Electric symbols. A short look at mental symbols, like electrical circuits. Standard smart graphics and letters for designating electrical circuit elements
Knowing the filthy appearance of the radio components, you can be very excited about the radio-electronic device, but still the radio amator will have to draw on the paper the outlines of the parts and the connection between them.
Back in the last century, using the method of saving design and circuit solutions of radio devices, radio pioneers built their little ones. If you marvel at these little ones, you can see that the stench of Vikonan is on a very high artistic level.
The wine-makers themselves were hesitant, since the artists’ requests were too small. The small details of the design and the assembly of parts were taken from nature.
In order not to waste large sums of money on painting radio-technical devices and making it easier for many designers, little ones began to work with simple things. This made it possible to significantly repeat the design in another place and at the same time save the circuit design for the pads. The first design schemes appeared at the beginning of the 19th century.
It could take up to an hour to paint a similar-looking part, which sometimes costs money, even though it was possible to use computers and programs for painting circuits.
The details were painted meticulously. So, for example, in 1905 the inductor coil was depicted in isometry, in a trivial space, with all the details, frame, winding, number of turns (Fig. 1). Through the depiction of details and their connection, they began to work intellectually, symbolically, and while preserving their particularity.
Small 1. Evolution of the mental graphic image of the inductor on electrical circuits
In 1915 The little circuits disappeared, they stopped representing the frame, and lines of various items began to form to support the cylindrical shape of the cat.
After 40 years, the cat was already represented by the lines of one kinship, and also by preserving the primary characteristics of its species. It was only in the early 70s of our century that the cat began to be depicted as flat, as if it were two-dimensional, and radio electronic circuits began to take on their inferior appearance. Creating folding radio-electronic circuits is even a task for a robot. For this purpose, a designer chair is necessary.
By simplifying the process of designing circuits, the American winemaker Cecil Efinger, in the 60s of the 20th century, designed a similar machine.
In the machine, instead of the initial letters, the designations of resistors, capacitors, diodes, etc. were inserted. The production of radio circuits on such a machine became available for the production of simple machines. With the advent of personal computers, the process of preparing radio circuits has significantly slowed down.
Now, knowing a graphic editor, you can draw a radio electronic circuit on the computer screen, and then create it on the printer. In connection with the expansion of international contacts, the mental functions of radio circuits have become more sophisticated and they are already diverging from each other in different countries. It is important to use radio circuits in a reasonable manner for radio operators around the world.
The third technical committee of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) deals with the detailed graphic design and rules of electrical circuits.
Radioelectronics has three types of diagrams: block diagrams, principles and installations. In addition, to check the radio-electronic equipment, lay down the voltage cards and support.
Block diagrams do not reveal the specifics of any details, nor the number of ranges, nor the number of transistors, nor behind any circuit assembly of these or other nodes, it gives no secret information about the warehouse of equipment and interconnection 'language of the surrounding nodes and blocks. The important diagram shows the mental assignments of the elements of the accessories or units and their electrical connections.
Principle diagram does not provide information about the new look, nor about the arrangement of details on the board, nor about how to arrange the joint parts. You can also refer to the wiring diagram.
Please note that on the wiring diagram the parts are displayed in such a way that their appearance represents their real appearance. To check the operating modes of radio electronic equipment, use special voltage maps and supports. On these maps, voltage values and support are indicated using either a chassis or a grounded shaft.
In our country, when installing radio-electronic circuits, they are covered by a national standard, GOST for short, which shows how these and other radio components are intelligently represented.
To easily memorize the mental meanings of other elements of radio-electronic equipment, their images match the characteristic drawings of the parts. On the diagrams, alphanumeric designations are assigned to mental graphic images.
The designation consists of one or two letters of the Latin alphabet and numbers to indicate the serial number of that part on the diagram. The serial numbers of graphic images of radio components are placed based on the sequence of placement of similar symbols, for example, straight left-handed or downward.
Latin letters indicate the type of part, C - capacitor, R - resistor, VD - diode, L - inductor, T - transistor, etc. The alphanumeric designation of the part indicates the values of the main parameter (capacitor capacity, resistor support, inductance, etc.) and additional information. The most comprehensive graphic images of radio components on important diagrams are shown in Table. 1, which letters of designation (codes) are given in table. 2.
At the end of a positional designation, a letter can be placed to indicate its functional purpose, table. 3. For example, R1F is a dry resistor, SB1R is a reset button.
To increase the information density of the literature in scientific and technical literature from radio electronics, as well as on various circuits, it is necessary to get to this level of knowledge. There are no structures or physical processes that take place in them. In the table 4 the greatest cooperation has been achieved and their decryption has been achieved.
Table 1. Smart graphic designations of radio components on important circuits.
