The main components that go into the computer's warehouse. Personal computer warehouses. Devices for entering information
The operating system, installed programs, documents, photographs, music and films are saved on the hard drive. The volume of HDD (hard disk) is measured in Gigabytes. It is important that the more, the better. As it seems, there is no such thing as a free place.
The front panel of the PC system unit contains two buttons:
- Power – used to power up your computer;
- Reset – used when there is a need to urgently restart the computer because it is frozen.
Also on the front panel you can find the following elements:
- Indicators are LEDs and bulbs that display the PC operation: computer operation indicator, hard disk indicator.
- floppy drives and optical storage devices are devices designed for working with such media as floppy disks and optical disks.
- separate - suitable for connecting various external devices. Most often there are USB connectors, as well as a jack for connecting headphones and a microphone.
If you want to pick up a new system unit, if you want one that is specially made for you and is not similar to hundreds of others that are sold in stores, then the Computer Help Center website is happy to help you with your peace of mind. By returning to our service, you can appreciate the reliability and durability of your new computer. Let professionals with a wealth of successful work experience do their work!
Computer warehouse
The main warehouse computers are presented below:
Monitor (display) purposes for displaying information on the screen. We also include a lot of numerical, textual, graphic information (texts and little ones, heroes of their favorite computer games).
Keyboard Designed for entering information (typing texts and numbers), as well as for operating the computer using special commands (arrow keys for gambling, hot keys).
Misha intended for computer control (context, program menu).
System unit- The most intelligent part of the computer. Everyone has devices that control and store: a processor, random access (internal) memory, storage units on flexible and hard magnetic media, a life unit. Processor(sounds like the English word process- Process; work, process) manages all computer devices, saves programs, collects data from the RAM.
Memory The computer serves to save data and share it with operational ( RAM- operational memory device) and permanent ( ROM- Permanent memory device). When the computer is running, all programs and data that are being analyzed are placed in RAM(OZP). The processor can quickly return to the data in the RAM. When the computer is turned on, the RAM is used up, and some electrical impulses appear to be stored in the RAM, which disappears as soon as the computer is turned on. The ROM stores instructions that indicate the order in which the computer operates when it is turned on. These entries are saved when the computer is turned off. To save necessary data, write it to external(Dovgotrival) remember. This type of memory consists of magnetic disks - disks made of plastic or metal, coated with magnetic material. Magnetic disks are flexible and hard.
Zhorstki(HDD) – disks with high capacity, built into the system unit. Gnuchki(FDD) – external disks, floppy disks. To read them, the system unit has a special device - a disk drive. Using floppy disks, you can transfer information from one computer to another. Also, to transfer information, use Vikory optical noses- Laser discs (CD-R, CD-RW, DVD-R, DVD-RW).
The computer configuration can be changed individually.
Accessories, as they are called, can also be connected to the computer. external or else peripheral, devices (devices that have power control and function behind processor commands):
- columns; 
- A printer; 
- scanner; - headphones with microphone; - joystick and others.
All these devices are called computer hardware.
Computers often gather around the edge. Why bother with vikory modemі merezhevi extensions. For additional peripheral devices, computers are connected to networks (local and global). At this time, the network has become widely expanded, allowing the transfer of information from the Soviet Union to large regions, and allowing the public access to information resources.
- Modem.
Computers are used at school for learning. It is important not only to study computer science in elementary school, but also to teach high school students such subjects as physics, mathematics, Russian language, literature, chemistry, biology, astronomy, foreign language. VNZ students also use computers for learning.
Devices for entering information
People enter visual and sound information into the computer puzzle. Devices that help the brain are called installations introduced information.
Let's take a look at their report.
Devices for entering text information.
The main and necessary device for entering text symbols and sequences (commands) into the computer is keyboard.
A keyboard is a device with a set of buttons (keys) used to operate as a device or to enter information. The original keyboard has 104 buttons. As a rule, the buttons are pressed with the fingers. Each key displays one or more symbols. You can increase the number of actions you can use on the keyboard using the help key. On keyboards, the keys are often accompanied by stickers with images of symbols or actions that represent pressure. There are techniques that allow you to type text without looking at the keyboard, so called touch typing. Many modern computer keyboards, in addition to the standard set of four hundred keys, are provided with additional keys (usually of a different size and shape), which are used for simplified operation of certain basic computer functions, such as level of loudness of sound: louder, quieter, in ; To remove the tray from the CD drive: pull out the disc, take out the disc; audio playback: play, pause, pause, skip the audio recording forward or backward, go to the next or the previous audio recording; use the limited capabilities of the computer: open the email program, open the browser, show the home page, scroll forward or backward through the history of the browser pages, open the search system; Use the most popular programs: open the calculator, open the file manager; keruvannya by the window of the operating system: light the window, close the window, go to the front or front window; Wake up the computer: switch to wake up mode, switch to sleep mode, wake up the computer, turn on the computer.
Devices for entering graphic information.
Scanner is called a device that allows you to enter images of texts, pictures, slides, photographs or other graphic information onto your computer. This device, which analyzes any object (eg images, text), creates a digital copy of the image object. The process of making a copy is called skanuvannya. To recognize scanned text, special programs are used. 
Graphic tablet(or digitizer, digitalizer in English. digitizer) is a device for transferring babies directly from your hand to your computer. Folds from the pen to a flat tablet that is sensitive to pressure or the proximity of the pen. A special mouse can also be added. 
Graphic tablets are designed to create images on a computer in a manner that is as close as possible to how images are created on paper. In addition, they can be manually used to transfer ready-made images to a computer.
Webcam— a digital video camera or photo camera designed to capture images in real time, intended for further transmission over the Internet. 
Such cameras are used for video conferencing and capturing panoramas. Today, webcams are in space. The webcam itself cannot save video; it is connected to a computer on which the necessary security software is installed.
Digital video camera- Electronic cinematic apparatus. It captures video information and is equipped with a microphone for recording audio information. 
Cameras are available for everyday use and professional use.
Digital camera This is a different type of camera, and the information is supplied, processed and stored in the camera itself in digital form. Today's cameras allow you to take just static photos. Please record video information. 
Digital cameras come with manufactured optics (amateur ones, they are often called “military cameras”) and with interchangeable optics (professional, SLR).
Devices for introducing sound information.
Microphone- An electro-acoustic device that converts sound vibrations into the vibrations of an electric strum.
Dictaphone- a device for recording a movie using the method of further dictation and recording the text of a movie by hand on a paper. Use wiki to record roses, lectures, and speeches.
I’ll arrange a coordinated one.
Manipulator "Misha"- one of the user-friendly input devices that ensures the user’s interface with the computer. 
Misha senses his movements in the working area (refer to the distance of the table surface) and transmits this information to the computer. The program that runs on the computer, in response to the movement of the mouse, displays an action on the screen that directly indicates the direction of this movement. To help you, the operator uses a special cursor – a pointer – a manipulator of interface elements. The mouse also has additional control elements - a scroll wheel, buttons.
Touchpad- the touch panel is an easy-to-use input device that is most often found in laptops. The touchpad is used to control the “pointer” by moving your finger on the surface of the device. 
Joystick- Entering information into an electronic device, manipulator. Serve to change the position of an element in the interface, and press to iterate through list elements. This is one of the standard methods of entry for computers and many mobile phones. Widespread stagnation has been taken away from computer games. It is important to have a stand that can be moved in one, two, or three dimensions. It is important to select buttons and switches for different purposes. 
Devices for displaying information
Devices for displaying information are used to extract the results of the computer's work. Find a device for displaying audio and graphic information.
Devices for displaying graphic information.
The main device for displaying graphic information is monitor. A monitor is a device for visual presentation of data. The widest range of monitors is of two types: EPT monitors (they work behind the help of an electron tube, the smaller ones are less wide and vary in size) 
and RC monitors (rare-crystalline, smaller in size, and display more frequently) 
. EPT monitors can improve image clarity, but RC monitors have gained great popularity due to their compactness, low volume and ideal screen thickness. An important characteristic of monitors is their size (the distance between the sides is visible - the diagonal, which is the same as in inches). The monitor is also characterized by a separate structure - the number of pixels horizontally and vertically. (A pixel is the smallest element of a two-dimensional digital image. It is an indivisible object of square or round shape that has a distinct color. Pixels are arranged in rows and columns).
Also reach the display devices projectors, which are most often called multimedia. 
The projector is light-colored. It projects images onto a special screen. Nowadays it is an important element of conferences, thesis, lectures and lessons.
Printer- a device for storing digital information on a hard nose, called a paper. The process is called visnovok on druk, and the document that Viyshov - Razdrukivka or else hard copy. 
