The first tool for detecting lies was called a “hydrophygmometer.” Italian criminologist Cesare Lombroso became a victor. In the 1890s, with his help, the criminologist kept suspects out of blood pressure as they were fed by the police. Lombroso has confirmed what can be determined if the evildoers make a mistake. Showing photographs, both related and not related to the malignancy, simultaneously recorded the pulse and blood rates of the suspects.

The polygraph became known after the investigation in 1902. Todi Lombroso was imprisoned before the criminal investigation into the robbery and murder of a girl. At the end of the suspicious reading, I stagnated my unpretentious device. Although at first all the facts spoke against the suspect, Lombroso was convinced that he was innocent.

It revealed minor changes in the pulse of the recipient, based on different mathematical calculations. If the suspect was presented with images of injured children, a pulse record is recorded without showing the usual rapt changes, including when looking at photographs of a murdered girl. The results of the further investigation conclusively revealed that this suspect was innocent of this evil.

The prototype of the daily polygraph was discovered in the 1920s by John Larson, a California police officer. The creations of his devices ensured an instant registration of the blood pressure, pulse and breath. A large number of inspections of individuals who were suspected of criminal wrongdoing were carried out on this machine.

Larson called his instrument “polygraph”, taking this name from John Hawkins, who coined the term in 1804. This was the name of the machine he discovered for making exact copies of handwritten texts. The name “polygraph” is similar to two Greek words – “poly” (richly) and “grapho” (write). This machine was used by many people in the 19th century, including Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States and the author of the Declaration of Independence, but John Larson himself was the first to use the word polygraph as a tool for detecting lies. Over the years this term has become firmly established.

Where does the polygraph stop?

Many reputable printing companies, focusing on the evidence of foreign colleagues, practice checking applicants using a lie detector, as well as a polygraph. About ten years ago, similar “truth sessions” were heard from the galusa of spygun detectives, and at the same time they were a daily occurrence in structures that were in no way connected with the state security. The lie detector is used directly by the rich, otherwise the headache will end up with lawbreakers and the verification of applicants before the hour of hiring.

How does a lie detector work?

Anyone who has already been tested on a lie detector knows that the polygraphist draws significant conclusions (for example: “Have you ever been called in stolen corporate funds?”) with controls, which do not make a connection with the direct method of the test bath (for example: " Did you deceive your squad(s)?”). In this case, the polygraphist will monitor the readings of several sensors (skin-galvanic reflexes, cardiovascular activity, thoracic and cerebral reflexes, etc.).

The basic principle of the offensive polygraph: physiological reactions are stronger, the more important and important your nutrition is. As a rule, people who are not involved in the process of collecting food, react approximately the same to all food: those that are significant for the test and those that are not significant. And for those who are involved, it is important to eat uncontrollably.

Before the immediate check on the lie detector, make sure to discuss all the tasks that will be assigned. The topic of rechecking will be kept in the background in order to avoid unexplained reactions to nutritional insufficiency. If a person is directly asked without preparation for the question “Did you sleep with your boss’s gang?”, he may not understand what is happening. You are starting to get nervous and get out of the way, as if without timidity. Otherwise, it’s really annoying – but the polygraph shows the reaction to nonsense and that kind of annoyance in approximately the same way.

Before the hour of advance discussion, you can already decide, as you confirm. If you know the topic and it’s close to the food, you can quickly get started. Get the real picture and create a “legend” that is meaningful to you: a vivid, emotionally charged image that seems real. If you develop your skills, self-awareness can help you outwit the polygraph. The key point here is to challenge yourself to believe in this alternative reality, and not just recognize it in all the details.

And the mental composure is “don’t think about the white rhinoceros,” forget for a moment about how everything was true. Otherwise, the real picture in your information will be obvious. Two mutually exclusive images simultaneously become psychic. You will begin to demonstrate a delayed reaction to feeding and other artifacts. You must show that you are constructing an obvious lie (or, more simply, seemingly lying) and it will be recorded by the polygraph as evidence of your lie.

Before the main test, conduct a T.S. a customized (pre-test) interview to “calibrate” your responses. Your psychophysiological indicators are compared to normal levels. Sensors record the upper (chest) and lower (vertebral) breath, heartbeat, pressure, tremor (tremor) and electrical reaction of the skin. Then the tests will explain how the indicators are “trimmed” if the test person is given a nutritional value. Call the stench even more simply: “Is that what you call?”, “Do you have a family?”, “Do you intend to deceive the polygraph?”

This is how your reaction to obvious lies varies. The polygraph examiner calls a bunch of names, please note. You have to hesitate to say that what I have, what appears to be, is not yours. In this way, it is verified how you react to lies and how the detector detects it. Using a similar method, you can write down the number of several proponated, select a grand card, put a figurine in the jelly, etc. Then the polygraph operator “guesses” the object, analyzing your reactions.

A funny detail: in many instructions for polygraph operators, when “guessing” they do not limit themselves to the analysis of psychophysiological reactions, but to be sure, they go into cheating tricks - marking cards, using video cameras... So Friendly behavior is considered acceptable. In addition, in addition to everything else, the preparatory stage is of great importance, which is tested, to the point of support, to transfer it in the marinity of attempts to fool the polygraph. Therefore, at the hour before the demonstration, turn off the puncture mode.