Table 2. Letters of assignment (codes) of radio components on important circuits.
| Attach and elements | Letter code |
| Devices: telecontrol devices, boosters, lasers, masers; zapnennya | A |
| Converting non-electrical quantities into electrical ones (including generators and life-giving devices) or analogue or multi-voltage converters, sensors for insertion or dimming; zapnennya | U |
| Guchnomovets | VA |
| Magnetostrictive element | BB |
| Detector of ionizing substances | BD |
| Selsyn sensor | ND |
| Selsin-priymach | BE |
| Telephone (capsule) | B.F. |
| Thermal sensor | VC |
| Photocell | B.L. |
| Microphone | VM |
| Sensor vise | VR |
| P'ezoelement | IN |
| Frequency sensor, tachogenerator | BR |
| Sound picker | B.S. |
| Speed sensor | BB |
| Capacitors | Z |
| Integrated microcircuits, microfolding: outside designation | D |
| Integrated analog microcircuit | D.A. |
| Integrated digital microcircuit, logical element | DD |
| Device for saving information (memory) | D.S. |
| Attachment of patches | D.T. |
| Elements of carnage: underground execution | E |
| The lamp is bright | EL |
| Heating element | ЄК |
| Dischargers, prisoners, zakhistu devices: underground assignment | F |
| Zapobizhnik fusible | F.U. |
| Generators, generators, quartz generators: underground designations | G |
| Battery of galvanic cells, accumulators | G.B. |
| Indicator and alarm devices; zapnennya | N |
| Sound alarm device | ON |
| Symbolic indicator | HG |
| Light alarm device | H.L. |
| Relays, contactors, starters; zapnennya | Before |
| Attach and elements | letter code |
| Electrothermal relay | kk |
| Relay o'clock | CT |
| Contactor, magnetic starter | km |
| Inductance coils, chokes; zapnennya | L |
| Dviguni, Zagalne Poznachennya | M |
| Vimiryuvalnye adjustments; zapnennya | R |
| Ammeter (miliammeter, microammeter) | RA |
| Impulse healer | PC |
| Frequency World | PF |
| Ohmmeter | PR |
| Registered attachment | PS |
| Vimiryuvach hour of the day, anniversary | RT |
| Voltmeter | PV |
| Wattmeter | PW |
| Resistors are constant and changeable; zapnennya | R |
| Thermistor | RK |
| Vivid shunt | R.S. |
| Varistor | RU |
| Vimikachi, roz'ednuvachi, short-term lockers at power lantsyugs (at lantsyugas life-giving possessions); zapnennya | Q |
| Devices for commutation in lancers, alarms and vigilants; zapnennya | S |
| Vimikach abo peremikach | S.A. |
| Vimikach push-button | S.B. |
| Vimikach automatic | SF |
| Transformer, autotransformer; zapnennya | T |
| Electromagnetic stabilizer | T.S. |
| Converting electrical quantities, creating a connection; zapnennya | і |
| Modulator | willow |
| Demodulator | UR |
| Discriminator | Ul |
| Frequency converter, inverter, frequency generator, rectifier | UZ |
| Adjust the power supply and electric vacuum; zapnennya | V |
| Diode, zener diode | V.D. |
| Transistor | VT |
| Thyristor | VS |
| Electrovacuum attachment | VL |
| Attach and elements | Letter code |
| Lines and elements of low frequency frequencies; zapnennya | W |
| Vidgaluzhuvac | WE |
| Brief description | W.K. |
| Valve | W.S. |
| Transformer, phase shifter, heterogeneity | W.T. |
| Attenuator | W.U. |
| Antenna | W.A. |
| Contact information; zapnennya | X |
| Stir (fork) | XP |
| Socket (socket) | XS |
| Connection with the Russian Federation | XT |
| High-frequency connector | XW |
| Mechanical devices with electromagnetic drive; zapnennya | Y |
| Electromagnet | YA |
| Galmo with electromagnetic drive | YB |
| Clutch with electromagnetic drive | YC |
| End devices, filters; zapnennya | Z |
| Obmezhuvac | ZL |
| Quartz filter | ZQ |
Table 3. Letter codes for the functional purpose of the radio-electronic device and element.
| Letter code | |
| Additional | A |
| Respectful | Z |
| Differential | D |
| Zahisny | F |
| Viprobovuvalny | G |
| Signal | N |
| Integrable | 1 |
| Gpavniy | M |
| Vimiryuvalny | N |
| Proportional | R |
| Stan (start, stop, interchange) | Q |
| Turn around, throw off | R |
| Functional purpose of the building, element | letter code |
| Memorizes, records | S |
| Synchronizing, taming | T |
| Shvidkist (quickness, galmuvannya) | V |
| Pidsumovuychy | W |
| multiplication | X |
| Analogue | Y |
| Digital | Z |
Table 4. The most popular scientific literature on radio electronics, which is based on various circuits, in technical and scientific literature.