Printers are divided into color and black and white (monochrome). There are also matrix, jet and laser printers. At the moment, the most popular and handy ones are color-wire printers and black-and-white laser printers. Dot matrix printers are considered old, but they are used in banks, laboratories, cash registers, where they need to be printed on paper forms (for example, pay slips) or another copy is required, a carbon copy.
Plotter(or graphical alert) a device for automatically placing with great accuracy little pictures, diagrams, folding chairs, maps and other graphic information on paper up to A0 in size or tracing paper. 
Graphic artists paint images using a pen (writing block).
Devices for displaying sound information.
Sound information is transmitted to the devices speakers
і headphones -
devices for listening to broadcasts, music or other sound signals. Its main characteristic is the intensity of the sound produced.
- Position yourself in front of the computer so that the monitor is at a distance of 50-70 cm from your eyes.
- Place your feet on the platform one at a time, do not pull them up, do not push them.
- You need to sit at the computer calmly, without strain, without slouching, without slouching, or leaning on the back of your chair.
- Relax your shoulders, lightly lean your elbows onto the shirt, and let your front shoulders rise to the same height as the keyboard.
- On the skin, try to keep your eyes on the monitor and look far away.
For a successful business, you only need two minds, a computer and the Internet. To successfully work on a computer, you need to understand the main elements of the computer and how they interact one by one.
Basic elements of a computer — This includes the system unit, keyboard, monitor, bear, audio speakers and other parts. Just a monitor, speakers, keyboard and computer mouse, I think everything is clear. Let's talk about the system unit.
System unit- This is the main part of the PC. You can say, tse i є EOM. Other elements of the computer are mainly used for the delivery of data to the customer and to the Internet. The way, under the PID'Dnanni to the Systems of the Council of Monitor, Claudyaturi I Misha, Koristuvachu will be visible to Filmi, redaguvati the text of the brother in igrah, with the TSOO function of the PC, the PC is flooded with TI. All activities that appear on the screen are immediately processed in the system block. The functionality of a PC is its very heritage.
Basic elements of a computer
- frame,
- motherboard,
- processor,
- cooler,
- RAM,
- hard drive,
- video card,
- living block
- DVD drive
Frame– like the outer skeleton of a computer, all the important parts of the system unit are attached to it; the case itself is most often called the system unit.
Motherboard(Motherboard) - the main microcircuit of the computer. Before it, the basic elements of a computer are included. There are USB and other sockets where the main elements of the computer are connected (shown on the little one). The main tasks of the motherboard are the integration of these nodes in the whole organism - EOM. When the cover of the system unit is opened, our gaze initially falls on it itself.
Central processing unit, CPU (CPU) – cerebrum EOM (you can see the baby). The processor stores all human inputs and contains other computer elements underneath it. The speed of your work is determined by the speed of other computer components. Vin collects the data to find. The most popular processor manufacturers are Intel and AMD. Central processors have the following differences among themselves: - Model and frequency. The motherboard is attached to a special socket called the central socket.
Cooler (Fan)- Installed directly on the processor, which is attached to the motherboard. Its main function is to cool the processor. Coolers are divided according to physical data: a lot of them are made of copper base, aluminum base, aluminum copper base and heat pipes. The cooler looks like a radiator or fan for cooling the processor. The processor needs to be cooled, otherwise it will overheat and the computer will crash. If the temperature threshold for heating the processor is exceeded, the PC will simply freeze, so the cooler is simply necessary for normal computer operation. The PC cannot be started, the processor temperature will not drop to normal. The processor can also overheat if the cooler radiator is cut by a saw. To avoid this, you need to clean the cooler radiator with a vacuum cleaner or a compressor, visually and not visually. Cleaning up the saw should be done once every 4-6 months.
Random access memory - RAM- a board for hourly saving of information that is necessary for the CPU to save the task of the operation. When a task is completed (for example, a program is terminated), the information from the RAM is erased. When we launch new data, the information that is needed by the CPU at that time goes into the RAM. The information goes up to the RAM, and then down to the hard drive. This power helps the CPU with great flexibility to provide the necessary data, perhaps mittevo.
There are many types. One of the most important and most important is DDR III RAM, DDR II - a little more. DDR II maintains a high rating and popularity. In addition, the PC's speed code is stored and used up in the RAM. To save a lot of money, the CPU often does not retrieve memory from the RAM and instead takes part of the memory from the local disk (called a swap file, or a stop file). As you know, the data in the hard drive costs much more than the data in the RAM, the PC can no longer be used. For more functional operation, the OCP boards are installed in pairs or two pairs (as in the motherboard), preferably generated by one generator. Be careful to select two channel mode. As stated in the previous article, a 64-bit system requires RAM of at least 4 GB.
Hard disk- get to the most important elements of the computer. This emphasizes the important role of saving and storing information. It contains all the data of the operating system (various videos, SOFT, pictures, etc.). Hard disks are divided into one type and one capacity. Larger hard drives can save more information. The widest hard drives are 500 GB, 1 TB and 2 TB. The amount of information that can be saved on this disk is completely contained in its volume. The hard drive in most cases connects to the motherboard via an additional SATA and IDE interface. For large hard drives, additional coolers are installed (in case of severe overheating).
Video card (graphics adapter, video adapter)- An element of a computer that indicates the fluidity with which videos are processed. The video cards are immediately connected to the motherboard via an additional PCI-Express slot, which is located on the motherboard. Therefore, we can use 2 to 4 video cards at a time. What will brighten up your PC graphics?
Most motherboards have a built-in video card. This function is completely sufficient for work in the office, with it you can play complex games and watch movies. For folding volumetric games with folding graphics and professional work with Photoshop, a video card is required.
Life block- Required for the operation of all EOM parts. Different blocks of life have a different tension. More computer elements will be added as you get older.
In addition, the soul has a built-in edge card, and also a built-in sound card. It also contains optical sockets and sockets for other computer components. Connect CD and DVD drives to the optical sockets. To expand the capabilities of the PC, PCI connectors should be made universal, so that various elements of the computer (for example, a tuner, adapter, sound card, etc.) can be connected to them.
This is short information about the main elements of a computer, which will help you get started with understanding about PCs and those who work on them.
In addition, if you want to build a computer with your own hands, you can take a course on this topic. It's really cool! I myself often take various courses, including PC courses. From the courses presented on Runet, I recommended the course by Maxim Negodov “Folding a computer from A to Z.”
In this course, the author examines in detail all the stages of assembling a computer, from A to Z. Having completed the course, you will be able to assemble a PC yourself with the basic elements, and build it yourself the way you want, and not the way the seller tells you shops.
You can also inspect and repair your computer automatically. You will need to call the master and pay a lot of money, which plays a significant role these days! Reporting information on the site is maximum. To enter your site, simply click on the image!
Friends, I advise you to install not the original HDD, but a solid-state SSD drive, as I created. You can get it on Aliexpress. Disks on the side range from 120 to 960 GB, which is actually 1 TB. Pridbati can be done for as long as possible.. Judging by the description, the disk is suitable for both computers and laptops.
From the screenshot you can see the disk volumes. If you need to install the system yourself, it is enough to add a 120 GB disk. As a full-fledged hard drive, then, in your opinion, from 480 to 960 GB. Why should I install Windows on my own hard drive? Your system will be activated in seconds! If you add a 1TB disk, all your programs will fly!
Look, you can choose for yourself SSD disk on the side... Tim, if you don't know what an SSD drive is, please read my article. What is an SSD drive?».
Also, at whose store you can get decent money video card for delivery.... Good luck!
Damn joke:
Personal computers have 2 parts: the hardware part - Hardware and the software - Software. Let’s also talk about the third part - Brainware - the intelligence of a developer who can effectively analyze both Hardware and Software. As described below, there is still no need for Hardware.
The Personal Computer warehouse includes:
System unit;
Keyboard;
Misha (standard PC configuration).
Whatever computer takes revenge:
Arithmetic-logical device (ALP),
Memory device (memory),
Fireproof device
The data input and output device (IDU) stores the program that is stored in its memory (John von Neumann architecture).
The SYSTEM UNIT includes devices that ensure the operation of the computer: a processor, a random access memory device (RAM), stored on small and hard magnetic disks, for life and others. The main devices of the computer (processor, RAM, etc.) house the motherboard.
There are three buttons on the system unit: a button (or key) to turn on/off the machine, a Reset button for restarting the machine, a Turbo button to change the machine’s speed code (Hi-high speed, Lo-low speed).