The main test can take about three years. After reading the food, you are encouraged to listen and honestly say “so” and “no”. After skin nourishment there is a pause (15-20 seconds) during which the psychophysiological reaction to the new one is recorded. The polygraph records when your “heart skipped a beat”, when you stopped breathing, after some food you felt “easy”, and when your hands froze and your knees began to vibrate. There are signs of emotional tension in response to the presentation of significant nutrition.

The stench may not be due to your measles:

• the magnitude of the skin reaction increases;
• the pulse increases with the onset of compensatory increases in heart rate soon;
• slowing down the rhythm and increasing the rhythm, with the coming compensatory increases in the rhythm and deepening of the rhythm;
• change the time of inhalation/vidiha, pauses for inhalation and pauses for vidiha;
• improvement of muscle tremors

In order to disorientate the experienced and spoil his dry bar'eri, the mind and formulation can change. The same food may appear many times. Nutrition on the same topic can be formulated in different ways. You may be asked to respond “so” to all foods that you have previously responded to “no” to, to find out how you will react to positive responses. Or, on the other hand, give too much negative information. This is a “machine answer” - the test taker is asked to think about the answer to the question, rather than keep it out of his voice.

During the hour of training, “nutrition-reminders” are used on neutral topics that are theoretically innocent of calling out wake-up calls (“It’s Monday?”, “Are you sitting on the sidewalk?”). Researchers recommend including more of these foods in the test if a clearly truthful report is given. After them, people will lie more easily, and other physiological manifestations will become noticeable.

There are also food items that contain details of what happened (for example, theft). An innocent person does not notice the stench, but a person deserving of evil will have a strong reaction. Nutritionists often overindulge in key words and facts. “What did you take from the safe? Mobile phone? Pistol? A pack of condoms? A ring of keys? “How many hours have passed since the last drug use? Today? Month? Rick? Five rocks?". “Do you like to drink alone? In company? Schoranka? Evening party? Extras all the time?” “What kind of swag did you take? A hundred? Two hundred? Three hundred? Five hundred thousand?” From those close to the correct level, there is an increasing sign of anxiety, and then relaxation in the world becomes more distant. If I want to call people, it may not be obvious.

To increase the respect of the person being tested, it is important to add complexity to the diet. The unknown is presented to the test subject as if it were visible: “The package you stole, did you put it there?” A person can be driven by inertia, either “this way” or “not”. And even if there is an unambiguous answer to such nutrition, you will still have indirect knowledge.

There is also a control over food, which may cause alarm to the innocent (“Have you ever taken what you shouldn’t have?”). Similar actions, even if you repair your skin in life, it turns out that innocent people have more anxiety, less nutrition, as the essence of the matter is seriously at stake. And the negative evidence on the food control test indicates a lie.

Ways to deceive

Today there are a number of ways to deceive the lie detector. These actions are subject to the advanced professional training of the test taker. So, for example, police officers or experienced intelligence officers, who are well aware of the principles of the polygraph and have repeatedly tested it in practice, can fool the lie detector. In addition, during the process of their professional training, they undergo a special course against polygraph testing, and their work is related to the need to preserve professional privacy. Systematic training to bring their reactions to the level of unknown automatism.

Actor's mastery

If a person is a professional actor, well aware of the technique of implantation into the image of another person, absolute transformation, even to the point of constantly identifying himself with it, including physiological reactions, he may also be fooled and polygraph. Even if you worry about the veracity of your lies, the lie detector evaluates the reaction, and is not in charge of the truthfulness of the statements.

Preparations

In addition, there is also a pharmacological method for detecting a polygraph. This includes the use of specially selected sedatives, drugs that infuse blood pressure, and alcohol. The point is to prevent the polygraph from assessing your immediate reaction to the food that is being asked, and to increase the number of losses. Before speaking, after a hangover or lack of sleep for several days, the body’s reaction should also be taken to the level of objectivity of the polygraph.

Stressing the smears

If, during testing on a lie detector, you gesticulate excessively, hit your head, strain the diaphragm, or the pulp of the stomach, these types can be falsified. You can, however, indulge in psychological tricks: formulate a parallel concept of respect, concentrate on rational activities not related to nutrition, for example, figure out the multiplication table.

Secret method

If you can’t deceive the polygraph with the above options, you can end up succumbing to the so-called chemical method of deception. The fragments of the sensors, which record the electrical conductivity of the skin, are pressed onto the fingers, their tips can be treated in ways that block sweat glands. This can be either alcohol or salicylic-zinc ointment, which is sold in any pharmacy. Golovne, so that the polygraph examiner does not mark the traces of processing, and then the channel for capturing information by the detector will be blocked.

How do you do during the test?

It’s important to remember that the operator sitting in front of you is a simple person and, like everyone else, emotions sometimes arise. Simply, it is their fault to hide from us, because... people - on the job. Ale mi tse know. Show him that you are also simple and, most importantly, an adequate person.

• Since you are a beautiful girl, it is unlikely that you will be able to attract sympathy from the operator. Golovnya, show your adequacy and positivity before this procedure. The operator is not to think about what you are doing or what you are afraid of.
• Be calm. Do not push sudden movements with your hands or head, do not turn your eyes, do not look around the premises, do not ask questions. All this can provoke additional nutrition from the operator and increase your arterial pressure and pulse. We really don’t care!
• After testing the power supply, the verification session begins immediately, which is recorded by the video camera. Stay calm. Marvel at yourself. Focus your gaze on a neutral object: walls or curtains. So, before speaking, don’t wear clothes to the session right away. Just a small red hustka can greatly affect your pulse, as if it wasted on the field of your vision.
• Everything may be neutral. Beautiful colors: gray, beige, pale green. Find yourself in such a situation where you would be as calm and comfortable as possible.
• You know, without thinking, those who once again welcome the sun on the bunting. Skoda, you can’t flatten your eyes during the session. It would be much easier to get into such auto-training.