| Literne quickie | Decryption is quick |
| A.M. | amplitude modulation |
| nuclear submarine | automatic frequency adjustment |
| APLG | automatic adjustment of local oscillator frequency |
| APLF | automatic adjustment of frequency and phase |
| AGC | automatic regulation more powerful |
| ARYA | automatic brightness control |
| AC | acoustic system |
| AFU | antenna-feeder device |
| ADC | analog-to-digital conversion |
| frequency response | amplitude-frequency response |
| BDIMS | large hybrid integrated circuit |
| NOS | dartless distance keruvannya |
| BIS | large integrated circuit |
| BOS | signal processing block |
| BP | living block |
| BR | rosette block |
| DBK | block radio channel |
| BS | display block |
| BTK | blocking transformer personnel |
| Literne skorochenya | Decryption is quick |
| BTS | blocking transformer small |
| BOO | keruvannya block |
| BC | color block |
| BCI | integrated color block (from installed microcircuits) |
| VD | video detector |
| VIM | hour-pulse modulation |
| VU | videoopidsiluvach; input (output) device |
| HF | high frequency |
| G | heterodyne |
| GW | the head that creates |
| GHF | high frequency generator |
| GHF | hyper-high frequency |
| GZ | generator starting; recording head |
| GIR | heterodyne resonance indicator |
| GIS | hybrid integrated circuit |
| GKR | HR generator |
| GKCH | frequency generator |
| GMW | meter generator |
| GPA | smooth range generator |
| GO | generator |
| HS | signal generator |
| Skorochennya | Decryption is quick |
| DSR | small spark generator |
| gss | standard signal generator |
| pp | clock generator |
| GU | the head is universal |
| VCO | generator, voltage quenching |
| D | detector |
| dv | long ago |
| dd | shot detector |
| days | Voltage limiter |
| dm | pain reliever |
| DMV | decimeter needles |
| DK | distance therapy |
| DShPF | dynamic noise reduction filter |
| ЄASS | Unified automated tying |
| ESKD | unified system of design documentation |
| zg | audio frequency generator; generator that sets |
| zs | upgrading system; sound signal; sound recorder |
| AF | sound frequency |
| І | integrator |
| ICM | Pulse code modulation |
| Iku | vimiruvach quasi-peak level |
| ims | integrated circuit |
| neither | vimirnik linear squabbles |
| inch | French frequency |
| ion | voltage socket |
| ip | Dzherelo Zhivilnya |
| ichh | frequency response indicator |
| before | switch |
| KBV | coefficient of the hvili, what to run |
| HF | short hair |
| kWh | high frequency |
| KZV | recording-created channel |
| KIM | pulse code modulation |
| Literne quickie | Decryption is quick |
| kk | coils of the personnel ventilatory system |
| km | coding matrix |
| cnc | very low frequency |
| kkd | coeffect factor |
| KS | coils of the small ventilatory system |
| ksv | standing ratio |
| ksvn | standing stress ratio |
| CT | checkpoint |
| KF | cat focusing |
| TWT | lamp hvili, what to run |
| lz | trim line |
| fishing | gate lamp |
| LPD | avalanche diode |
| lppt | lamp-wire TV |
| m | modulator |
| M.A. | magnetic antenna |
| M.B. | meter hvili |
| TIR | metal-dielectric-conductor structure |
| MOP | metal-oxide-filler structure |
| ms | microcircuit |
| MU | microphone booster |
| neither | nonlinear creation |
| LF | low frequency |
| PRO | ignited base (turning on the transistor behind the circuit from the ignited base) |
| hvch | very high frequency |
| oh | zagalne dzherel (transistor switched on *behind the circuit with zagalne dzherel) |
| OK | ground collector (turning on the transistor behind the circuit from the ground collector) |
| vinch | very low frequency |
| oos | negative callback |
| OS | the system that heals |
| OU | operating specialist |
| OE | ignition emitter (turning on the transistor behind the circuit with ignition emitter) |
| Skorochennya | Decryption is quick |
| STEAM | surface acoustic horns |
| pds | dvomovnogo suprovodu attachment |
| MPC | remote control for caravan |
| pcn | reset voltage code |
| pnc | reset voltage code |
| PNC | change voltage frequency |
| sat down | positive turn signal |
| PPU | overloaded device |
| pch | intermediate frequency; change the frequency |
| ptk | TV channel remixer |
| PTS | New TV signal |
| Vocational school | commercial television installation |
| PU | front zusillya^egy |
| PUV | front booster |
| PUZ | advance recording |
| PF | smog filter; p'ezofilter |
| ph | transfer characteristic |
| pcts | New color TV signal |
| Radar | row linearity regulator; radar station |
| RP | memory register |
| RPCHG | manually adjusting the local oscillator frequency |
| RRS | row size regulator |
| PC | register zsuvny; view regulator |
| RF | notch or filter that blocks |
| REA | radio electronic equipment |
| SBDU | dartless remote control system |
| NVIS | super-large integrated circuit |
| NE | middle hvyli |
| SVP | touch vibration program |
| NHF | supratemporal frequency |
| sg | signal generator |
| SDV | naddovgi hvyli |
| Skorochennya | Decryption is quick |
| HAPPY BIRTHDAY | light-dynamic installation; remote heating system |
| SK | channel selector |
| VKV | channel selector |
| sk-d | decimeter channel selector |
| SK-M | meter channel selector |
| CM | zmishuvach |
| ench | high frequency |
| JV | cellular field signal |
| ss | clock signal |
| ssi | small synchronizing pulse |
| SU | selector |