Devices for entering information: keyboard, mouse, magnetic disk drives, modem, computer connection, scanner, light pen, joystick, trackball, microphone, CD-ROM drive.
Devices for displaying information: monitor, printer, plotter, storage devices on magnetic disks, speakers, speakers, streamer, modem, computer storage.
PROCESSOR of applications for calculation, processing of information and control of computer work; RAM, stored on thin and hard magnetic disks - to save information.
Processors are characterized by speed code and capacity. Machines with a 286 speed code processor have 1 - 2 million operations per second at a clock frequency of 8 - 25 MHz.
Machines with a 386DX processor have speed code of 6 – 12 million operations per second at a clock frequency of 16 – 40 MHz.
Machines with a 486DX processor have speed code of 20 - 40 million operations per second at a clock frequency of 25 - 50 MHz.
Machines with a Pentium processor have speed code of 100–200 million operations per second at a clock frequency of 60–133 MHz.
For machines with a Pentium Pro (P6) processor, the speed code reaches 300 million operations per second at a clock frequency of 150-200 MHz.
Intel has released and widely distributed Pentium-2 microprocessors with clock frequencies of 300, 350 and 400 MHz, the productivity of which is 100% higher than that of the Pentium processor. Processors like Celeron are much worse than Pentium-2, but much cheaper. An even higher speed Pentium-3 processor has a clock frequency of 450-500 MHz. The Pentium-4 processor with a frequency of 4000 MHz has been separated.
The processor capacity can be set to 8, 16, 32, 64 bits. Processors 386DX, 486 and Pentium have a capacity of 32 bits, 286 and 386SX – 16 bits, Pentium-2 – Pentium-4 – 64 bits.
The computer's MEMORY is either internal or external. The internal memory is permanently updated with RAM (BIOS or CMOS Setup), RAM, Cache, and video memory. External memory devices are stored on hard and soft magnetic disks (HDD and FDD), CD-ROM, magneto-optical disk and tape drive.
OCP has a high speed and is processed by the processor to save information for a short time while the computer is running. In the case of a computer, live information in the OCP is not saved (discarded). Machines with a 286 processor have an average size of RAM of 1-2 MB, 386 - 2-8 MB, 486 - 8-16 MB, Pentium and P6 - 16-32 MB, Pentium 2 and Pentium 3 - 32-128 MB.
Cache memory is a supra-operative super-intermediate memory. CACHE reduces processor idle time, since the speed of exchange between the processor and the CACHE is higher than that of RAM. Having a 256 KB Cache can increase PC productivity by 20%. The size of the Cache memory is changed from 64 KB to 512 KB.
Storage on hard disks (FDD) and hard disks (HDD) is used for permanent storage of information. Every time you run a computer, vital information is saved on small and hard disks.
The capacity of the hard drive (hard drive) is set to 10 MB (on older machines) to 400 GB on modern ones.
The standard capacity of floppy disks is 1.2 MB (5.25 inches) or 720 KB or 1.44 MB (3.5 inches). Up to 650 MB of information is stored on CD-ROM laser discs. Also, the CD-ROM capacity is up to 5 – 10 GB. Magneto-optical disks of 3.5 inches with a capacity of 100, 160, 260 MB and more are also available.
The keyboard is intended for manually entering information into the computer. Use keys for Latin and Russian letters, numbers, symbols and special function keys. The number of keys on desktop machines is still 101/102 (even more have started to work). For machines like NoteBook (notepad), the number of keys is up to 83.
The computer keyboard consists of 6 groups of keys:
Literary-digital;
Keruyuchi (Enter, Backspace, Ctrl, Alt, Shift, Tab, Esc, Caps Lock, Num Lock, Scroll Lock, Pause, Print Screen);
Functional (F1-F12);
Digital keyboard;
Cursor control (->,<-, Page Up, Page Down, Home, End, Delete, Insert);
Light function indicators (Caps Lock, Num Lock, Scroll Lock).
MONITOR (display) is used for displaying information on the screen. Select text and graphic display modes. The displays show color and monochrome images. Most often, today's PCs use VGA monitors with a separate partition of 640*480 pixels when transmitting 16 colors and 320*200 for 256 colors, and SVGA monitors with a separate partition 800*600, 1024*768, 1081 up to 16.8 million colors. The monitor screen size is 9 to 21 inches (23-54 cm), or most often 17 inches (35.5 cm) or 19 inches (37.8 cm). The size of the speck (grain) is from 0.32 mm to 0.21 mm. The smaller the value, the better.
Video memory is a special RAM in which graphic images are formed. The most common size is 512 KB to 4 MB for the largest PCs for the implementation of 16.7 million colors. Desktop computers tend to interfere with TV monitors. Preference should be given to monitors with a low level of radiation (Low Radiation). Computers like NoteBook often use a rare crystal display. Vіn safe, nіzh television.
Other additional devices (mouse, printer, scanner, etc.) can be connected to a personal computer. Connections are made through ports - special connectors on the rear panel.
PORTS occur in parallel and successively. Through the serial port, information is transmitted bit by bit (more) over a small number of wires. The mouse and modem are connected to the serial port. Through a parallel port, information is transmitted simultaneously through a large number of wires, corresponding to the number of bits. The transmission fluidity in this case, other than the addition of wires, can be no more than 1.5 m. A printer and a hard drive are connected to the parallel port.
PRINTERS are used for both text and graphic images. There are matrix, jet and laser printers. They are connected to the parallel LPT1 port. Strumen and laser printers allow you to create different colors. Dot matrix printers come with a 9-pin and 24-pin head (larger, or brighter). The stench is similar to a drukarsky typewriter - it is carried out by hitting the matrix from the head through the barn stitch, which has a resource of about 500 arkush paper. Dot matrix printers are remarkably cheap and provide satisfactory quality to both English and Russian printers. The maximum output of the Epson FX-100 9-page printer is 244 dpi.
MISHA is a manipulator for controlling programs, similar to a bear. This greatly simplifies the management process, and many daily programs, such as Windows, simply cannot function normally without a mouse. Most programs use two or three mouse keys. The left key is the main one used by the computer. Vaughn plays the role of the Enter button. The functions of the right button are located in the program. You often press the Esc key. If you are a “shulga”, you can change the keys in places in a number of programs. For the mouse, you will need a special pinch for more reliable contact with the mouse when moving it around the table. Mishas are both mechanical and optical.
8). Characteristics of the main devices.
Processor (microprocessor, central processor, CPU) is the main microcircuit of a computer, which generates calculations. It is a large microcircuit (for example, the dimensions of a Pentium microprocessor are approximately 5*5*0.5 cm), which can be easily found on the motherboard. The processor has a large copper finned radiator that is cooled by a fan. Structurally, the processor is composed of centers in which data can be saved or changed. The internal parts of the processor are called registers. It is also important to note that the data that was processed in the register is not considered as data, but as commands for processing data in other registers. Among the processor registers there are those that must be modified in place of commands. In this manner, once the data has been entered into the various registries of the processor, you can process the data. Where is the wiki program based on?
With other computer devices, and most importantly with RAM, the processor is connected to many groups of conductors called buses. There are three main buses: the data bus, the address bus, and the command bus.
Bus addresses. Intel Pentium processors (the most widespread in personal computers) have a 32-bit address bus, which consists of 32 parallel lines. It is important to note that the voltage on each line appears to be set to one and zero. The combination of 32 zeros and one creates a 32-bit address, which points to one of the middle of the RAM. Before it, a processor is connected to copy data from the store into one of its registers.
Tire of tributes. This bus copies data from the RAM of the processor register and back. Computers built with Intel Pentium processors have a 64-bit data bus, which consists of 64 lines, which process 8 bytes at a time.
Command bus. This allows the processor to process the data required by the commands. It is your responsibility to know what to do with those bytes that are stored in your registers. These commands are received by the processor also from RAM, from these areas where large amounts of data are saved, and where data is saved by programs. Commands are also represented in byte format. The simplest commands are embedded in one byte, but others require two, three or more bytes. Most current processors have a 32-bit command bus (for example, the Intel Pentium processor), while some have 64-bit processors and even 128-bit processors.
Processor command system. During the process, the processor services the data in its registers, the RAM field, and sends data to external ports of the processor. Part of the data is interpreted as data, part of the data as address data, and part as commands. The totality of all possible commands that the processor can execute on data creates the so-called system of processor commands. Processors that belong to the same family, however, have similar command systems. Processors, which belong to different families, are separated by a system of commands and are irreplaceable.
The madness of processors. Since two processors use the same command system, there is a real confusion on the software level. This means that a program written on one processor can be modified by another processor. Processors that use different command systems are either absurd or interconnected on the software level.