Popular food

How long does printing quilting last?

Due to the complexity and number of topics being investigated, verification with a lie detector usually takes 2-3 years.

How does nervousness infuse the results of polygraph testing?

No. Nervousness does not interfere with polygraph testing. It turns out that every person who undergoes a lie detector test is not nervous and does not care about those who intend to testify to truth and lies.

As a rule, the surveyor feels a little nervous about the entire polygraph procedure, and not only if the polygraph examiner puts him in addition to food. Therefore, the polygraph examiner monitors the reaction of an individual who is fastened to a specific diet, which outweighs the reaction associated with extreme nervousness or exaggeration. As if the nervousness was due to the result of the polygraph test, then no one was able to successfully pass the lie detector test.

What does simple polygraph testing include?

Professional polygraph testing consists of three phases: pre-test conversation, testing and polygraph analysis. The initial verification of a lie detector takes 2-3 years. The final fastening phase is 45-90 minutes before the test. During the hour before the test conversation, the polygraph examiner fills out the necessary documents and discusses the test food in order to ensure proper skin nutrition before undergoing quilting.

The polygraph examiner also explains the verification process on the lie detector and confirms all foods that raise concerns about the subject. The patient will be asked to do so in a quiet room when the doors are closed in the presence of a polygraph examiner and the person being stripped, without outside influences, in order to control the influx of factors that influence the person being stripped.

The polygraph examiner attaches the necessary sensors to the subject’s body and asks in advance to discuss the nutrition that is required in one warehouse type “so” and “no”. Physiological indicators are recorded from the sensors of the fraud detector in the form of polygrams. In the remaining phase of the polygraph examination, the polygraph examiner analyzes the polygraphs and works to ensure the veracity of the subject.

Polygraph. Fool the lie detector

Here are some facts about the polygraph (lie detector)

1. The first device for detecting lies was called a “hydrophygmometer”. Italian criminologist Cesare Lombroso became a victor. In the 1890s, with the help of a hydrosphygmometer, the blood pressure of suspects was suppressed as they were fed by the police. Lombroso has confirmed what can be determined if the evildoers make a mistake. Showing photographs, both related and not related to the malignancy, simultaneously recorded the pulse rate and blood of the suspects.

2. The prototype of the daily polygraph was discovered in the 1920s by John Larson, a California police officer. The creations of his devices ensured an instant registration of the blood pressure, pulse and breath. A large number of inspections of individuals who were suspected of criminal wrongdoing were carried out on this machine. Larson called his instrument “polygraph”, taking its name from John Hawkins, who coined the term in 1804. This was the name of the machine he discovered for making exact copies of handwritten texts (div. mal. Nizhche). The name “polygraph” is similar to two Greek words – “poly” (richly) and “grapho” (write). This apparatus was used by many people in the 19th century, including Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States and the author of the Declaration of Independence. For John Larson himself, it is up to the addition of the word “polygraph” to the definition of nonsense.

3. In 1926, John Larson’s scientist and spymaster named Leonard Keeler introduced an accessory canal, already visible to the polygraph, that registers changes in the skin support. This significantly improved the accuracy of the testing. Keeler's polygraph, created in 1933, was used by the Chicago laboratory for crime investigation. Until 1935, there were nearly 2,000 suspected criminals. Later, Keeler introduced the fifth channel for registration - the tremor channel (three-thirds of pain). Thus began the current stage of “detecting nonsense.” A basic set of registration channels (breathing, blood pressure, skin support and tremor), created by Larson and Keeler, present in all modern devices.

4. The modern polygraph records signals coming from sensors attached to various parts of the body. Whose change of display is associated with the colivans of the destruction. It is important that lies are called out to a greater degree of awakening than the knowledge of the truth. This may result in perceived guilt among the latter or, which is more likely in the context of polygraph testing, fear of detection of lies.

At this time, a custom polygraph can accurately record changes in sweat, blood pressure and pain, and a sensitive guide to the worst pain. To record changes in the depth and frequency of breathing, pneumatic tubes are placed on the part of the chest and the vulva. The replacement of the blood pressure is carried out using a special cuff that is wrapped around the shoulder, and the sweat monitor is carried out using metal electrodes attached to the fingers. In some episodes, electrical activity in the brain (voltage potentials) is also recorded.

5. Daily bark detectors can detect up to 50 physiological parameters: red-faced or adjacent parts, three-dimensional lips, widened/sounding eyes, rapid blinking and other changes that can be recognize the lies. For example, try to record the change in the expansion of capillaries. This is, at its simplest, a reflexive reaction, so called “rubbish” or “beneficiary food” - a reaction to shock food. It cannot be controlled by willpower in the same way that breathing can be controlled. Several models of polygraphs allow you to analyze human language. It is important that if suspicions indicate an obvious lie, the structure of the vocal cords will change, which will vibrate the sound due to the irregular change in the main vibration frequency. Other detectors react to changes in temperature around the eyes. Their principle lies in the fact that if a person feels mental discomfort - it would be wrong to lie - the internal pressure moves forward, preventing the flow of blood to the eyeballs, through which the temperature in the epithelium moves up. In the future, new technologies for detecting lies are being developed, which rely on the methods of psychosemantics (analysis of the semantic fields of the test subject) and psychosensing (analysis of underlying reactions to the uninformed presentation of test stimuli). There is no doubt that the emergence of other, more sophisticated methods is inevitably upon us.