| sch | mid frequency |
| TB | tropospheric radio waves; TV station |
| TVS | output transformer small |
| tvz | transformer output to sound channel |
| tvk | output frame transformer |
| TIT | TV trial table |
| TKE | temperature coefficient of capacity |
| tka | temperature coefficient of inductance |
| tkmp | temperature coefficient of cob magnetic penetration |
| tkns | temperature coefficient of stabilization voltage |
| tks | temperature coefficient support |
| transport | hembar transformer |
| shopping center | television center |
| tsp | table of color shades |
| THAT | technical minds |
| U | podsiluvach |
| UV | support for creation |
| UVS | boost video signal |
| UVH | select-save device |
| UHF | High frequency signal booster |
| Literne quickie | Decryption is quick |
| UHF | ultra-high frequency |
| UZ | Subscribe to the post |
| Ultrasound | booster of audio frequency signals |
| UKH | ultra-short tails |
| ULPT | unification lamp-pipe-wire TV |
| ULLTST | unified tube-filled color TV |
| ULT | unified tube TV |
| UMZL | boosting the strength of audio frequency signals |
| CNT | unified TV |
| ULF | booster of low frequency signals |
| UNU | kerovany tension podsiluvach. |
| UPT | booster of a steady stream; unified cable TV |
| HRC | booster of intermediate frequency signals |
| UPCHZ | boosting signals of intermediate frequency sound? |
| UPChI | boosting signals of intermediate image frequency |
| URCH | booster of radio frequency signals |
| US | receiving device; device leveling |
| USHF | booster of high frequency signals |
| USS | booster of small synchronization pulses |
| USU | universal touch device |
| UU | device (vuzol) control |
| UE | gritty (non-stick) electrode |
| UEIT | universal electronic testing table |
| FAPL | phase automatic frequency adjustment |
| Literne quickie | Decryption is quick |
| HPF | high pass filter |
| FD | phase detector; photodiode |
| FIM | pulse phase modulation |
| FM | phase modulation |
| LPF | low pass filter |
| FPL | mid-pass filter |
| FPLZ | mid-frequency sound filter |
| FPChI | image mid-pass filter |
| FSM | low vibration filter |
| FSS | middle selection filter |
| FT | phototransistor |
| FCHH | phase-frequency response |
| DAC | digital-analog converter |
| Digital computer | digital calculating machine |
| CMU | colorful installation |
| DH | central television tower |
| BH | frequency detector |
| CHIM | pulse frequency modulation |
| world championship | frequency modulation |
| shim | pulse width modulation |
| shs | noise signal |
| ev | electron-volt (є.V) |
| EOM. | electronic calculating machine |
| eds | electrical power |
| ek | electronic switch |
| ELT | electron tube |
| EMI | electronic musical instrument |
| emos | electromechanical gate link |
| EMF | electromechanical filter |
| EPU | electric heater |
| ECOM | electronic digital computing machine |
Literature: V.M. Pestrikov. Encyclopedia of radioamator.
When carrying out electrical work, a person's skin is still exposed to mental signals, as in any electrical circuit. These schemes are very different, with different functions, however, all graphical mental symbols are aligned to common forms and in all schemes they correspond to the same elements.
The main meanings in GOST electrical circuits are shown in tables
Electrical equipment and radioelectronics are characterized as manufactured elements and products generated by foreign companies. Imported electrical and radio elements form a wide range. The stench, obviously, appears on all the chairs in the vicinity of the mind. There, the values of the main electrical parameters are indicated, as well as their further changes, which are included in other devices, and the interactions between them.
To read and understand the electrical circuit diagrams
It is necessary to carefully consider all the elements that go into this warehouse and the principle behind the principle. Please note that all information is contained either in the documents or in the specification that is added to the circuit. Positional designations characterize the interconnections of the elements that are included in the device kit, with their designations on the diagram. In order to graphically identify each other electrical and radio element, use standard geometric symbols, where each vibration is displayed alongside or in conjunction with others. By combining the symbols with each other, the meaning of the skin surrounding image lies.
Displayed on the skin diagram
Connection between adjacent elements and conductors. In such cases, the standard designation of new components and elements is of greater importance. For this purpose, positional designations, types of elements, features of their construction and digital values are displayed in alphabetical expression. Elements that are placed in a formal order are indicated on the chairs as qualifications that characterize the flow and voltage, methods of regulation, type of connection, pulse shapes, electronic connections and more.
A large group of commutation viruses is created by all kinds of connections. The most widely used connectors (plug sockets, div. Fig.1). The connector code is the Latin letter X. When pins and sockets are shown in different parts of the circuit, in the position of the first one, enter the letter P (div. Small 1, XP1), others - S (XS1).