Groups of processors, which may be interconnected, are considered to be families of processors. So, for example, all Intel Pentium processors belong to the so-called x86 family. The ancestor of this family was the 16-bit Intel 8086 processor, on the basis of which the first model of the IBM PC computer was based. Over the years, Intel 80286, Intel 80386, Intel 80486 Intel Pentium 60,66,75,90,100,133 processors have been released; several models of Intel Pentium MMX processors, Intel Pentium Pro, Intel Pentium II, Intel Celeron, Intel Xeon, Intel Pentium III (div. Fig. 2.3, a), Intel Pentium IV and others. All of these models, and not just a few, but also many models of processors from AMD and Cyrix come from the x86 family and are based on the “burn to the bottom” principle.
Main characteristics of processors. The main parameters of processors are: operating voltage, capacity, operating clock frequency, internal clock multiplier factor and cache memory size.
The operating voltage of the processor is provided by the motherboard, so different brands of processors require different motherboards (they need to be selected at the same time). With the development of processor technology, there is a gradual reduction in operating voltage. Early models of x86 processors had a low operating voltage of 5 V. With the transition to Intel Pentium processors, it was reduced to 3.3 V, and now it becomes less than 3 V. Moreover, the processor core operates at a reduced voltage of 2.2 V. Reduced operating voltage voltage allows you to change the distance between structural elements in the processor crystal up to ten-thousandths of a millimeter without fear of electrical breakdown. The heat dissipation in the processor changes in proportion to the square of the voltage, and this allows you to increase its productivity without the threat of overheating.
The processor capacity shows how many bits of data can be received and processed from its registers at a time (in one clock cycle). The first x86 processors were 16-bit. Starting with the 80386 processor, the 32-bit architecture stinks. Current processors of the Intel Pentium family are no longer 32-bit, although they operate on a 64-bit data bus (the processor capacity is determined not by the data bus capacity, but by the command bus capacity).
The robot processor is based on the same clock principle as in the most popular ones. The song of the skin command takes up a number of beats. The pendulum sets the rhythm for the wall yearbook; in a manual mechanical yearbook it is set by a spring pendulum; in the electronic yearbook for which there is a pulsating circuit that sets the beats of a strictly singing frequency. On a personal computer, the clock pulses are set by one of the microcircuits that is included in the microprocessor kit (chipset) installed on the motherboard. The higher the clock rate that goes into the processor, the more commands that can be executed per hour, the higher the productivity. The first x86 processors could operate at a frequency of no more than 4.77 MHz, and today’s operating frequencies of these processors already exceed 500 million cycles per second (500 MHz).
The processor receives clock signals from the motherboard, which, instead of the processor, is not silicon crystal, but a large set of conductors and microcircuits. For purely physical reasons, the motherboard cannot handle such high frequencies as a processor. Today the range is 100-133 MHz. To remove higher frequencies, the processor uses an internal frequency multiplication factor of 3; 3.5; 4; 4.5; 5 and more.
Data exchange within the processor occurs many times, including exchange with other devices, such as RAM. To change the amount of memory available to the RAM, create a buffer area in the middle of the processor - the so-called cache memory. Tse yak bi “supraoperative memory”. If the processor needs data, it will immediately flash to the cache memory, and only if there is no required data there, it will be flashed to the RAM. Receiving a block of data from RAM, the processor writes it immediately into cache memory. "Away" cache hits are called cache hits. Because of the larger size of the cache memory, high-performance processors are equipped with advanced cache memory.
The central processor (CPU, from the English Central Processing Unit) is the main operating component of the computer, which compiles arithmetic and logical operations specified by the program, controls the computational process and coordinates the operation of all computer devices.
The central processor has the following characteristics:
arithmetic-logical device;
shini data and shini address;
register;
team healers;
cache - even small memory (from 8 to 512 KB);
mathematical processor for numbers with floating point.
Today's processors are called microprocessors. Physically, the microprocessor has an integrated circuit - a thin plate of rectangular crystalline silicon with an area of just a few square millimeters, on which the circuits are placed, which implements all the functions of the processor. The crystal plate is designed to be placed in a plastic or ceramic flat case and is connected by gold wires with metal pins so that it can be attached to the computer’s system board.
The computing system may have a number of parallel processing processors; Such systems are called processor-rich. The computer's memory is made up of two elements that need to be remembered - bits, grouped in groups of 8 bits, which are called bytes. (Units of memory are stored with units of information). All bytes are numbered. The byte number is called its address.
Bytes can get together at the table, as they are also called in words. The skin computer is characterized by a single word count - two, no matter how many bytes it is. This does not include the use of the middle memory of another anniversary (for example, literally, a second word).
As a rule, one machine word can contain either one integer number or one command. However, variable formats for submitting information are permitted.
Larger units of memory are widely used: Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte, and also Terabyte and Petabyte.
Today's computers have a wide variety of memory devices, which differ greatly among themselves in terms of their functions, time characteristics, the amount of information that is stored, and the ability to save 'I need information.
There are two main types of memory - internal and external.
Internal memory. RAM.
The internal memory storage includes RAM, cache memory and non-volatile memory
Random access memory (RAM, Random Access Memory - memory with sufficient access) - this is a storage device of small volume, directly connected to the processor and used for recording, reading and saving programs. data, what to do with these programs.
RAM has no meaning, and the skin has its own unique address. The middle of the memory has a volume of 1 byte.
RAM has two powers: discreteness and addressability.
RAM is used only for the time-to-hour saving of data and programs; when the machine freezes, everything that was in the RAM is lost. Access to RAM elements is direct - this means that each memory byte has its own individual address.
The total RAM should be 128 - 256 MB, and the effective operation of daily software should be 512 - 1024 MB of RAM. Make sure that the RAM is combined with integrated DRAM memory chips (Dynamic RAM). DRAM chips perform better than other types of memory, but are cheaper to construct.
An important characteristic of memory modules is the hour of data access, which can be set to 60 - 80 nanoseconds.
Internal memory. Persistent memory.
The storage of internal memory includes permanent memory.
Persistent memory (ROM, English ROM, Read Only Memory - memory for reading only) - non-volatile memory, used to save data that does not require changes. The memory space is “sewn up” in a special manner at the device at the time of preparation for permanent storage. You can only read the ROM.
We first have to write down the program for controlling the robot of the processor itself. The ROM contains programs for the display, keyboard, printer, external memory, programs for launching computer components, and testing devices.
The most important permanent flash memory chip is the BIOS module.
BIOS (Basic Input/Output System - basic input-output system) - a set of programs designed for:
automatic testing of devices after upgrading the computer;
the dependence of the operating system on RAM.
A type of permanent memory is CMOS RAM.
CMOS RAM is a memory with low speed code and minimal battery consumption. Vikory is used to save information about the configuration and storage of the computer, as well as about the modes of its robot.
Instead of CMOS, you can change it with a special Setup program, like in BIOS (English: Set-up - install, read “setup”).
External memory. Different types of information carriers, their characteristics. Magnetic disks. Hard disks. Accumulated on CDs and DVDs.
External memory (EXM) is used for storing programs and data, and is useful for keeping the computer turned on and off. As opposed to RAM, external memory has no direct connection with the processor. Information from the CDF to the processor and then circulates approximately behind the stepping strap:
The computer's external memory storage includes:
storage on hard magnetic disks;
accumulated on magnetic magnetic disks;
hoarding on CDs;
storage on magneto-optical CDs;
accumulators on magnetic strips (streamers) etc.
A floppy disk is a device for storing small amounts of information on a floppy plastic disk in a dry coating. Used to transfer data from one computer to another and expand software security.
The method of recording dual information on a magnetic core is called magnetic encoding. It lies in the fact that the magnetic domains in the middle are arranged along each side of the directly applied magnetic field with their primary and secondary poles. Therefore, an unambiguous correspondence is established between the double information and the orientation of the magnetic domains.
Information is recorded in concentric tracks (tracks), which are divided into sectors. There are a number of tracks and sectors depending on the type and format of the floppy disk. The sector saves a minimal portion of information that can be written to or read from the disk. The sector capacity is constant and becomes 512 bytes.
On a floppy disk you can save 360 KB to 2.88 MB of information.
At this time of greatest expansion, floppy disks were available with the following characteristics: diameter 3.5 inches (89 mm), capacity 1.44 MB, number of tracks 80, number of sectors on tracks 18.
Storage on hard magnetic disks (HDD - Hard Disk Drive) or Winchester storage device - the largest mass device of high capacity, in which information is carried round aluminum plates - plotters, surfaces and which are covered with a ball of magnetic material. Vikorist for permanent saving of information - programs and data.