6. The polygraph is often called a lie detector, but this term is incorrect, as it misleads the population. The polygraph does not read thoughts and does not detect lies, but only registers physiological activity and changes in parameters. It does not reveal a lie, but rather an awakening that can often tell about a lie. Based on physiological reactions, it is not possible to accurately determine the nature of the process that triggers them (positive or negative emotion, nonsense, bullshit, pain, any association, etc.). At this time, there is no other possibility of revealing a lie, other than in the middle way, the fragments of a 100% reliable pattern of physiological activity, characteristic of a lie, simply do not exist.

7. Despite the expansion of the Duma, polygraph testing is not a strictly scientific or standardized procedure. There are numerous doubts and critical respect for the scientific reliability of the results. It is important to note that this is more of a mysticism than a science; there is still a lot to be learned from the qualifications, evidence and intuition of a polygraph examiner. In contrast to scientific, highly standardized tests, food transfer for polygraph testing is not fixed. For a successful test, the polygraph examiner must carefully select and formulate the diet in such a way as to elicit the required reaction from the particular person tested. And then be able to correctly interpret all the different physiological manifestations that are already observed in different people. And here there are inevitable pardons and shouts from the sad “human official.”

8. Great Britain, after the great Shpigunsky scandal, announced its intention to conduct pilot studies of the effectiveness of polygraph testing. A number of famous psychologists created a working group under the supervision of Professor T. Gale. Before sending the group, it was necessary to inform about the status of the polygraph test. The working group of the British Psychological Society has used the polygraph technology to produce sensational results and shocking riches. Psychologists have questioned virtually all aspects of polygraph work, especially the accuracy of the results. Thus, testing procedures have been standardized in this world, which can be considered fairly in terms of scientific psychometrics.

The investigators were concerned about the difficulties of revising the methodology and practice of testing by different scientists using a different polygraph. This means that the decision will be taken subjectively, and the remainder will remain in the hands of the doctor who will carry out the testing. Moreover, it is not susceptible to misrepresentation. It is important for other fakers to understand why a particular polygraph examiner is working for you. A lot of information has been published about the reliability of the polygraph, in what ways, in what ways detectors can be fooled, and in which people are found guilty. The commission also decided that certain aspects of the polygraph test, while being taken into account during the last hour of the food control test, are in accordance with British law and moral standards, thereby making the problematic test results inadmissible before being examined in a British court. u. The UK has approved plans to introduce polygraph testing.

9. The result of testing on a lie detector cannot be considered 100% reliable, since the polygraph analyzes both emotions and physiological reactions of the subject of testing, without any real guilt/innocence news of my nose. No matter how strong the emotion of what was tested: anger, fear, sexual arousal, it could be mildly interpreted by the polygraph as its guilt. Paul Ekman, in his book “Psychology of Emotions,” provides a classic example of such a systemic correction, which is based on the very principle of the polygraph. This is the case with the army sergeant, who was the first to reveal the naked dead body of his neighbor - the pretty friend of another sergeant. After an hour of finishing his drinks, he felt that he was responsible before killing, otherwise he could not pass the lie detector test. The cause of the bullet was almost hammered. In the past, he constantly had sexual fantasies like a mother, and if he looked at her naked body, then, having felt an official desire for her, he didn’t care about those who were dead. I called myself for those who felt similar. Unfortunately, if he was fed about her death and about those who, having discovered the corpse, had realized the guilt, and this emotion did not allow him to pass the polygraph test. Once the evidence was found to indicate that the woman was actually killed, the sergeant was acquitted.

Similar pardons are being sought from Russia. The drug MBC was tested on a polygraph, and showed a remarkable reaction to nutrition and drug administration. A polygraph specialist processed this information as if it were a drug deposit. It became clear later that there was nothing like that, it was just that the policeman was triggered by the aggression and the drug talk. However, they still called everyone.

10. One evening, eighteen-year-old Peter Reilly turned home and found his mother dead. You found out that they had been killed and called the police. After breaking up with Rayleigh, the police suspected him of murdering his mother. A polygraph test was scheduled. The police informed Peter about a test he had recently taken, indicating that he was guilty, despite the fact that there were no doubts about what happened. A study of copies of the supplements showed that Reilly had gone through an extraordinary journey of psychological transformation, starting from the complete suppression of guilt to its confession and, finally, to the change of primary agreements (“Well, everything seems to be true.” So, I haven’t earned anything yet”) and full written knowledge. Two fates later, an independent investigation established that Reilly was about to commit murder and discovery, which he began to believe was truly destructive.

Over the years, psychologists have discovered that suspects themselves may begin to doubt their innocence, as much as they believe the myth about the super-effectiveness of the polygraph. Before the test begins, the polygraph operator reconfigures the suspect in the exact manner and inability of the cut. Moreover, after conducting the test, the police inform the suspect that the exact results have been obtained. Acts are suspected. Some innocent suspects are willing to rob themselves of their identity after being voted guilty by the legacy of the printing test. One of the reasons is due to the fact that they do not have the opportunity to override the jury, but judge in their innocence and therefore appear to be aware, hoping to get rid of less punishment.