Fig.1. Level of designated connectors
The high-frequency (coaxial) connections of these parts are designated by the letters XW (div. Small 1, Connector XW1, sockets XW2, XW3). There is a visible sign of a high-frequency connector - near the cut-off line, parallel to the electrical connection line and direct to the other connection (XW1). Along with the other elements, I will install a pin or socket connected with a coaxial cable, which will go in the other direction (XW2, XW3).
The disconnected connections (using a screw or studs with a nut, etc.) are indicated on the diagrams by the letters XT, and are represented by a small circle (div. Fig. 1; XT1, XT2, stake diameter - 2 mm). It is more intelligent to use graphics if it is necessary to show the control point.
The transmission of signals on the hands of the components of the mechanisms often occurs through an additional connection that consists of a contact (shown by arrows) and the surface along which the wire is forged. Since this surface is linear, it is shown as a section of a straight line with the appearance of a drawer at one end (div. Small 1, X1), and if it is ring or cylindrical - colo (X2).
The belonging of pins or sockets to one multi-contact connector is shown on the diagrams by the line of the mechanical connection and numbering in line with the numbering on the connectors themselves ( Small 2, XS1, XP1). In the zone in Roben, in the way of the Liter-Syphrone, the cognition of the Knowing to the Knowns, assigned to the Viddovіdniy part of the yogo number (XS1.1-Persher Gnizdo rosett XS1; XR5.4-quarters of the plug XP6 Toshcho).
Fig.2. Umovne designated rich contact connections
To simplify graphical operations, the standard allows replacing the intelligently graphic designations of socket contacts and multi-contact connectors with small numbered rectangles with corresponding symbols (sockets and dashes) above them (div. Small 2, XS2, XP2). The arrangement of contacts in the symbols of the connectors may be different - here everything is indicated by the diagram images; contacts, don’t get into vicors, don’t show it on the diagrams.
Similarly, there will be smart graphical designations of the rich contact connectors that appear in the connected view ( Small 3). In the connector diagrams, the connections regardless of the number of contacts are indicated by one letter X (the culprits are high-frequency connectors). By further simplifying the graphics, the standard allows for the designation of a rich contact connection with one direct cutter with a similar number of lines of electrical connection and numbering (div. Small 3, X4).
Fig.3. Umbraznye designated connections in a static look
For commutation of circuits that rarely interconnect (voltages with selector elements, primary windings of edge-line transformers, etc.) in electronic devices, use jumpers and inserts. A jumper designed to make or break a lancet is indicated by a short line of electrical connection with plug-in symbols at the ends ( Small 4, X1), for interruption - with a U-like bracket (X3). The presence of the test socket jumper (or pin) is indicated by the output symbol (X2).
Fig.4. Smartly designated jumpers and inserts-remixers
When inserts-remixers are designated, in order to ensure complex commutation, select the method of displaying the remitter. For example, insert on Small 4 What is made up of socket XS1 and plug XP1, proceeds in the following order: in position 1, switch the plug to connect sockets 1 and 2, 3 and 4, in position 2 - 2 and sockets 3, 1 and 4, in position і 3 - sockets 2 i 4. 1 and 3.
May all UOS, all radio electronics and electrical equipment that are produced by industrial organizations and enterprises, home craftsmen, young technicians and radio amators, have a lot of a variety of purchased EPI and elements that are produced mainly in the pharmaceutical industry. However, we are still wary of the trend of stagnation of EPE and component viruses from foreign production. Before them you can include PPPs, capacitors, resistors, transformers, chokes, electrical connectors, batteries, HIT, jumpers, installation devices and other types of EPE.
It is easy to find purchased components or self-manufactured EPE components on the basic and electrical wiring diagrams of devices, chairs and other TDs, which are aligned accordingly to ESKD standards. .
p align="justify"> Particular attention is paid to the principle electrical circuits, which indicate not only the basic electrical parameters, but also all the elements included in the device and the electrical connections between them. To understand and read basic electrical diagrams, it is necessary to become thoroughly familiar with the elements that go before them and the component parts, to know exactly the area of installation and the principle of the device that is being looked at. As a rule, information about the decomposition of EPE is indicated by the distributors and the specifications for the transfer of these elements.
The connection between the transfer of EPE components and their mental graphic designations is effected through positional designations.
For mental graphic purposes, EPE uses standardized geometric symbols, which can be combined together or combined with others. In this sense, the dermal geometric image is assigned to the mind and often lies in the same place, when combined with some other geometric symbol, it becomes stagnant.
The standardized and most commonly used graphical values of EPE in important electrical circuits are shown in Fig. 1. These designations include all components of the circuits, including EPE, conductors and connections between them. And here the most important thing is the correct assignment of similar components of EPE and viruses. To this end, positional designations are established, the binding part of which is the letter assigned to the type of element, the type of its design and the digital designation of the EPE number. In the diagrams, the additional part of the EPE position designation is shown, which indicates the function of the element, in the form of a letter. The main types of literal meanings of circuit elements are shown in Table 1.
