic strips and magnetic disks for storing information began to develop with the development of computing technology. To record 1 (one), a small area was magnetized. The demagnetized (or magnetically magnetized) area meant 0 (zero).

Flexible magnetic disks, or GMD (FDD), made it possible to easily transfer information from one computer to another, as well as save information so that it does not become corrupted on the computer permanently. Floppy disks were produced, usually with a disk with a diameter of 3.5 inches and a small capacity of only 1.44 MB.

Hard magnetic disks, or hard drives (HDD), are now the main type of media for storing information efficiently. The storage unit includes a magnetic disk, a positioning system and a set of magnetic heads - all housed in a hermetically sealed housing.

Magnetic cards contain encrypted information, this technology is used in credit, telephone and registration cards, as well as passes and “keys” for combination locks.

Compact discs (optical discs or CDs) are a disc made of special plastic with mirror coating on the side on which information is written and read. Information is written to the disk as follows: the disk is wrapped, and on its surface, a laser is used to “disturb” the surface in such a way that they do not disturb the laser path when read. In this way, 1 is written, “unusually” means a logical 0.

There are CD-R, DVD-R - optical discs on which one-time recording can be made, as well as CD-RW, DVD-RW - optical discs on which multi-recording can be made.

Forms and methods of submitting information

The symbolic form of presenting information is the simplest; it has a symbol that has meaning. For example: red light of a light signal, indicators of turning on transport vehicles, cutting of tin, shortening and markings in formulas.

The text form of presenting information is foldable. This form conveys that the location of the information is transmitted through the surrounding symbols (numbers, letters, signs), as well as in the order of placement. Consistently expanded symbols create words, which in their own way can create speech. Textual information is used in books, brochures, newspapers, magazines, etc.

The graphic form of presenting information, therefore, has the greatest utility. This form includes photographs, paintings, chairs, graphics, etc. The graphic form is more informative. Perhaps, if we pick up a new book, we will look for little ones in front of it in order to create the most hostility about it.

Information can be presented in one of the following ways: letters and signs, gestures, music notes, little pictures, paintings, sculptures, sound recordings, video recordings, films, etc.

Information can be obtained from continuous (analog) and discrete (digital) signals.

Information in analogue form changes its values ​​step by step (the thermometer readings, the indicator with arrows, the speedometer, etc.).

Information in a discrete form changes its meaning from time to time (electronic yearbook displays, weights, lifting a number of objects, etc.).

Computer Science

The term informatics comes from two words: information and automation. This means that computer science is “the science of the transformation of information.”

This term was first introduced in France in the mid-60s of the 20th century, when the widespread use of computational technology began. In English countries the term “Computer Science” is used to describe the science of information transformation, which is based on computational technology. Expressions and terms and synonyms.

The basis of computer science is information technology - a set of features and methods that operate in all spheres of human life and activity.

Information system — Interconnected is the totality of features, methods and personnel involved in storing, processing and types of information in order to achieve a specific task.

The current understanding of the information system (IV) transmits to the computer as the main technical means of processing information. As a rule, these are computers that are equipped with specialized software.

In robot IV, in its technological process, you can see the following stages:

  1. Origin of tributes - the formation of the first reports to record the results of previous operations, the power of objects and management subjects, process parameters, changes in normative and legal acts, etc.
  2. Accumulation and systematization of data - Organization of such placement, which would ensure a quick search and selection of required items, protection from their creation, waste, deformation of integrity, etc.
  3. Preparation of tributes — processes in which new types of data are generated on the basis of previously accumulated data: formal, analytical, recommendation, forecast. This data can undergo further processing, providing information about the data of others.
  4. Images of these data - They are presented in a form suitable for human intercourse. First of all, we need to make notes on each other so that we can prepare documents that are handy for people to use. Widely explore the use of graphical illustrative materials (graphs, diagrams) and the formation of sound signals.

The notices that are formed at the first stage can be a basic paper document, notices “in electronic form,” or both. Today's information systems have an “electronic look.” Main warehouse information processes:

  • collection of data: accumulation of data in sufficient detail to make decisions;
  • saving;
  • broadcast;
  • obrobka

One of the most important minds is the use of electronic calculating machines (ECMs) to complete these and other tasks, prompting an algorithm (programs) to contain information about the rules for removing the result (subsumly i) information from the specified (input) information.

Programming is a discipline that follows the methods of formulating and the highest task for additional EOM, and the main warehouse informatics.

Well, information, EOM, algorithm are three fundamental concepts of computer science.

INFORMATICA - the complex of science, the izhenerna discipple, the vivca vivche aspect of the design, barn, skan, function of the composite systems are inconceivated ilformation, and the thunderstanding of the rizes of the Galuzі of social practices.