11. The importance of using a polygraph with a selection method has not yet been communicated to personnel. Most of those who work on the problem of detecting lies unanimously and categorically protest against the use of a lie detector when hiring a job. The reason is the large number of pardons during the hour of checking candidates for printing. The punishment for vikrittya lies among the tested people is much less than among the criminal right. And if the stakes are lower, then the fear of vikrittya is not so strong, and therefore the evil of liars is much more important. On the other hand, people who are honest and even want to give up their jobs are often afraid that they will be judged incorrectly, and therefore their behavior for mercy can be judged as a sign of guilt.

Another reason is that, during the selection process, the employer will provide secret information about the candidate. For example, what honest wine was stolen from the applicant who wanted to steal it. The polygraph does not accurately report on the food supply, so with its help it is possible to place more specific data on specific events that occurred at a particular time. The secondary power supply can be placed next to the control power supply. However, the likelihood of avoiding incorrect results increases the more the nutrition itself becomes corrupted. A polygraph test can provide information about the behavior of a person tested in the past. (for example, the test can show whether the applicant cheated while filling out the application form, or tried drugs in his youth, etc.), but what is most important for robot sellers is what the applicant’s behavior will be in the future. , as well as his professional responsibilities. The presence of illegal activities in the past does not at all guarantee their continued presence in the future (and, as a matter of fact, a person who has created something before does not necessarily have to create it again). The polygraph cannot confirm anything, and this limits the reliability of its choice for personnel selection.

12. The most scandalous decline of the polygraph in business occurred in 1987 during the investigation of theft at the CBS television company. This company contacted four New York companies that do polygraph inspections to determine which spies stole the camera. At the stage of advanced preparation, the company manager previously informed who among the security forces they suspect of being involved in the crime. After the polygraph investigation, it turned out that the polygraph examiners pointed out that they were the ones who had committed the theft, although they were innocent.

This is pure farce: in reality the camera did not disappear, and all the employees of the company miraculously knew about it. They were simply given instructions to detect the theft (to tell the truth). As they wished, the volunteers were given 50 dollars to pay, and only if the polygraph test was successfully passed. When polygraph testers came to carry out testing (on different days), each person was informed that they suspected the company manager was calling a specific tester. With whom the skin checker was called another person. I know that, from several experts, they have consistently “identified” the malignant, and in the skin lesion it was the very same agent that was indicated as a suspect before the testing. Polygraph examiners were specially trained for this result. It’s just that the previous information poured in on them, as the stench was removed.

13. Other subjective officials, for example, sympathy and pity for the suspects, may be aware of the possible influence of those under investigation on the results of the polygraph test. The polygraph examiner is still unaware of “adjusting” what has been tested and it is possible that in these cases the result “is considered guilty” will appear with less confidence. However, if you express hostility to the polygraph operator for any reason, then it is likely that as a result of the test you will be found guilty.

14. How can you fool a lie detector? That's possible. There is a lot of slaughter in sight of the polygraph's deception, such as, for example, biting the tongue, tension in the legs (pressing the legs with the thumbs on the underpants), obvious sheep sagging or sagging in the reverse order. These actions will lead to physiological reactions, which will be recorded by the polygraph. By doing this, the tests can individually increase the physiological responses of the test subjects to the control food and thereby increase the possibility of passing the test. The result of the test will be such that the tests will not be able to comprehend the examiner’s nutritional requirements or the list of alternatives, which will lead to an unindicated result of passing the test. Tests of control foods) may interfere with this procedure, the fragments are transferred so that the latter will give the answer “so” to the same and “no” to other foods. It is difficult to think and interpret the information, but the evidence of “no” can again show that nutrition is being ignored.

15. The idea is that psychopaths can effectively deceive the lie detector, even in healthy people. The rate of awakening in psychopaths and pathological liars when a lie is revealed is not moving forward and therefore it is impossible to detect lies in them. Thus, Gary Ridgeway, known as the “Green River Killer,” one of the most dangerous serial maniacs in US history, was at one time a suspect, quickly passed the lie detector test and was caught before tell the police your dishonesty. His calm expression later explained the absolute truth that the police do not care about anything. The difference between psychopaths and healthy people was revealed in polygraph tests between introverts and extroverts.

16. The most popular test against the lie detector was carried out by Floyd Fey on the nickname “Flyer”. Yogo Milkovo was convicted of writing in after a recent polygraph examination. The innocence of the Fairy was established only through a number of fates. During the course of his uncertified license, he decided to take revenge on the crooks and become an expert in polygraph testing. Floyd learned 27 confessions that voluntarily confessed to the crime of passing the food control test. After 20 hours of employment, 23 out of 27 subjects successfully passed a polygraph test, which showed their innocence.

17. In a study conducted in 1994, a group of people tested for 30 weeks began to develop either physical remedies (biting the tongue or squeezing the legs with the fingers on the underside), or rozumov (Dumkovy rack in the gate order, starting at seven). After this initial session, the stinks underwent polygraph testing. Rosemary and physical treatments were, however, effective, allowing about 50% of those tried to fool the polygraph. Moreover, the examiner (who was also a certified physician) in less than 12% of cases was marked by stagnation of the physical antidote, the same as one of the last ones, who was quickly exposed to the rosumic antidote without calling out. The examiner's suspicion is not based on his own behavior or physiological reactions. This is true in accordance with the advertising claims of polygraph examiners, so that if I try a different technique, deception will soon be detected by them.