The designations on the chairs and diagrams of the elements of the gas station are adjusted to the qualifications that set the voltage, type of connection, control methods, pulse shape, type of modulation, electrical connections, about the transfer of flow, signal, energy flow, etc.
At present, the population in the commercial environment is in use of a large number of different electronic devices and devices, radio and television equipment, which are manufactured by foreign companies and joint stock partnerships. In stores you can get different types of EPI and EPE with foreign labels. In the table 1. 2 information is provided about the most common EPEs of foreign countries with similar designations and their analogues of vegetable production.
This information will be published for the first time at this site.
1 transistor of the p-n-p structure in the housing, behind the designation;
2 transistors of p-p-p structure in the housing, behind the designation,
3 - field-effect transistor with p-n junction and channel,
4 - field-effect transistor with p-n junction and channel,
5 - single-junction transistor with a p-type base, b1, b2 - base terminals, e - emitter terminal,
6 - photodiode,
7 - rectifying diode,
8 - zener diode (avalanche diode) one-sided,
9 - thermal-electric diode,
10 - thyristor diode, which is erased in the reverse direction;
11 - zener diode (diodoval direct) with double-sided
I will conduct
12 – three-way thyristor.
13 - photoresistor,
14 - exchangeable resistor, rheostat, underground designation,
15 - variable resistor,
16 - variable resistor with leads,
17 - voltage resistor-potentiometer;
18 - thermistor with positive temperature coefficient for direct heating (preheating),
19 - varistor,
20 - constant-capacity capacitor, external purpose,
21 - capacitor of constant polarization capacity;
22 - electrolytic oxide polarization capacitor, externally designated;
23 - constant resistor, externally designated;
24 - constant resistor with a nominal voltage of 0.05 W;
25 - constant resistor with a nominal voltage of 0.125 W,
26 - constant resistor with a nominal voltage of 0.25 W,
27 - constant resistor with a nominal voltage of 0.5 W,
28 - constant resistor with a nominal voltage of 1 W,
29 - constant resistor with a nominal voltage of 2 W,
30 - constant resistor with a nominal voltage of 5 W;
31 - fixed resistor with one symmetrical additional input;
32 - fixed resistor with one asymmetrical additional leads;
Smart graphical assignments of EPE in electrical, radio engineering and automation circuits
33 - oxide non-polarization capacitor,
34 - pass-through capacitor (the arc indicates the housing, external electrode),
35 - exchangeable capacitor (the arrow indicates the rotor);
36 - underground capacitor, underground designation
37 – varicap.
38 - overpressure capacitor;
39 - LED,
40 - tunnel diode;
41 - lighting lamp for lighting and signal
42 - electric buzzer
43 - galvanic or battery element;
44 - line of electrical connection with one outlet;
45 - line of electrical connection with two outlets;
46 - a group of wires connected to one electrical connection point. Two darts;
47 - several parts, connected to one electrical connection point;
48 - battery with galvanic cells or rechargeable battery;
49 - coaxial cable. Screen connected to the body;
50 - winding of a transformer, autotransformer, choke, magnetic booster;
51 - working winding of the magnetic booster;
52 - winding that controls the magnetic booster;
53 - a transformer without a core (magnetic core) with a permanent connection (the points indicate the core of the windings);
54 - transformer with a magnetodielectric core;
55 - inductance coil, choke without magnetic circuit;
56 - single-phase transformer with a ferromagnetic magnetic core and a screen between the windings;
57 - single-phase triwinding transformer with a ferromagnetic magnetic core connected to the secondary winding;
58 - single-phase autotransformer with voltage regulation;
59 - devotee;
60 - zapobizhnik vimikach;
b1 - zapobizhnik-roz'ednuvac;
62 - contact is connected separately;
63 - booster (direct transmission of the signal is indicated by the top of the tricuputon on the horizontal line of the connection);
64 - pin of the removable contact connection;
Smart graphical assignments of EPE in electrical, radio engineering and automation circuits
65 - socket of removable contact connection,
66 - contact of the removable connection to the butt for additional clamping
67 - permanent connection contact, for example soldered
68 - push-button single-pole push-button switch with switching contact
self-professed
69 - contact of the switching device, which is switched off, behind the ground
70 - contact of the switching device (vimikacha, relay), which closes, is not assigned. Vimikach single-pole.
71 - contact of the commutation device, which is intermittent, has a different purpose. Single-pole switch between two direct lines.