The founders of computer science - documentary science and cybernetics. Cybernetics is translated as “right in control.”

The information contains three main parts:

  • algorithms information processing ( algorithm)
  • calculating technology (hardware)
  • computers programs (software).

The subject of computer science includes the following concepts:

  • Hardware support for computing technology
  • software for the security of computing equipment;
  • the interaction between hardware and software;
  • the interaction between people and hardware and software.

The method of interaction between humans and hardware and software is called interface.

Double coding of information

In the promotional process, conditions such as transmission of information, compression of information, and processing of information are often lost. In such situations, there is always a message about the message that is encoded and transmitted in one way or another.

Computing technology often gets stuck Two-form form for submitting information, based on the data submission sequence of two characters: 0 and 1

These signs are called double digits, - in English - binary digit, or, shortened bit.

The same applies to the sixteenth form of information submission (based on the submission of the sequence of numbers 0, 1, …, 7) and the hexadecimal form of submission of information (based on the submission of the sequence 0, 1, …, 9, A, B, C, …, F).

Information notice The number of bets we know is called. The maintenance of information and technical issues is limited, but the informant plays no role in such maintenance.

In modern computing technology, bits are usually added to units called bytes: 1 byte = 8 bits. The order of bits and bytes of vikoryst and great units of the world of information.

  • 1 bit binary digit(0,1);
  • 1 byte= 8 bits;
  • 1 KB= 2 10 bytes = 1024 bytes;
  • 1 MB= 210 KB = 1024 KB = 2 20 bytes;
  • 1 GB= 210 MB = 1024 MB = 2 30 bytes;
  • 1 TB= 210 GB = 1024 GB = 2 40 bytes.
  • 1 Pbyte= 210 TB = 1024 TB = 2 50 bytes.

In addition to two bits, four different values ​​are encoded: 00, 01, 10, 11. Three bits can be encoded into 8 values:

  • 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111

Called for help n bit can be encoded 2 n staniv.

The speed of transmission varies depending on the number of beats transmitted within one second. The rate of bit transmission per second is called 1 Baud. The following units of transmission speed are called Kbaud, Mbaud and Gbaud:

  • 1 Kbaud (one kilobit) = 2 10 baud = 1024 bit/s;
  • 1 Mbaud (one megabaud) = 220 baud = 1024 Kbaud;
  • 1 Gbaud (one gigabaud) = 230 baud = 1024 Mbaud.

butt . Let the modem transmit information using 2400 baud speed. To transmit one text character, you need to transmit approximately 10 bits. In this way, the built-in modem can transmit approximately 2400/10 = 240 characters in 1 second.

On EOM you can display both numbers and text. In this case, it is necessary to encode approximately 200 different characters. A double code requires at least 8 digits (2 8 = 256). Which is sufficient for encoding all the characters of the English and Russian alphabets (small and large), divisional signs, symbols of arithmetic operations and other common special characters.

Nini has a number of coding systems.

The most widespread are the following coding systems: ASCII, Windows-1251, KOІ8, ISO.

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange- Standard code for information exchange)

The ASCII system has 2 encoding tables: basicі expanded. The base table contains code values ​​from 0 to 127, expanded type 128 to 255

The first 32 codes (0-31) contain so-called core codes that do not correspond to the same symbols, and, obviously, the codes are not displayed either on the screen or on the device.

Starting from code 32, code 127 places character codes in the English alphabet.

Symbols of the national alphabet are located in codes from 128 to 255.

Koduvannya Windows-1251 has become a standard in the Russian sector Wold Wide Web .

KOІ8(information exchange code) is the standard code for email notifications and teleconferences.

ISO (International Standard Organization) - international standard. This code is rarely victorious.

The advent of computer science is associated with the emergence and development of new technologies for collecting, processing and transmitting information related to the recording of data on computer media. The main tool of computer science is a computer.

The computer, which has gained its name from the beginning of its significance - is calculated, has another even more important stagnation. Having become an indispensable assistant to people in their intellectual activity and the main technical advantage of information technologies. And the rapid development of the remaining technological and software capabilities of personal computers, the expansion of new types of information technologies create real possibilities for their development, opening up clearly new paths for the future development and adaptation to the needs of marriage.

Disinformation

Disinformation is obviously false, malicious information that the opponent or the enemy hopes for more effective conduct of military operations, the removal of any competitive advantages, for the verification of information and information. The influence was determined by the determination of potentially unreliable clients and partners. Also, disinformation is the process of manipulating information, such as: deceiving someone by giving new information or new, but no longer relevant information, due to the context, any piece of information.