18. Lyudina, when she starts talking nonsense, she can fool the polygraph. This was the result of the team studying under the leadership of Bruno Verschoure at the University of Ghent. In 2010, an experiment was conducted with the participation of three groups of students. The last ones were asked to say a little about their daily activities, after which they were given food. One of the groups told only the truth, the other told a lie, and the third could make a choice so that the offending options were in approximately equal proportions. It appears that lies require additional cognitive control and interference with the process of voicing the truth. However, in pathological liars (and this particularity of the psyche qualifies as a disorder), “dominant truthfulness” may be weaker. As a result of the experiment, it became clear that the brains of notorious liars are quickly strained to the point of having to lie, and it becomes practically impossible to calculate the truthfulness of a story in the hours spent on obscuring. In order for the lie detectors to work more effectively, the fakers recommended including more food in the test, which would provide a clearly truthful report. After them, people will lie more easily, and other physiological manifestations will become noticeable.

19. Spies and spies of the special services have begun to deceive the polygraph. This is the case with Aldrich Ames, a CIA spy who spent a lot of time selling secrets to the Radyansky Union and only passing a few printing tests. Ames, having flourished for so long in his spygun career, incl. And the fact that his ability to fool the polygraph showed any suspicion of the CIA officials. Viktor Cherkashin, a contact between Ames and the KDB, was confirmed in an interview with a British newspaper. The Sunday Times As he helped Ames pass printing tests. Cherkashin gave Ames lunch with the Russian diplomat. Cherkashin himself was present at Ames's dinner, at lunches. Ames became worried, because the FBI knew Cherkashin and was keeping an eye on him. However, Cherkashin came specially for lunch. Having known that the CIA often conducts routine printing tests on its spies, I knew that Ames would be asked the following question: “Have you recently had informal contact with KDB spies?” This was standard food. Some of the contacts between Ames and the KDB spies were classified, Ames would have had to make a fool of himself. However, after lunch, Ames did not need to rant any more, and he could calmly say that he had been contacted.

20. Futurists and science fiction writers have long been speculating about how the polygraph will appear in the future. There are a lot of fantastic dystopias of the polygraph and polygraph examiners and the warehouse totalitarian system, the apparatus of social control and strangulation. For example, in the film “Equilibrium”, a polygraph test reveals a suppression of emotional reactions among secret dissidents and militant supporters. In the fantastic television series “Zoryana Brama” (SG-1) we can use the “Zatarc detector” - a device that detects the presence of zatarks - “sleeping agents” of aliens, although we ourselves do not know about it. The detector checks the obvious memory of what was tested, because the aliens mask the programming of their victims with a memory memory. Adding food and a detector to the drink may indicate that the memory is true, but the person herself does not suspect it.

The cult science-fiction film “Blade Runner” features another type of lie detector - the Voight-Kampff test. This test, based on the nutritional and emotional reactions of the witness, helps the main character of the film to determine the significance of testing a human or an android replicant that has secretly made its way to Earth. The result of the test is determined by the residual virocity. The empathetic Voight-Kampff test of the inventions of the writer Philip K. Dick is first revealed in his novel “Why Do Androids Die About the Electrovians?” Together with F. Dick, it comes down to the middle of the population of people. It's best to give the android absolute intelligence without giving any sense of empathy, which will fail this test. As The Wave Magazine writes, in 2004, a group of socialist politicians in San Francisco underwent a similar test to determine whether politics actually belong to the genus Homo sapiens? All candidates, suspected of having a protracted illness, were required to take specific meals, which are important in the life and death of animals. The leaders were on guard for their reactions and were vigilant. You can also check yourself for additional adapted online testing.

Prepared using materials from scientific and popular publications

This is a foldable and high-tech device, with the help of which it is possible to register various physiological parameters: heart rate and breathing, blood pressure, skin-galvanic reaction, and so on. The testing procedure is absolutely painless, and you will want to enjoy what you have tried and appreciate your share.

Sensors are attached to parts of a person’s body before being tested. The data is removed and sent to the computer, which displays a bunch of graphics. It looks like it's time to bring in your draft. A non-certified psychologist can correctly interpret the results of experiments. As a rule, specialists for work undergo extensive advanced training.

During the check, the detector must be supplied with low power, most of which will be brought to the point of contact. It is important that the reaction of a person to those that are significant for a new diet is dependent on the changes in the parameters that are being controlled. Fahivtsi insist that it is practically impossible to fool a reasonable device, but people who know the principles of work are specially trained to go through the process.

Why do you need a polygraph?

The polygraph is being tested today to complete various tasks. It is impossible for law enforcement activities to identify individuals that are considered to be extremely evil. Behind the results of the investigation, an expert conclusion is formed, which, however, is not an insane proof of guilt, but is considered by the court and at once from the totality of evidence in the court.

Widely use the lie detector for private businesses. Great corporations have special departments that include security services warehouses and personnel work. The polygraph assists in carrying out loyalty checks, internal investigations and investigations into theft of the company.

One of the direct activities of the vikoristan is the selection of candidates for planting songs. A reasonable approach helps to identify the moral and psychological strengths of the personnel and recognize those individuals who could potentially be included in the so-called risk groups. In this case, the methods that are used for these purposes may differ greatly from the methods that stagnate in criminology.

Not all the methods that were used in ancient times have been listed. History preserves a number of options for determining the truth. You can re-insure for a long time (ordeals, eggs, everything, etc.)