Like floppy disks, the working surfaces of plotters are divided into circular concentric tracks, and the tracks into sectors. The read-write heads together with their structure, which carries them, and the disks are placed in a hermetically sealed housing, called a data module. When the data module is installed on the disk drive, it automatically connects to the system, which pumps cleaned refrigeration into the air.
The top of the plotter has a magnetic coating with a thickness of just 1.1 microns, as well as a ball of oil to prevent the head from getting hurt when lowering and rising while moving. When wrapping the plotter, a winding ball is placed over it, which ensures a cushion of the hovering head at a height of 0.5 microns above the surface of the disk.
Winchester storage devices have an even greater capacity: from hundreds of Megabytes to hundreds of GBs. In current models, the spindle speed reaches 7200 revolutions per spindle, the average data processing time is 10 ms, the maximum transfer speed is up to 40 MB/s.
When replaced as a floppy disk, the hard drive spins continuously.
The Winchester storage device is connected to the processor through the hard disk controller.
All day-to-day accumulators use a memory cache (64 KB or more), which greatly increases their productivity.
The CD-ROM is folded from a clear polymer base with a diameter of 12 cm and a thickness of 1.2 mm. One side is coated with a thin aluminum ball, protected from damage by the ball of varnish. Two pieces of information include the latest drawings of the pits and the main ball (land).
One inch (2.54 cm) of disk radius accommodates 16 thousand tracks of information. For equalization, there are less than 96 tracks per inches along the radius of the floppy disk. CD capacity up to 780 MB.
Positive features of CD-ROM:
With small physical dimensions, CD-ROMs have a high information capacity, which allows them to be used in advanced systems and in initial complexes with rich illustrative material; one CD, approximately the size of a floppy disk, contains up to 500 such floppy disks for information purposes;
Reading information from a CD is performed at high speed, equaled by the speed of the hard drive;
CDs are simple and easy to handle and practically do not wear out;
It is impossible to quickly erase information on a CD-ROM;
The storage capacity for data (1 MB storage) is low.
Instead of magnetic disks, CDs do not have many circular tracks, but one spiral one, like a gramophone recorder. In connection with the cym, the elasticity of the wrapping of the disc is not stable. The value changes linearly as the magnetic head that reads is inserted into the center of the disk.
To work with a CD-ROM, you need to connect a CD-ROM drive (CD-ROM Drive) to your computer, in which CDs can be changed like the original programmer. CD-ROM storage devices are often called CD-ROM processors or CD-ROM drives.
CD sections containing the characters “0” and “1” are affected by the laser image coefficient, which is intended to be stored on the CD-ROM. These signals are captured by a photocell, and the signal is converted into a continuous sequence of zeros and ones.
Over the years, CD-ROMs have been replaced by digital video discs (DVDs). These discs are the same size as the original CD, but can hold 4.7 GB of data. You must replace these with standard CD-ROM drives. In addition, the capacity of DVD discs will increase to 17 GB. On such discs, full-screen video films, training programs, multimedia games and much more will be released.
9). External memory refers to the external memory of the computer - long-term storage of a large number of different files (programs, data, etc.). A device that records/reads information is called a storage device, and the information is stored on the device. The most widespread are the following types of accumulations:
Accumulated on flexible magnetic disks (NGMD) of two different types, available on disks with a diameter of 5.25" (capacity 1.2 MB) and disks with a diameter of 3.5" (capacity 1.44 MB);
Accumulated on hard magnetic disks (HDD) with an information capacity of 1 to 10 GB;
Accumulated CD-ROM capacity 640 MB;
The storage capacity of DVD-ROM is up to 17 GB.
Obstruction
The basis for recording, storing and reading information is based on two physical principles, magnetic and optical.
Flat drives and flat drives rely on the magnetic principle. With the magnetic method of recording information, a magnetic nose (a disk coated with a ferromagnetic varnish) vibrates with the help of magnetic heads.
During the recording process, the head with a core made of magnetic material (small excess magnetization) moves towards the magnetic ball of the magnetically hard nose (high excess magnetization). Electrical impulses create a magnetic field in the head, which consistently magnetizes (1) or does not magnetize (0) the elements of the wearer.
When the magnetization information of the nose part is read, a pulse is generated from the magnetic head (an indication of electromagnetic induction).
The information carriers take the form of a disk and are placed in an envelope made of slit paper (5.25”) or a plastic case (3.5”). At the center of the disk there is a hole (or storage device) to ensure the disk is wrapped in the drive, which is carried out at a constant speed of 300 rps.
The envelope (case) has a double opening through which information can be recorded/read. On the side edge of floppy disks (5.25”) there is a small visor that allows you to write, but if you cover the viriz with an opaque sticker, writing becomes impossible (disc theft). For 3.5” floppy disks, recording protection is ensured by a secure clamp on the lower left corner of the plastic case.
The disk can be formatted, then. The physical and logical structure of the disk must be created. During the formatting process, concentric tracks are created on the disk, which are divided into sectors, for which the drive head places track and sector labels in the first places on the disk.
Hard magnetic disks are folded from many disks placed on one axis and wrapped with high density (several thousand wraps per sheet) and placed in a metal case. The large information capacity of hard disks is achieved by increasing the number of tracks on the skin disk to several thousand, and the number of sectors on the road to several dozen. The high-speed wrapping of the disks allows for high speed reading/writing of information (over 5 MB/s).
CD-ROMs store the optical principle of reading information. The information on a CD-ROM disc is recorded on one spiral-like track (like on a recorder) to accommodate sections that are mixed with different content that is displayed. The laser pulse falls on the surface of the CD-ROM disk, which turns around, the intensity of the generated pulse ranges from 0 to 1. With the help of a photoconverter, the sounds are transformed in a sequence of electrical impulses.
The fluidity of reading information on a CD-ROM storage device depends on the fluidity of the disk wrapping. The first CD-ROM drives were single-size and provided a speed of reading information of 150 Kb/s, now 24-speed CD-ROM drives are becoming increasingly popular, which ensure speed Reading information up to 3.6 Mb/s.
The information capacity of a CD-ROM disk can be up to 640 MB. CD-ROM discs are either pressed (white color discs) or recorded (yellow color discs) on special devices called CD-recorders.
DVD-ROM discs (digital video discs) have a larger information capacity (up to 17 GB), because Information can be recorded on two sides, two balls on one side, and the tracks themselves are smaller in size.
The first generation of DVD-ROM storage devices provided information reading speed of approximately 1.3 MB/s. Currently, 5-speed DVD-ROMs achieve reading speeds of up to 6.8 MB/s.
There are CD-R and DVD-R discs (R - Recordable) that have a golden color. Special CD-R and DVD-R drives can add a powerful laser, which, during the process of recording information, changes the number of sections on the surface of the recorded disc. Information on such discs may only be recorded once.
There are also CD-RW and DVD-RW discs (RW - Rewritable, which can be rewritten), which are printed with a “platinum” print. Special CD-RW and DVD-RW drives, in the process of recording information, also change the size of adjacent sections of the surface of the disc, so the information on such discs may be recorded in bulk. Before rewriting, the recorded information is “erased” by heating the surface of the disk using a laser.
10).Scanners and printers.
Scanners have raster devices for entering an image from the original - the image on a paper or flipper. When scanned, a fragment of the original appears in white light; the light is focused on the photocoupler - CCD (CCD - a device with a charging link, the English term is a Couple-Charged Device, CCD). The line is lightly converted to accumulated charge, whose “profile” (laid out in a row) is captured by the line and subsequently output to the DAC. Thus, a digital stream is produced that reflects the brightness of the elements (pixels) of the row. The digitized image is stored in the internal memory of the scanner, the carriage with the lamp and the line is removed, and the next row is scanned. The memory performs advanced image processing and the data is output through an external computer interface. The procedure for transferring data is determined by the type of data, color depth and size of the scanned area. The flow of data can be large, so the interface can become a narrow place, which means the productivity of entering images. The productivity of the scanner depends on both the scanner settings and the computer settings, including any connections (including large amounts of RAM and disk drive).
There are scanners of different designs that differ in their meanings, parameters and prices.
In hand-held scanners, the head with the lamp is moved by hand. Handheld scanners are cheap (they have folding mechanics), and are geometric
This accuracy is low (depending on the hardness of the operator’s hand). Hand-held scanners allow you to scan any surface, including the inside walls of boxes and outer walls.