72- intermittent tripartite contact with neutral positions
73 - contact blinking without self-reversal
74 - pressure push-button device with open contact
75 - push-button pull-out switch with a short-circuit contact
76 - push-button vimikach with rotation of the button,
77 - pull-out pull-out switch with open contact
78 - pressure push-button vimikac with rotation for additional secondary push-button pressure,
79 - electrical relay with short-circuit contacts that open and switch,
80 - relay is polarized to one direction in a winding with neutral positions
81 - the relay is polarized to the direct current in the winding with neutral positions
82 - electrothermal relay without self-turning, with turning by additional pressing of the button,
83-plug single-pole connection
84 - socket of five-wire contact connector,
85 pin connector coaxial connection
86 - contact socket
87 - width of the four-wire connection,
88 multi-conductor socket
89 - jumper commutation lantzug, which dissolves
Smart assignment of circuit elements
Standard smart graphics and letters for designating electrical circuit elements
| E | Dzherelo EPC | |
| R | Resistor, active op. | |
| L | Inductance, coil | |
| C | Capacity, capacitor | |
| G | Power supply generator, life circuit | |
| M | Electric motor of the alternating strum | |
| T | Transformer | |
| Q | Power vimikach (for voltage over 1 kV) | |
| QW | Vimikach navantazhennya | |
| QS | Roz'ednuvach | |
| F | Zabozhnik | |
| Run-on tires with accessories | ||
| Connection with roses | ||
| QA | Automatic vimikach for voltage up to 1 kV | |
| KM | Contactor, magnetic starter | |
| S | Switch | |
| TA | Transformer strumu | |
| TA | Zero sequence transformer | |
| TV | Three-phase or three single-phase voltage transformers | |
| F | Discharger | |
| Before | Relay | |
| KA, KV, KT, KL | Relay coil | |
| KA, KV, KT, KL | Contact relay switching | |
| KA, KV, KT, KL | Switching relay contact | |
| CT | Contact of the clock relay, which locks with the display window for application | |
| CT | Contact of the clock relay, which locks with the display window when turned | |
| The vimiruvalny attachment shows | ||
| Adjustable registry attachment | ||
| Ammeter | ||
| Voltmeter | ||
| Wattmeter | ||
| Varmeter |
Wikoristan website materials.
Here we will look at the identification of radio elements in the diagrams.
Why bother reading the diagrams?
In order to get used to reading circuit diagrams, we must first learn what the other radio element in the circuit looks like. In principle, there is nothing complicated about it. Because there are 33 liters in the Russian alphabet, in order to calculate the number of radio elements, you have to try very hard.
It is impossible for the whole world to understand how to identify this other radio element or device. So, be respectful if you choose bourgeois schemes. In our statistics we look at our Russian GOST version of the designation of radio elements
Here's a simple diagram
Garazd, closer to the point. Let's take a look at a simple electrical diagram of the life block, as previously appeared in some Radian paper publication:
If you have been trimming a soldering iron in your hands for several days, then from the first glance everything will immediately become clear to you. Among my readers, however, are those who first fall into such chairs. This is mainly for them.
Well, let's analyze them.
Basically, all diagrams are read from left to right, just like you read a book. Any diagram can be submitted to a nearby block, to which it is fed and from which it is taken. Here we have a diagram of a living block, to which we supply 220 Volts from the socket of your cabin, and then a constant voltage comes out of our block. It is your fault to understand, What is the main function of your circuit?. You can read the description before it.
How to connect radio elements in a circuit
Well, that’s when these schemes emerged. Straight lines are wires, or drukarian conductors, which protect the electric current. Here's the job - connect the radio elements.
The spot where three or more conductors connect is called vuzlom. You can say where the wiring is soldered:
If you are interested in the diagram, you can note the cross-connection of two conductors
Such retin is often visible in diagrams. Remember this once and for all: In whose place the dregs do not come together and the stinks may be isolated from one type of one. With current schemes, you can most often choose the following option, which visually shows what is connected between them every day:
Here it’s as if one of the animal’s wires passes through the other, and they don’t come into contact with each other.
If there had been a connection between them, then we would have seen the following picture:
Letter for assigning radio elements to the circuit
Let's take a quick look at our diagram.
As you can see, the scheme is made up of all sorts of stupid symbols. Let's look at one of them. May you receive the R2 icon.
Come on, let’s take a look at the writings first. R – tse means. If the fragments are not the same in the circuit, then the distributor of this circuit will give it the serial number “2”. The scheme has a total of 7 pieces. Radio elements are mainly numbered upward-right and upward-downward. The straight cutter at the boundary in the middle clearly shows that this is a fixed resistor with a power rating of 0.25 Watt. It also says 10K, which means its denomination is 10 Kilohms. Well, I guess so...
How are other radio elements identified?
To assign radio elements, single- and multi-liter codes are used. Single letter codes group, Before which comes that other element. Main axis groups of radio elements:
A – various devices (for example, boosters)
U – converting non-electrical quantities into electrical quantities and vice versa. Various microphones, radio elements, speakers, etc. can be included here. Generators that dzherela live here not to be seen.