Let's go back to the end of the 19th century and try to figure out who is the maker of the national device, which is widely used not only by intelligence services, but also by sound agencies, various firms and companies. yami.

Who and if created a lie detector

Well, the polygraph is a history of creation.

The creation of the first device, designed for identifying lies, happened in the early 20th century. In the past, criminal investigators and doctors have combined their strengths, as a result of which already in 1921 the first batch of wines was found. It was designed by the American police uniform J. Larson.

Recently, W. M. Marston (an accomplished lawyer and psychologist from America) conducted research on this disorder. Having clearly described the principles of the polygraph, he is the author of the DISC classification.

As far back as 1877, a physiologist from Italy, A. Mosso, carried out a series of studies on this galus, using a plethysmograph and a plethysmograph (measurement of pulse rate and blood pressure). As a result of the research, the theory about the infusion of emotions (fear, debris) into the heart rate was confirmed.

The method was used by criminologist from Italy C. Lombroso. Already in 1881, they carried out research on which another device was successfully installed, which may be called a hydrosphygmograph. This device recorded the diagram of changes in the bloody vice of the finished one, after which the line reliably turned.

Nezabar we got together yesterday. Deep precautions and investigations allowed them to identify additional factors. As it turned out, behavior (its depth and frequency) is also a good indicator of truth and lies.

So who really came first?

The history of the creation of the polygraph shows that the creator of the lie detector was J. Larson! Alas, as it turned out, it’s not so! The British cardiologist J. Mackenzie created this name in 1902! So, the polygraph is not used by the criminal investigator. His polygraph vikoristovavsya daily with medical methods. This significance was laid down in the attack:

1. Vibration of heart rhythms.
2. Vyvchenya arterial pressure.

The clock mechanism fed the paper from a roll, and the recording was made with an ink pen. Later J. Larson and L. Keeler improved this device. Doctors who have rejected information can safely confirm that the first lie detector was created by J. Mackenzie!

Further development of the polygraph

After J. Larson, the baton was picked up by his scientist L. Keeler. Working at the research laboratory, we have improved the first lie detector, adding another indicator - the channel of the vimir, the support of the skin. A new portable device was born in 1933. Nezabar the winemaker has established a serial production of polygraphs.

Laboratories all over the world were busy with research. Similar investigations were carried out in the USSR. The secret laboratory was discovered in the 20s. A. Luria became the leader of the project. Subsequent investigations were carried out under his kerivnitstvo talent. Of particular merit to this galusia is A. M. Leontyev (a great psychologist at that time),

The 30s played a negative role in the further development of the polygraph. The investigation was cleared, after which the theory and methods were accepted, and all investigations were closed.

Until the 60s, investigations and investigations were not carried out! “Pseudoscience device” is forgotten. During the “pre-league” period, they once again took up the investigation. Academician Varlamov Vinayshov, the first Radyansky ink-writing polygraph. As many as 10 years of work involved their testing, improvement, discovery and mastery of new methods of working with the detector. The development process is slow. Through abductions and pardons, the project was once again slowed down.

In 1985, State Secretary Andropov showed interest in the lie detector, after which a new side began in the history of surveillance. The work was carried out in secret laboratories of the KDB. This fate was marked by another important milestone - the first computer detector was created.

Beginning in 1995, an official printing industry appeared in Russia!

At the moment we can boast of a number of polygraph options:

• Feather.
• Ink-writing.
• Traditional.
• Digital.

What amazing progress!

Polygraph of presentness

The 21st century has respected hundreds of high technologies. It is entirely natural that the self-written detector of lies in ink has also changed beyond recognition. Now we are installing a new computer with previously added sensors! All psychophysical processes are displayed on the monitor, and less feedback is captured. It is only today that we have not yet begun to identify the causes of the theft, which directly affects the final result of the verification. The polygraph examiner has a great responsibility, and he must also determine whether he has detected any sign of deception or not!

The correct name of the polygraph

The polygraph is an instrument that has a faceless name, but it is called directly under the principle of this unit. Let's take a look at the most popular models:

• Polygraph - the correct name of the vinyl polygraph is due to the combination of two walnut words: field and graph. These words are translated as “to write richly.”
• A psychogalvanometer is an analogue of a polygraph originally from Japan.
• Plethysmograph.
• Hydrophygmograph.

Well, of course, let’s not forget to call a synonym (oral name) for these devices – a lie detector.

A lie detector (or a polygraph, as the lie detector is scientifically called) is a device that is used for instrumental monitoring of psychophysiological indicators by identifying powerless reactions, which allows one to evaluate the the veracity of the data that people see.

The basis of most lie detectors is the registration of parameters of breathing, cardiovascular activity, as well as skin-galvanic support. Nina low tracking made it possible to include other parameters for reliable data in the new development.

Even in ancient times, various peoples had ways of assessing the reaction of a suspected person, which could confirm her guilt or innocence. Thus, in Ancient China there was less sleeping during greedy development. Having read the call, the suspected person was given a piece of rice in his mouth, and, having lost his dry wine, the person recognized himself as having wine.

In Ancient India, it was reported that there is heterogeneity in the strength of reaction in different types of people’s guilt. Similar precautions can be taken in young children. As soon as the owner of the kindergarten puts in a food service, then, for everything, “not me” comes first and screams loudest to the little one who has earned it. And the Indians called in response to the neutral nutrition that is being asked, and the nutrition associated with the calls.