In the most advanced flatbed scanners, the original is placed on a glass table (like a copy machine) and a carriage with a lamp and a ruler is automatically pushed under it. These scanners, at a reasonable price, will ensure high accuracy, as well as the size of the original (A4, A3).
In sheet-fed (roll) scanners, the sheet is pulled over a non-fragile carriage (like a fax machine) either manually or by a drive. The advantage is that there is no additional credit to the original (you can scan rolls of recorders).
For drum scanners, the original is inserted into the drum; The wrapping of the drum and the movement of the head (lamp with photocoupler) make it possible to perform sequential scanning on one photocoupler. This ensures a very high color transfer intensity (accuracy and dynamic range), since all image points are captured (consistently) with one photo receiver. In other types of scanners, there is a problem due to the non-identity of the CCD line elements. Drum scanners are very expensive.
For color scanning, the image is divided into base colors (RGB). Tripass scanners have one line and their own light filter is installed on the skin pass. In single-pass scanners, the light is divided into 3 streams, and the skin is transferred through its own light filter to its line.
The main parameters of the scanner are determined by its optics and mechanics.
Optical separation (shown in dpi) is the separation horizontally, which is indicated by the separation of the CZZ matrix. The vertical speed is called mechanical, and it is determined by the size of the motor and drive. Mechanical has made it easier to move, and may be better than optical. By internal processing of the image in the scanner, the separation of both axes is verified. Tsei received the title of interpolation, and may be awarded for optical science. You can set smaller interpolation separation (pixel sharing), which changes the flow of data that is transferred when scanned to the computer.
The depth of the color is determined by the bit capacity of the ADC. Most often, add-ons require 24 bits per pixel. The internal bit capacity of the scanner can be high (30-36 bits), which allows color correction to be performed without wasting money. True, young people can make noise.
The dynamic scanning range is defined as the difference between the maximum and minimum optical powers1 of the original that are captured by the scanner. Basically, the optical density lies in the ADC core. For different people
1 Optical density (Density, D) is expressed in logarithmic units: D - lg(/iuu//orp)" bright) light. 0.0 D – ideal white color, 4.0 D – ideal black color.
originals have a characteristically different dynamic range: a newspaper paper will provide a range of no more than 0.9; rated - 1.5-1.9; photographs - 2.3; photographic melts, slides – 2.8-4.0. Cheap scanners have a dynamic range of 18-25; color tablets – 2.5-3.8; drums – 3.4-4.0.
Scanning fluidity: can be heavily deposited on the computer and interface (ideally, scanning occurs continuously, more often - in parts).
The scanner can be equipped with additional hanging elements: an automatic document feeder (replaces the cover, the originals are stretched, the carriage does not dry out), a slide module (replaces the cover and replaces the lamp on the scanner carriage). Scanning slides has its own peculiarities: the scanner must rely on transmission (rather than image) and therefore a large dynamic range.
To connect scanners, different interfaces are used:
| The SCSI interface provides high transmission speed. Sometimes, a simple SCSI adapter is supplied with the scanner, which serves for this connection, otherwise it reduces the speed of the robot.
The USB 2.0 interface (optional) provides speed up to 24 MB/s, USB 1.0 - up to 1.2 MB/s.
The LPT port must operate in ECP/EPP mode, otherwise the speed will be extremely low.
The 1394 (FireWire) interface will provide high flexibility, without sacrificing.
For non-standard interfaces to the scanner, a special board is required.
To work with scanners, use the standard program (driver and graphical interface) TWAIN (Tool Without An Interesting Name), which will ensure the interaction of the scanner with application software packages. Its functions include setting parameters and scanning areas, forward scanning and viewing, color correction and image post-processing, data transfer to add-ons.
For professional work with a scanner, calibration is required: setting color correction parameters for special test images. The printer is an external EOM device used for displaying information on a hard surface in a symbolic or graphic form.
The classification of printers can be carried out according to the following criteria: the output method, the principle of image formation, the registration method and the principle of process control.
In addition to displaying images, printers are divided into two groups: symbolic and graphic. Character printers can output information in the form of surrounding characters in the world on their own devices. When one cycle is repeated, one character is formed (according to the PU symbol). In row PUs, the transfer to each other is only possible after the buffer memory is filled, since the capacity is equal to one row. Side-by-side PUs are formed by hand and deconstructed the entire side in one cycle.
Graphic printers display information not as whole characters, but as dots and lines. The number of dots per unit indicates the separateness of the printer, which means a different amount of space in the direction: horizontally and vertically. In printers of this type, the skin point has coordinates, which are the address of the point.
Based on the principle of image formation, PU images are divided into three types: letter, matrix and coordinate (vector). Electrics and electromagnetism Course of lectures in physics
Letters of the device display information in the form of symbols, such as the graphic features of this device. The letters are formed during the preparation of the printer, applied to special elements or lettering of the font wheel, and do not change when the printer is operated without replacing the font.
Matrix PUs output information as symbols formed from adjacent points, combined into a symbolic matrix. The dot matrix printer head has a vertical row of heads, each of which can produce the smallest image element - a pixel (speck). The next symbol appears when the head is moved horizontally. If the symbol that extends the hand is larger in size, so that the other head can be secured, such a symbol fights for a number of passages, after the skin is affected by vertical movement (along the other head) Wearing an image (for example, paper).
One of the most important characteristics of a dot matrix printer is the number of heads with which images are formed. Another printer head may have 9.18 or 24 heads, which are arranged vertically in 1-2 rows. Depending on the number of heads, their size and size, the softness and softness of the hand lies. The strength of the hand is regulated by alternating modes: Draft (dark draft in one pass), LQ (finish draft), NLQ (holding draft) and means the speed of the draft (the number of characters per second) and the separation (the number of points that forged on one inch). Dot matrix printers have a head diameter of approximately 0.2 mm, a speed of 180 to 400 characters per second (in Draft mode), and a separate output of 360 x 360 pixels per inch.
Coordinate PUs - plotters, graphical prompters - display information both textual and graphic, or in the form of dots that are directly addressed, or formed from different lines - the so-called “line” image. In the hour of increasing economical tasks, coordinate control units are rarely used.
For additional registration, the PU images are divided into drums and non-voices.
PU shock action forms images on the paper, squeezing the relief image for a short period of time with the help of an additional blow for a short period of time to the symbol of any part that forms the lines on the paper. Sometimes the farb is applied to the surface of the letter, the line in this form is daily.
There are printers that produce high-impact paper, the color of which is changed for the sake of mechanical action to a new one without additional printing.
The PU of a naked girl is characterized by the fact that the image on the paper is applied through the middle nose, which is sensitive to electric current, electrostatic field, magnetic field, and the other way the middle nose is located near the appearance of the drum. The image is applied to it by laser, with the help of magnetic heads and so on. Then the image appears on the crotch of the nose - a mixture of dry barberry and powder is applied to the surface of the drum, which “sticks” to the image fixed on the drum (for example, if the image was applied to the drum by a magnetic field, as the powder vicorizes the particles ). After this, a clean arkush paper “sticks” to the drum, which is transferred from the drum. The sheet with the barberry rolled onto it is subject to heat treatment - it is heated until the barberry melts, which rarely penetrates the pores of the paper and firmly adheres to it. After melting the barberry, the dots around them melt into one whole, so the image brightness is high. The distribution rate of such printers is very high. For example, Lazerjet III and Lazerjet IV laser printers provide 300-600 dpi. Print speed in laser printers varies with the number of sides per sheet and becomes 4-12 sides/xw with a monochrome print and 2-6 sides/xw with a color print.
Thermal printers, which use heat-sensitive paper, which changes its color due to thermal changes, and inkjet printers, such as rare ink, are also used before the PU. be in the head. The head is open, so you can’t twist through it through the forces of the surface tension. In the middle of the head there is a thermistor, which, when a new pulse is applied to the stream, heats up the barn, which is greater than its evaporation. Barnwort vapor penetrates through the hole in the chub and is lost onto the papier near the droplet. Due to the fact that the head can work with a large number of barrows, color inkjet printers are also produced. The degree of heating of the thermistor can be adjusted by the amount of ink that is ejected, and therefore the size and brightness of the dot. Set the output of inkjet printers to 360 to 720 pixels per inch. The thickness is 4-10 sides per piece. The inkjet printer's secondary head ranges from 48 to 416 openings (nozzles).
Regardless of the great diversity of printer types, the importance of the principles of printing with a signet is more important than the methods of character generation. A matrix printer, as well as most non-shaded printers, form images from adjacent dots to create a character matrix.
Select the code combinations that characterize the shape of the characters on the matrix, creating a matrix font (font), which is entered into the character generator device, which is memorized.
