It’s easy to send your money to the robot to the base. Vikorist the form below

Students, post-graduate students, young people, who have a strong knowledge base in their new job, will be even more grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

Enter

2. Choice of topology

3. Decreasing the number of equivalent flows between the nodes of the boundary

7. Select the type of equipment

Visnovok

List of references

Enter

A steady increase in traffic, caused by an avalanche-like development Internet boundaries, has led to the need to increase the capacity of transmission channels. Today, SDH transmission systems are installed not only on PSTN trunk routes, but also on all levels of border hierarchies, including the metro and the place of access to the border. In this case, the equipment can be compact for installation in any location and meet all the daily needs before installation.

The interest in SDH technology is due to the fact that this technology has replaced the methods of pulse-code modulation PCM (ICM) and plesiochronous digital hierarchy PDH (PCI) and began to be intensively used as a result of the massive installation of digital PBXs, which allow handling 2 flows Mbit/s, that door regional measures SDH.

The advantage of the SDH network lies in the fact that it can transmit multiplexed streams with a lot of information and does not require complete demultiplexing of the visible channels on transit sections. Plesiochronic systems vicorized beats to verify, to verify fluids. In this case, the information was lost, which pointed to the cob of the cutaneous tributary block of the lower order. Therefore, seeing one tributary block requires external demultiplexing of the entire flow, as shown in Fig. 1.1.a.

After seeing the tributary block, the information that was lost was supplied to the node that was intended for transmission to the next dealer, multiplexed again. This involved installing “multiplexer-demultiplexer” bets at transit stations, which operate in a middle-to-nothing connection (in jargon - “back to back”, back-to-back).

The smells were intended only for the visualization and insertion of tributary blocks. This decision has significantly increased the cost of equipment, especially in cases where it is necessary to serve a flow with important transit connections and a small amount of information that is received and replaced at a given node. SDH provides a significant change in the equipment's performance by installing an input/output multiplexer - Add Drop Multiplexer-ADM, which can “unpack” or replace information in a stream without demultiplexing the stream. The operation of such a device in transit mode is shown in Fig. Rice. 1.1 b. The change in value is associated with the “multiplexer-demultiplexer” bet, which works back-to-back. Transport links with SDHMVV routes can be linear or circular. In Fig. Figure 1.2 shows the SDHMVB connection in a linear network for communication between different SDH terminals (marked with numbers 1, 2, 3, 4). These terminals may be part of another property. For example, they may be owned by routers in the interface of another network. In Fig. 1.2, the skin terminal and SDH tract communicate with other nodes according to the “skin to skin” principle, as mentally depicted in Fig. 1.2 b. At this point, the capabilities of the input/output multiplexer are discussed. In Fig. 1.2. does not show the flow of information that goes in the opposite direction. It is transmitted that they are created the same way as they are direct - through directing back the SDH path from the vicors on the SDHMVB transit.

Malyunok 2

It is transmitted to the baby that it is delivered to the skin node SDHMVB sees the information assigned to this node, and inserts the other one directly to the skin node. Thus, input/output multiplexers allow the creation of virtual network topologies.

It is important to note that synchronous measures have a number of advantages over asynchronous ones, the main ones being:

Forgivable measures;

Reliability and self-renewal of the measure;

The humility of the keruvannya is a border;

Vidilennya smuga is allowed to pass through;

The versatility of stagnation;

Simplicity of increasing tension;

2. Technical design of the fence

· Transferred to SDH measure

· In the SDH regions, 6 digital PBXs are to be put into operation;

· It is proposed to link all stations into a single network using SDH technology;

· Develop a scheme for organizing the border. Expand the number of component flows between nodes. Prime the selection of fluids for the transmission of aggregate flows. Select the types of multiplexers, cross-connections and line equipment at the nodes. Vibrati optical cable.

· Vibrate the protection circuits between them and wrap them.

· Develop a synchronization monitoring scheme.

· Select the possession of SDH for the implementation of the projected measure, vicoristics and products of any manufacturer. Set up the equipment.

Table 1. Distance between nodes per kilometer.

Get between nodes by kilometers

Table 2. Orientation functions of nodes

Table 3. The required number of digital streams of the designed network.

	Digital streams	Direct transmission

1. Explanation of the scheme for organizing the network

Based on the current data, Table 1 provides a diagram of the organization of measures.

Rice. 1.1. Block diagram telecommunication transport network

In order to design a measure as a whole, it is necessary to go through a number of stages, which involve those other functional tasks assigned to the technical department at the design stage. The first task is to select the network topology. For this course project, we choose the topology of the porous mesh (Fig. 1). The general topology can be seen as shown in Fig. 1. The porosity of the hem consists of two square centers and contains six nodes. The skin of them practically resembles a similar multiplexer STM-N installed on a digital PBX.