It was taken into account that since the person was guilty, the blow to the accusatory words would be stronger. Physiological manifestations were also noted in different cases of guilt of the suspect. However, the methods of registering the value of wine were quite primitive.

The beginning of instrumental investigations can be traced back to 1877, when A. Mosso, using his plethysmograph, installed and recorded changes in frequency and pulse rate in a state of fear. Already in 1881, Cesare Lambroso developed a similar device and the same principle in the hour of finishing the suspect. His wife fixed the change to a “graph” - a diagram, which will help you evaluate the reactive changes in the blood pressure.

His hydroseismograph was described by him more than once in the context of the fact that his own data were confirmed. Moreover, in 1902, an outburst was described when, at the same time, Lambroso suspected the innocence of an obvious “mischief” in the sensational story about the cruelty of a girl’s life after a cruel exchange. And then, having known the real evildoer, he secretly “framed” the innocent. In addition, in the process of work on the new (hydroseifsmography), other concomitant changes in the body, including breathing, were noted.

The creator of the first prototype of this device is William Marston. Marston does not simply rely on fixed everyday practices. He creates a family laboratory, together with Elizabeth’s team, organizes fundamental research at that time and removes the final equipment. This technology dates back to the beginning of the 1920s.

It is important that at the same time in America in 1921 Larson’s device was created, a policeman-creator who actively stagnated during the hour of additional drinks. We have registered changes not just of one indicator, but of three: pulse, pressure and breathing. However, the device was not very bulky. Therefore, Larson's teaching - Leonard Keeler in 1933 created his own unique approach, which is portable and at the same time includes the skin.

In the vastness of Russia, the surge is traced to the end of the 1970s, and all the previous centers, as well as their founders, were formerly members of the KDB SRSR polygraph scientists.

Features of polygraphs

The first advantage of lie detectors, as you might have already guessed, is the number of characteristics that are taken into account, the change of which is covered by insurance.

A whole range of sensors can be used to detect particularities:

• thoracic and cervical dikhannya;
• arterial pressure;
• pulse;
• skin-galvanic support of the skin.

Also, lie detectors focus on the method of recording data:

Where is the polygraph going to get stuck?

It is important that the lie detector always goes to the trouble of investigating evil. However, at this time, there is a greater need to become more involved in the practice of controlled or preventive conversion of doctors, in enterprises or in companies where employers categorically do not allow people who are addicted to drugs, abuse alcohol, or steal The hedgehogs are a little hydrated.

Rules for getting food

All meals during verification at the lie detector are divided into basic (verification and control) and additional (neutral, sacrificial-verification, symptomatic and guilt complex nutrition).

In order for the verification to be clear, it is necessary to adhere to the following rules for storing food.

Criticism of polygraph technology

How can you fool a lie detector? At this point, it is important to give a clear statement. Investigations were carried out to ensure that the crime was exposed and the data from the polygraphs was confirmed. It is impossible to deal with fragments of psychophysiological processes mentally. Therefore, many countries accept data from the help of a detector as an axiom. If there are such countries (Name, Poland, states of the USA), such data cannot be evidence in court.

A lot of factors flow into this. And the most important one, which, up to the point of speech, is confirmed by all the fahives of this galuz. It is not the effective idea that is being verified, but the reconstitution of people based on this idea. For example, the man rose in rank with the woman and took away his relationship with the householder. As a result, the person presented a pose to protect his reputation.

The insults were tested on the lie detector. I resentment showed the reliability of the direct indications of goodness. So these men rightly regarded the woman as a housewife. With whom, in his understanding, there really is no sexual connotation in these actions.

In addition, it is important that data taken from children, as well as psychiatric illnesses, cannot be taken as evidence. The reason for this is the moment of unclear boundaries between fantasy and reality. It’s no secret that children can be extremely naughty. Also, from the inspirations of Father Frost and Baba Yaga, for constant inspiration, they can easily believe in those who want to kill them, for example. And give this credit for your truth, as confirmed by the detector.

So, to ask: “How can you bypass the lie detectors if you are actively telling lies?” You can only say one thing: “No way!” If you do not indulge in such specific forms of entering into a trance, which allow you to frequently or often encourage your insane reflexes.

But then we can say that there are some concessions in the interpretation of these data, such as:

• question the competence of the polygraph examiner;
• The polygraph examiner himself is particularly concerned with the results of the investigation;
• obstezhuvaniya himself singing in the re-constructions, which sometimes turn out to be untrue;
• As soon as there is a condition in the country, there may be illness, which is due to the symptoms of illness, in the short term, the state of chronic intoxication (alcohol and narcotics), psychiatric illness, extreme stages can be observed. napezhennia, a trivial psychological surge, and then and there.

Tim not less, there are a lot of legends that have taken root, and legends about those that the secret services of rich guilty countries began to recruit their agents to fool the polygraph. It is based on techniques for total and one-hour monitoring of cardiac activity, breathing and mental reactions. However, as such methods appear, they are clearly extremely unique and cannot be heard.

Therefore, all the methods published on the Internet without knowing the principle of “knowledge” can seriously harm your health. Also, a polygraph is used to record changes in processes that are proceeding madly. Realize that you have learned to control the work of your heart. And what? You are twenty chotiri godini na doba, you will need to give the command to you to practice correctly. And if you fall asleep, you’ll just start chattering. The best way to prove your innocence is simply not to commit unlawful acts.