The leather font (font) is a set of letters, numbers and special symbols, designed in a consistent manner.
An alternative to matrix vector sign generation. Vector fonts will be based on a mathematical description of the shape of the symbol. Vector character generation is characterized by the ease of changing shape, size, and small fonts, which are called fonts that can be easily scaled. The generation of fonts and rendering of images through the process of rendering images is done using a special tool for vector fonts (PCL, PostScript).
With the use of vector fonts, a mathematical description of the shape of the skin symbol; from the arrangement of its dimensions and style, it is converted before printing onto a matrix form according to the specific dimensions of the printer matrix. And, as we know, stagnation of matrix processors, transputers, which imposes a serious jam on the architecture of the printer control system.
11) Display and multimedia.
Display - an electronic device for displaying information, used for visual display of detailed information system of the end device (synonymous with the term, also known as the surface that displays є, not devices) є “screen”).
Vikorist (stay at the warehouse of electronic devices) in all cases, if you need to display sufficient information (within the resolution of this display): computer monitors, TVs, information boards, phones, ov consoles too. etc.
Next, we differentiate between the concepts of “display” (from display devices), as part of the device, and “monitor” (from various display types - EPT, RK, plasma, etc.). For example, a mobile phone in its warehouse has a display for displaying information (not a “monitor”), or it can also be used as a monitor.
Also, display the “display” (say RK-display), which displays sufficient information from a set of pixels of its matrix, and the “indicator” (say RKI), which displays fixations Information from segments and today's rich functional indicators are also called displays.
[ed.]Touch displays
Nowadays, touch screens have expanded, and there are several types of smells:
Resistive displays
Projection-emnis displays
Surface-mounted displays
Displays on surface-acoustic panels
Touch-scanning displays
Multimedia – the interaction of visual and audio effects under the control of interactive software with a variety of current technical and software features, combining text, sound, graphics, photos, video in one digital representation .
For example, one container object can contain text, audio, graphic and video information, as well as, possibly, a method of interactive interaction with it.
The term multimedia is also often used to designate information media that allows you to save valuable data and ensure easy access to it (the first media of this type is CD - compact disk). In this case, the term multimedia means that the computer can use such media and provide information to the user through various types of data, such as audio, video, animation, images and other dates from traditional methods of providing information, such as text. Ultimedia can be roughly classified as linear or non-linear.
An analogue of the linear method of manifestation can be cinema. Lyudina, who is looking at this document, cannot in any way put her finger on it.
The non-linear method of presenting information allows people to participate in the information provided, interacting with the way multimedia data is displayed. The part of a person in this process is also called “interactivity”. This method of interaction between a person and a computer is most often represented in categories of computer games. A non-linear way of presenting multimedia data is sometimes called hypermedia.
As an example of a linear and non-linear way of presenting information, one can consider such a situation as conducting a presentation. If the presentation has been recorded and shown to the audience, then with this method of conveying information, those watching this presentation will not be able to get into additional evidence. During a live presentation, the audience may be able to interact with the audience in other ways, which allows for additional understanding of the presentation, such as explanations of terms or We will also highlight in more detail the essential parts of the evidence. Thus, a live presentation can be presented as a non-linear (interactive) way of presenting information.
[ed.] Possibility
Local (records)
Online (streaming)
Multimedia presentations can be performed by people on stage, shown through a projector, or on another local production device. Widespread broadcast of the presentation can be either “live” or recorded later. Widespread broadcast or recording may be based on analogue or electronic technologies for storing and transmitting information. It should be noted that online multimedia can be downloaded to the user’s computer and created in any way, or created directly from the Internet using additional data streaming technology. Multimedia that is created using additional data streaming technology can be both “live” and hope to be used.
Multimedia games are games that interact with a virtual environment, such as a computer. The state of the virtual middle is transmitted to graves using various methods of transmission (auditory, visual, tactile). At this time, all games on your computer or game console are located before multimedia games. Please note that this type of game can be played either on a local computer or console, or with other players through local or global connections.
Different multimedia data formats can be used to make it easier for everyone to understand the information. For example, it is better to provide information in text form, but also to illustrate it with audio or video clip. So the very present mystique can be revealed in the everyday, original speech of a new look.
Laser show – “live” multimedia show
Various forms of information provide the ability to interact interactively with the information. Online multimedia is increasingly becoming object-oriented, allowing people to work on information without losing specific knowledge. For example, in order to post a video on YouTube or Yandex.Video, the user does not require knowledge of video editing, information coding and compression, or knowledge of how to set up web servers. The user simply selects a local file and thousands of other users of the video service can watch the new video.
[ed.] Terminology
Different interpretations of the term “multimedia” -
[ed.] Vikoristannya
Multimedia has its place in a variety of fields, including, without limitation, advertising, literature, lighting, entertainment industry, technology, medicine, mathematics, business, scientific research and time-based programs (Div. Banerj). i & Ghosh, 2010). Then only some of the butts should be aimed.
Osvita
In the field of multimedia, vikorist is used for creating computer-based beginner courses (popularly called CBTS) and advanced books, such as encyclopedias and collections. CBT allows the student to go through a series of presentations, thematic text and related illustrations of different formats for presenting information. Edutainment is an informal term that is used to describe awareness and excitement, especially multimedia excitement. Over the past decade, the theory has been significantly expanded in connection with the emergence of multimedia. There were a number of direct observations, such as the theory of cognitive acquisition, multimedia learning, and others. The possibilities for learning and learning are perhaps endless. The idea of media convergence also becomes one of the most important factors in the field of lighting, especially in the field of high lighting. It refers to technologies such as voice (and telephone functions), databases (and related programs), video technologies, which simultaneously use resources and interact one with one, synergistically creating new and efficiency, media convergence – this is the main thing changes rapidly. course of disciplines that are presented in universities around the world. In addition, it changes the visibility or availability of such work, which will require these “savvy” technological skills. Newspaper companies are trying to exploit a new phenomenon by introducing new practices into their work. And while some may come to the fore, other great newspapers such as The New York Times, USA Today and the Washington Post are setting a precedent for the positioning of the newspaper industry in a globalized world.
Software developers can use multimedia in computer simulators for anything: from passion to science, for example: military or military science. Multimedia for software interfaces is often created as a collaboration between creative professionals and software developers.
Promislovist
In the industrial sector, multimedia is used as a way of presenting information to shareholders, stakeholders and colleagues. Multimedia is also useful in organizing personnel training, advertising and product sales around the world, with the help of virtually uninterrupted web technologies.
Mathematical and scientific research
In mathematical and scientific research, multimedia is mainly used for modeling and simulation. For example: you can always look at the molecular model of any speech and manipulate it in order to reject another speech. Scientific research can be found in journals such as the Journal of Multimedia.
Medicine
Doctors can also prepare for additional virtual operations or simulators of the human body affected by illness, viruses and bacteria, thus testing the device in connection with the object (USO) in A SUTP for connecting analog and digital parameters of a real technological object .
Main functions of the USO:
normalization of an analog signal – reduction to one of the standard ranges of ADC input signals;
forward low-frequency filtering of the analog signal - de-mixing the range of frequencies using the method of neutralizing the transcode;
ensuring galvanic insulation between the signals and channels of the system.
Also, the ICD warehouse may include ADCs, discrete input-output devices, microprocessors, data transfer interfaces.
See the USO for the nature of the signal that is being generated:
analog (ADC, DAC, etc.);
discrete;
digital.
Tipi USO for direct passage of data:
input devices – interception of sensor signals;
output devices – forming signals for electronic mechanisms;
bidirectional devices.
12). Interface.
To connect hard magnetic disks to a microprocessor kit, one of 5 types of interfaces is used:
· ESDI (Enhanced Small Device Interface);
· SCSI (Small Computer System Interface);
· IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) is the same as ATA (AT Attachement);
· EIDE (Enhanced-IDE).
SCSI is the industry standard for connecting devices such as hard drives, tape drives, removable and optical drives, etc.
This interface allows for parallel transfer of data (byte by byte) with parity control, which significantly improves the speed of your work. It is not only installed in IBM-based EOMs, but also in VAX, Macintosh, SPARCstation, etc. It services up to 8 devices per hour (one of which is the main (host) SCSI adapter). The SCSI host adapter takes over the BIOS and occupies 16 KB of upper memory area (UMB).
The interface will provide remote storage up to 6 m with in-phase operation and up to 25 m with differential connection (flow loop).
Communication between devices on the SCSI bus is carried out according to a high-level protocol. Exchange control programs are built on CCS (Common Command Set) - a universal set of commands that provide access to data on a logical level (on the ESDI domain).