2. Types of mesh topologies

One of the main design tasks is the correct choice

mesh topology. Standard basic topologies, which have the greatest expansion when organizing a connection, are formed from the following set:

Topology "speckle-speckle";

Topology "successive linear lancet";

Topology "zirka";

"Ring" topology.

The equipment of the plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH) is mainly developed in edge-to-edge structures of the “dot-to-dot” type, since the implementation of such equipment has revealed more reliable ring, alignment and other measures It is also expensive and easy to control.

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) equipment can be installed in all structures, and PCI equipment is also used, however, the authorities

SCI features are particularly advantageous during the implementation of high-quality ceramic edging structures. The peculiarities of the basic topologies of real SCSI networks lie ahead. Topology "speckle-speckle". The point-to-point topology (Fig. 2.1) is the simplest and most suitable for transmitting large digital streams using high-speed trunk channels. It can be implemented using additional terminal multiplexers (TM) either in a scheme without redundancy of the receive/transmit channel or in a scheme with 100% redundancy of the 1+1 type, in which the main and backup electrical or optical units are combined exit (receive/transmit channels) . When the main channel goes out of tune within tens of milliseconds, you can automatically switch to the backup channel.

Topology "successive linear lancet". The topology measure "the last linear lancet is selected in these phases, if at a number of points it is necessary to introduce and output digital streams. This is realized with the help of terminal (end) multiplexers and multiplexes or in input-output, and terminal point multiplexers are installed with only one such block. Qia Merezha It can be presented as a simple sequential linear lance without redundancy, or as a folding lance with redundancy of the 1+1 type. The remaining topology option is called a closed ring “star” topology. In the "mirror" topology, one of the multiplexers performs the functions of a concentrator, in which part of the traffic is transmitted to the backbone, and the other part is distributed between the multiplexers of remote nodes. Such a multiplexer performs the functions of an input-output multiplexer and cross-switching system. It is necessary to note that with the general standard set of functions of the SCI equipment, which is defined by the ITU-T Recommendations, the multiplexers that are produced by specific equipment receivers may not have a new set of over-insurance capabilities, or and additional ones.

"Ring" topology. This topology is characteristic of SCI networks. The main advantage of the ring topology lies in the ease of organization of 1+1 protection, which makes it possible to form two pairs of optical aggregate outputs (main and backup) People with escarpment flows.

The scheme for organizing flows at the ring can be either double-fiber (either single-straightened or double-straightened due to flow protection of the 1+1 type or without it), or multi-fiber (usually double-straightened, which allows you to organize there is no option to protect data streams). Despite the higher reliability of the fiber-based version, choosing to use the remaining time will ensure higher reliability. When organizing an SDH network, the topology of the “ring” type is most often used, which achieves not only high reliability of its functionality, but also the possibility of saving or updating (in just a short hour, dozens of milliseconds) the efficiency of the measure is to be applied at a time depending on one of its elements and the transmission medium – cable. Such measures are called self-loving or “self-indulgent”. A “ring” type topology can be organized using two fibers (a “double ring” topology) or four fibers (two double rings). The protection of the route at the double circle, which corresponds to the 1+1 type, can be organized by two routes.

Fig 2.1 Topology "speckle-speckle"

Rice. 2.2. The topology "serial linear circuit" is implemented on TM and TDM.

Rice. 2.3. The topology is “successive linear lancet” of the “simple ring” type with a 1+1 protection.

Rice. 2.4 “Zirka” topology with a multiplexer as a concentrator.

Rice. 2.5 “Ring” topology with 1+1 protection.

3. Distribution of the number of equivalent E1 flows between the nodes of the boundary

The equivalent number of primary digital streams is expanded to technical departments(Table 3).

The equivalent number of the first 2 M flows (E1) is calculated from the relationship:

2. digital stream with a speed of 8 Mbit/s (E2) equivalent to streams with a speed of 2 Mbit/s (4x2 M);

3. digital stream with a speed of 34 Mbit/s (E3) equivalent to 16 streams with a speed of 2 Mbit;

4. digital stream with a speed of 140 Mbit/s (E4) equivalent to 64 streams with a speed of 2 Mbit/s.

5. STM-1 is equivalent to 63 streams with a speed of 2 Mbit.

The results of the breakdown of the number of 2 M flows by direct routes should be entered in Table 3.1

Table 3.1. Equivalent number of primary digital streams

Local universities

Determine the volume of linear paths between the intermediate nodes of the designed transport route.

The topology of the network with the regulation of the number of E1 flows for direct transmission tasks can be seen in Fig. 3.1.

Enter the results of the assessments in Table 3.2.