Z – capacitors
D – integrated circuits and various modules
E - Carved elements that do not fit into the same group
F - Dischargers, captives, dry devices
H – indication and signal devices, for example, sound and light indication devices
K – relays and starters
L - inductance coils and chokes
M - Dviguni
R – adjust and vimiryuvalne obladnannya
Q – vimikachi and roz'ednuvachi at power lances. So in Lanzyug, where “walking” the tension is great and the force of the stream is great
R – resistors
S – switching devices in lancers, alarms and in lancs of extinction
T – transformers and autotransformers
U – converting electrical quantities on an electrical device, connecting a connection
V - Pipeline devices
W – lines and elements of superhigh frequency, antennas
X – contact information
Y – mechanical devices with electromagnetic drive
Z - end devices, filters, intermediaries
To clarify the element after the one-letter code, go to another letter, which already means element type. Below are the main types of elements from the letter group:
BD – detector of ionizing substances
BE - Selsin-priymach
B.L. – photocell
BQ - P'ezoelement
BR – wrapper frequency sensor
B.S. – sound recorder
B.V. - speed sensor
B.A. - Guchnomovets
BB – magnetostrictive element
B.K. – thermal sensor
B.M. – microphone
B.P. - vice sensor
B.C. - Selsyn sensor
D.A. – integrated analog circuit
DD - Integrated digital circuit, logical element
D.S. – information saving device
D.T. – trim device
EL – the lamp is brightening
E.K. - heating element
F.A. – an element of zakhistu behind the strum of the mitta action
FP – element of protection behind the flow of inertial action
F.U. - fusible devotee
F.V. – voltage protection element
G.B. - battery
HG – symbolic indicator
H.L. - Light alarm device
H.A. - Sound alarm device
KV - Voltage relay
K.A. - strumove relay
KK – electrothermal relay
K.M. - magnetic launcher
KT - hour relay
PC – healer of impulses
PF – frequency world
P.I. – healer of active energy
PR - Ohmmeter
PS – registering attachment
PV - voltmeter
PW - Wattmeter
PA – ammeter
P.K. – reactive energy healer
P.T. - Godinnik
QF
QS - Roz'ednuvach
RK - Thermistor
R.P. - Potentiometer
R.S. – vibrating shunt
RU - Varistor
S.A. - Vimikach or peremikach
S.B. – push-button vimikac
SF - Vimikach automatic
S.K. – chemicals to deal with temperature
SL – skills that can be applied to the level
SP – exercises to cope with pressure
S.Q. – actions to be taken in accordance with the situation
S.R. – chemicals that depend on the wrapping frequency
TV - voltage transformer
T.A. - struma transformer
UB - Modulator
UI – discriminator
UR – demodulator
UZ – frequency converter, inverter, frequency generator, rectifier
V.D. - diode, zener diode
VL – electric vacuum attachment
VS – thyristor
VT –
W.A. – antenna
W.T. - phase shifter
W.U. - Attenuator
XA - strumoznіmach, forged contact
XP - Stir
XS - Nest
XT - Discovery
XW - High-frequency connector
YA - Electromagnet
YB - galmo with electromagnetic drive
YC - Clutch with electromagnetic drive
YH - Electromagnetic plate
ZQ - Quartz filter
Graphic designation of radio elements in the circuit
I’ll try to identify the main elements that can be found in the diagrams:
Resistors of these types
A) zagalene poznachenya
b) power output 0.125 W
V) power output 0.25 W
G) power output 0.5 W
d) power output 1 W
e) power output 2 W
and) power output 5 W
h) power output 10 W
і) power output 50 W
Changeable resistors
Thermistors
Strain gauge
Varistory
Shunt
Capacitors
a) behind the purpose of the capacitor
b) varicond
V) polar capacitor
G) auxiliary capacitor
d) exchange capacitor
Acoustics
a) head phone
b) guchnomovets (speaker)
V) behind the microphone assignment
G) electric microphone
Diody
A) one place
b) outside the designated diode
V) Zener diode
G) double-sided zener diode
d) bidirectional diode
e) Schottky diode
and) tunnel diode
h) increased diode
і) varicap
before) LED
l) photodiode
m) high-voltage diode in optocoupler
n) the output that receives propagation in the optocoupler
Vimirniki electrical quantities
A) ammeter
b) voltmeter
V) voltammeter
G) ohmmeter
d) frequency world
e) wattmeter
and) faradometer
h) oscilloscope
Inductance coils
A) inductance coil without core
b) inductance coil with core
V) adjustable inductance coil
Transformatori
A) behind the transformer
b) transformer with windings
V) transformer strumu
G) transformer with two secondary windings (maybe more)
d) three-phase transformer
Switching devices
A) faltering
b) squeaky
V) open by turning (button)
G) blinking when turned (button)
d) hemming
e) Reed switch
Electromagnetic relay with different groups of contacts
Zabozhniki
A) zagalene poznachenya
b) the side is visible, which is deprived of stress when the burner burns out
V) inertial
G) Swedish
d) thermal coil
e) vimikach-ros'ednuvach with a fusible zabozhnik
Thyristory
Bipolar transistor
Unijunction transistor