Disinformation, as we know, is the result of human activity, which must create extreme hostility and, obviously, be pushed to the point of necessary action and/or inactivity.

Power of information

As an object, information carries power. The power of information involves both the power of data and the power of methods interacting with data during the information process. Upon completion of the process, the power of information is transferred to the power of new data, so the power of methods can be transferred to the power of data.

Information is available to all major authorities. You can:

1) fold,

2) transmit (and also receive),

3) save,

4) rob (re-rob).

The information available to the authorities is far from urgent. For example, according to Wislov B. Shaw: “Since you and I each had one apple and exchanged them, then each of us lost one apple; If you and I exchanged the same idea, then each of us will have two ideas.” However, these particular authorities do not share information. The information is specific and, from a glance, old (that is, it is not the hour itself that informs, but the appearance of new information, which will specify the data), and from the view of various options, it is materially I have a symbolic form, and from a glance I can see it flowing (for example, the result is flowing onto Companion to inform A, B, C, D ... of inconsistencies in the result of pouring the same notifications to the same companion, as they are found in different connections, or in another sequence, and so on.

The purposeful function of information is characterized by the ability to carry out management processes for the general purpose of managing people's behavior. Which, in essence, depends on the usefulness and value of information.

Before surviving authorities of information convey: value, antiquity, reliability, readability, efficiency, versatility and others. In connection with this we mean such powers of information as: reliability, accuracy, completeness, reliability, adequacy, efficiency and others.

Among the information that can be seen from the view of transmission and transmission, one can see the following: addressability, relevance, possibility of coding, high speed of collection, processing and transmission, availability, reliability, richness, correctness, legal correctness, completeness, relevance.

Let's take a closer look at the authorities.

The information highlights the inherent attributive, pragmatic and dynamic powers. Each of these categories is subject to the authority of information.

1. Attributive power - power, without which information does not exist. This category of authorities is subject to the following information:

● innocenceInformation from physical wear and the physical nature of information. One of the most important areas of computer science as a science is the development of the peculiarities of different media and information, the development of new, more thorough and current ones. Although the information is independent of the physical body and has a mental nature, it is not strictly connected with either my particular body or a specific body;

● discreteness. Information, information, data and knowledge contained in the information are discrete, then. characterize besides factual data, patterns and power of objects that evolve, that expand in the appearance of different messages that are formed from a line, a folded color, a letter, a number, a symbol or a sign;

● continuity. Information has the power to be angry with previously recorded and accumulated, thus corresponding to the progressive development and accumulation.

2. Pragmatic authorities - power, which characterizes the level of information value for the owner (companion), theory and practice. The stench appears in the process of violating information.

● senseі novelty. They are based on the movement of information in social communications; see a new piece of information for the learner;

● brownness. Change of insignificance of information about the object. Disinformation is viewed as a negative connotation of relevant information. The authenticity of the information is assessed based on the related issues. The data appears at the moment of registration of signals, but not all signals are “red”, and there is always a constant stream of third-party signals. As a result, the initial data is accompanied by a significant amount of information noise. The validity of the information is subjective, and all the information is, however, old.

The most valuable information for journalists is clear, complete, objective, reliable and new.

● The value of information power and understanding are ambiguous. There is a price for all kinds of friends. It is recognized that this has two meanings: the value and importance of information for its owners. It is indicated both at the initial (advanced) stage, for example, during preparation, and at the residual stage - as a result of awareness of the removed materials, equalization with others similar to them, removal of additional information from other devices etc. Valuable information instantly becomes valuable, fairly new, new and reliable. However, the pursuit of repeatability and reliability leads to obsolete information and, therefore, its obscurity;

● cumulativeness. Characterizes the possibility of accumulating and saving information;

● abundance- The level of correspondence between the deduced information and its true meaning. It means the strength of information and the sufficiency of data to make a decision or to create new data based on existing data. Confirms full conformity with the original document. Inadequate information may lead to a decision being taken or it may cause damages;

● reliability- The level of correspondence between the deduced information and its true meaning. The information is reliable as it represents or does not support the current information system. Objective information is always reliable, but reliable information can be both objective and subjective. Reliable information helps you make the right decisions. Inaccurate information can lead to incorrect understanding and wrong decisions.