SCSI software does not operate on the physical characteristics of hard disks (the number of cylinders, heads, etc.), but only deals with logical blocks.
For 32-bit microprocessors, the SCSI-2 interface appeared, the specification for which was introduced as a “wide” version of the data bus - an additional 24 lines. The “wide” version was split into “fast” SCSI-2 with a productivity of 10 Mbit/s. A multi-channel network allows you to increase the productivity of the backbone up to 40 Mbit/s.
The interface can organize a series of commands, and the warehouse of commands is expanded. The release of SCSI-3 is planned, which will allow you to connect more devices and ensure work with an additional cable.
The IDE interface (also known as ATA, AT-bus, PC/AT, Task File) was introduced to AT and XT customers in 1988. as an inexpensive alternative to ESDI and SCSI interfaces. Its responsibility is the implementation of the controller function in the accumulative itself. This solution allows you to speed up the number of signals that are transmitted between the motherboard and the storage device (by removing one 40-wire cable), increasing the productivity of the hard drive from 5 to 10 Mbit/s. The controller has hardware features such as cache memory, translators of the physical parameters of the disk in a logical manner, which allows it to detect non-standard storage parameters.
The release of small-sized computers such as "lap-top" and "notebook" squeezed the shortening of the size of both the hard drive and the controller, so the new concept of the IDE interface became dominant among them.
13) The translator is a program on the basis of which the machine transforms the programs that are entered into it, onto the machine language, since the computing machine can convert the programs recorded by only my machine, and the algorithms specified by another machine, responsible for them icons translated by machine .
The programming system can also include:
· libraries of standard subprograms,
· Manager
· Composer
· and other service features
Translator (English translator - relay) is a relay program. Vaughn is transforming a program written by one of the highest ranks into a program that consists of machine commands.
Translators are implemented as compilers and interpreters. From the looks of it, the compiler and interpreter are quite different.
Date added: 2017-02-24
BASIC IMPORTANCE OF INFORMATION SCIENCE
A personal computer (PC or IBM PC) is an electronic computing machine (EOM), intended for work in dialogue with people (koristuvach).
INFORMATION SCIENCE is a science that determines the structure and greatest power of information, its search, saving, transfer and processing from EOM.
INFORMATION - this is information about the object and the appearance of excessive middle ground, their parameters, power and power.
FILE is the name of the memory on the outside. Files can store texts, documents, programs, small items, etc.
DIRECTORY - the place on the disk in which files are saved.
PROGRAMMING - this is the preparation of the data to be installed on the computer.
An algorithm is a sequence of commands that lead to any event.
Generation EOM
First generation of computers on electronic tubes (1946-1956). The speed of the first machines involved thousands of operations per second.
Another generation- Computers on transistors (1956-1964). Transistor-based computers have dramatically changed their size, weight, weight, and increased speed and reliability. A typical domestic machine (Minsk, Ural series) contained approximately 25 thousand transistors.
Third generation- computers on microcircuits with a minimal level of integration (1964-1971). Microcircuits made it possible to improve the speed and reliability of the EOM, reduce dimensions, weight and light weight.
Fourth generation- computers on microprocessors (1971-now). A microprocessor is an arithmetic and logical device that most often looks like one microcircuit with a high level of integration.
Five generations(More promising) - this is the EOM, which uses new technologies and a new element base, for example, large-scale integrated circuits, optical and magneto-optical elements, which operate with the help of a special power supply, equipped with great databases. It is also possible to transfer elements of human intelligence and recognition of visual and sound images. Such projects are being developed in industrially-prone countries.
PERSONAL COMPUTER WAREHOUSE
Personal computers have 2 parts: the hardware part - Hardware and the software - Software.
The Personal Computer warehouse includes:
1) System unit;
2) Monitor;
3) Keyboard;
4) Misha (standard PC configuration).
Whatever computer takes revenge:
1) Arithmetic-logical device (ALP),
2) memory device (memory),
3) Ceramic device
4) The data input and output device (IDD) writes a program that is stored in its memory (John von Neumann architecture).
SYSTEM UNIT includes devices that ensure the operation of the computer: processor, random access memory (RAM), storage on compact and hard magnetic disks, life support, etc.
PROCESSOR purposes for calculating, processing information and controlling computer work; RAM, stored on thin and hard magnetic disks - to save information.
MEMORY The computer is internal and external. The internal memory is permanently updated with RAM (BIOS or CMOS Setup), RAM, Cache, and video memory. External memory devices are stored on hard and soft magnetic disks (HDD and FDD), CD-ROM, magneto-optical disk and tape drive.
NAKOPICHUVACHI Flexible (FDD) and hard disk (HDD) magnetic disks are used for permanent storage of information. Every time you run a computer, vital information is saved on small and hard disks.
KEYBOARD purposes for manually entering information into a computer. Use keys for Latin and Russian letters, numbers, symbols and special function keys.
The computer keyboard consists of 6 groups of keys:
1) Letter-digital;
2) Keruyuchi (Enter, Backspace, Ctrl, Alt, Shift, Tab, Esc, Caps Lock, Num Lock, Scroll Lock, Pause, Print Screen);
3) Functional (F1-F12);
4) Digital keyboard;
5) Cursor control (->,<-, Page Up, Page Down, Home, End, Delete, Insert);
6) Light function indicators (Caps Lock, Num Lock, Scroll Lock).
MONITOR(Display) functions for displaying information on the screen. Select text and graphic display modes. The displays show color and monochrome images.
Video memory- This is a special RAM in which graphic images are formed.
PORTI b Some are parallel and some are sequential. Through the serial port, information is transmitted bit by bit (more) over a small number of wires. The mouse and modem are connected to the serial port. Through a parallel port, information is transmitted simultaneously through a large number of wires, corresponding to the number of bits.
3. Understand about software.
Security software (PP)- this is a set of programs that allows you to organize the highest level of EOM tasks. The software and architecture of the EOM (hardware) create a complex of mutually dependent and diverse functional features of the EOM, which indicate the superiority of each task class.
It is necessary to separate the PP and mathematical security (MO).
MO- These are mathematical methods and algorithms that will ensure the fulfillment of the tasks set. The security program is divided into 3 classes: system software, applied software and programming systems (instrumental systems).
1. Systematic protection organizes the process of processing information in the EOM. The main part of the system software is the Operating System (OS). System software also includes programs for diagnosing and monitoring computer robots, archivers, antivirus programs, disk maintenance programs, software shells, drivers for external devices, middleware and telecommunication programs.
2. Application of PZ appointments for the senior singing class of the Koristuvachiv Department. Find packages of application programs (for example, MS Works) and libraries of standard programs (for example, MathCad for calculating functions, generating graphs and solving equations). Before the application software there are text and graphic editors, electronic spreadsheets, database management systems (DBMS), graphic editors of computer-aided design systems (CAD), automated workstations (AWS) of an accountant, secretary, etc. Liquid systems, initial and testing programs, game programs. Use of the most important application programs: Word, Excel, Works, Lexicon, Paint Brush, AutoCad.
3. The most important part of the PP is Programming systems(tool systems) that allow the development of new software programs. Applications of the most important programming systems: Turbo Pascal, QBasic, Borland C++, Visual Basic.
4. Interface concept. Types of interfaces.
1. Interface- this is a method of combining a computer with a personal computer, a computer with application programs, and programs among themselves. The interface serves for the user-friendliness of computer software. Interfaces can be single-task or multi-tasking, single-cost and multi-tasking. Interfaces differ from each other in terms of the control of software and the way to launch programs. Create universal interfaces that allow all ways to launch programs.
2. Types of interfaces.
Interfaces vary depending on the method of access to program command files.
2.1. Command-line (text) interface.
To use a computer, a command is written (entered from the keyboard) in the command line, for example, in the program’s command file or in specially reserved service words by the operating system. The team can be canceled if necessary. Then after entering the command, press the Enter key. Denmark
2.2. Graphical all-screen interface.
There is usually a menu system with prompts at the top of the screen. The menu often disappears. To use the computer, the screen cursor or mouse cursor, after searching in the directory tree, is placed on the program command files (*.exe, *.com, *.bat) and to launch the program, press Enter or the right mouse button. Different files may appear as different colors or different colors. Directories (folders) are supported by files the size of a small one.
2.3. Graphic rich icon-based pictographic interface.
There is a desktop (DeskTop) on which to place icons (icons or program icons). All operations are carried out, as a rule, by the target. To use the computer, move the mouse cursor to the icon and start the program by clicking the left mouse button on the icon.