● adequacy- The level of correspondence to the real objective state is correct. Inadequate information may be formed as new information is created based on incorrect or unreliable data. However, even reliable data, if inadequate methods are applied to them, may lead to the creation of inadequate information;

● accessibility– the world of ability to retrieve information. The availability of information and the availability of adequate methods for its interpretation are rapidly increasing. Lack of access to data or adequate processing methods leads to the same result: the information is inaccessible. The lack of adequate methods for working with data in many cases leads to the stagnation of inadequate methods, which results in inappropriate, inadequate and unreliable information;

● relevance- The level of information availability is up to date. Relevance, as well as repetition, is often associated with the commercial value of information. Relevance – importance, relevance for today. Information that is immediately removed can cause unnecessary harm. Irrelevant information is outdated (for example, an old newspaper) or insignificant, unnecessary (for example, rejecting today's information about those that yesterday it was possible to get goods at 5% cheaper or to put off the exhibition at no cost). With work in minds that are constantly changing, it is important to keep relevant information so that it is effective.

If the information processes are extended over an hour, then it is reliable and adequate, otherwise outdated information can cause compromise decisions. The need to find (or develop) an adequate method for working with data can lead to being stuck in the lost information, as a result of which it becomes irrelevant and unnecessary. On this basis, there are a lot of current systems for encrypting data with a secret key. Individuals who are interested in a method for reading data can engage in its search, as long as the algorithm of its work is available, then the triviality of this search is so great that in an hour of work the information loses not only its relevance, but also its practicality Innocence, etc.;

● objectivityі subjectivity. A little bit of extra light emerges regardless of our information and the importance of how the power of information can be seen through its objectivity. The information is objective, because it is based on someone’s thoughts, judgment, etc. The concept of objectivity of information is obvious, looking at the fact that any methods are subjective. It is customary to consider information more objectively, as some methods introduce the least subjective element. As a result of the information process, the level of objectivity of information decreases. This authority is in charge, for example, in legal disciplines, where there are clearly evidence of cases that directly guarded the authorities or took information indirectly ib).

3. Dynamic power - power, which characterizes the change in information in the hour.

● growing information. The flow of information in information communications, its constant expansion and growth means the power of multifold expansion and repetition. Although the information is relevant to a specific language and a specific language, it is not strictly tied to them. In any case, your information may be withdrawn and redirected to a number of people at once. These are the characteristics of the authorities rich in vicorism and dissemination of information from different sources;

● antique. Information is available on an hourly basis.

In addition, they see such powers of information as: integrity, security, security, clarity, reasonableness, ergonomics of information, etc.

Solidity– relevance and non-superficiality of information, and theft from destruction and unauthorized change. This term refers to the inconsistency of data due to erratic transients, faults and faults.

Saving information - Consistent readiness of information resources before they become available for use. The readiness level of the IP is indicated by its constant availability in a reliable form for immediate delivery to relevant customers in an automated mode.

Predation– impossibility of unauthorized access or change of information.

Clarity, clarity . The information is clear (clear), as it is expressed by me, accessible to the possessor.

Ergonomics– from the look of a lively person, the clarity of the form and the acquisition of information.

The power of information is characterized by the inputs of information.

Go to information : syntactic, semantic, pragmatic.

To the syntactic (technical) world include: accuracy, reliability of information, fluidity of signal transmission, etc.

Semantic approach Information is transmitted instead of text using additional codes.

Pragmatic approach means the effectiveness of the infusion of information on the behavior of the object.

Information may be classified in this way.

Behind the authorities of the object The following power information is indicated: indicators of the quality of the product, its resource intensity, market infrastructure parameters, organizational and technical level of production, social development of the team, protection of the excess environment, etc.

For seniority to the subsystem of the management system Information is seen behind: the target subsystem, the scientific support of the system, the external middle of the system, which will ensure the ceramic and ceramic subsystems.

Behind the transmission form Information can be divided into: verbal (verbal) and non-verbal.

For the duration of the hour mean: mentally-stable and mentally-changeable (unsatisfactory) information.

For transmission method see: letter, telephone, telegraph, electronic, radio and satellite, etc. information.

Behind the transmission mode The information is divided into the transmitted: in non-regular terms, in the entry and in the meaning of the term.

For recognitionInformation is systematized into: economical, technical, social, organizational, etc.

By stages of the object’s life cycle The information includes: strategic marketing, scientific research and research and design work, organizational and technological preparation of production, etc.

To control the object before the subject Vidіvylyati іnformasy: mіzh organizasіyu, called the sortie, mije pirzdili seriously organized by the horizontal, mіzh kerivnik that viconavtsi, non -formal rajakatsya.

No matter what the authorities, information is not small, but most importantly, it is necessary to save it and save it for a long time.

All social activities of people are based on the creation, transmission, processing and storage of information. The security of information is carried out on the basis of the establishment of special approaches to the organization of saving and preparation, updating and regeneration of information, special backup devices. The security of information is important for its integrity (accuracy, completeness) and readiness for continuous use. In any case, information may appear, of course.

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