Directly
	Number of equivalent flows E1

Malyunok 3.1

4. Select cables between the junction nodes

The capacity of the connection channel and the transmission range of the signal depend on the type of fiber that is stuck in the cable. To transmit information over a large distance from 1 to 100 km and then single-mode fiber with different characteristics is used. For small projects and non-critical ones for speed and convenience transmitted information tasks are to produce a wide variety of optical fibers.

The number of fibers in a cable may vary. The number of fibers in a cable is no less than 4. The required number of fibers is determined by the volume of digital line paths, the need for their redundancy, and other considerations.

The optical cable may have a different design, which transfers its installation to different minds. The optical cable intended for external installation is subject to the temperature range that indicates the location of its laying. As a rule, the operating temperature range is limited. The cable sheathing must ensure protection against damage to the cable. The optical cable for laying in open ground has more heavy armor in the appearance of a steel core.

When choosing an optical cable, it is clear that it is necessary to take into account approximately 80% of all capital expenditures for the organization of necessary connections to the cable and the maintenance of cable trunks. A securely laid type of cable is selected for laying in single-mode ground. For plots A-B, C-D, D-D, E-E with a long working needle. Spend on optical fiber at your own site, which allows you to organize connections over a significant distance (about 100 km). For plots A-E and B-C with a long working day. Use optical fiber. The advantage is to eliminate the installation of attenuators on short sections, and also to reduce the cost of connecting cables and optical interfaces of multiplexers.

The main characteristics of standard single-mode optical fiber (MCE-T recommendation G.652) are shown in Fig. 4.1.

Rice. 4.1. Main characteristics of standard single-mode optical fiber (MCE-T recommendation G.652)

Vikorist products manufactured by ZAT "OKS 01" M. St. Petersburg cable brand OAS.

Rice. 4.2. Design of cable brand OAS ZAT "Oks-01"

Rice. 4.3. Purpose and main technical parameters

Rice. 4.4. Decryption of the code designation

We select a standard single-mode cable brand OAS-008-E-04-02-20.0/1.0-X-H with 8 optical fibers with a working length of cable for long and short lengths of cable lines.

5. Resizing the required number of multiplexers of all levels

The “ring” topology transmits the vicor in all nodes of the ring of ADM input-output multiplexers.

The ADM input-output multiplexer (Add/Drop Multiplexor) can be placed at the input of the same set of tribes as the terminal multiplexer, and allows the input/output of additional channels. In addition to the switching capabilities that ensure TM, the ADM multiplexer allows for continuous switching of output streams in both directions. ADM also allows for short-circuiting of the receiving channel to the transmitting channel on both sides (incoming and outgoing) at different outputs from one of the direct lines. Solved, it allows (in case of emergency exit from the operation of the multiplexer) to pass (in emergency passive mode) the main optical flow bypassing the multiplexer.

The STM flow for all ADM multiplexers at the ring is determined by the maximum flow in one section.

Our branch has the maximum traffic on the site V-G is more ancient 148E1. STM-4 allows you to organize the transmission of up to 252 E1 streams.

Table 5.1. SDH systems

Now, first of all, ADM multiplexers similar to STM-4 can be installed at each point.

The optical interface to the skin is significant.

Table 5.2. Classification of standard optical interfaces

Vikoristannya	In the middle of the station	Between stations
		Short section	Dovga section
Nominal dovzhina hvili dzherela, nm
Fiber type					Rec. G.652 Rec. G.654
Vidstan, km
Rivni STM

On short plots V-B and A-E, the optical interface S-4.1 is used.

In other sections (divisions A-B, C-D, D-D, E-E) – optical interface L-4.2.

It can be assumed in advance that regenerators will need to be installed on plots A-E and D-G. The remainder of the need to install regenerators will be eliminated after the regeneration plot has been developed.

The remaining selection of multiplexers in the ring, as well as optical interfaces, is determined after selecting the protection method.

6. Selecting methods for protecting linear and group paths

The ring topology is widely used to create transport networks on a local and regional scale. Protection in the ring boundaries - automatic type (measures with self-healing self-healing) with activation, interruption at times of disturbance and sudden decrease in the strength of the signal.

ADM capabilities allow you to create self-renewing rings of two types:

· Unidirectional, when there is normal communication between nodes A and B, signals from A to B and B to A go around the ring in one direction.

· Double-directed, when there is normal communication between two nodes A and B, the signal to the traffic flow from A to B flows along the ring in the same direction as the signal B to A.

With more taps, the bidirectional ring circuit is more economical and requires less bandwidth. This is explained by the fact that for signals that are transmitted on different sections of the ring mesh, that the same optical fibers (both mainly and emergency mode robots). At the same time, the single-straight ring of the hem is simpler in implementation.

The double-straightened ring can be implemented in two options:

· Double fiber ring

· Chotiri fiber ring.

A bi-directional 2-fiber ring with an interconnected multiplexing section, where the skin section of the ring contains 2 fibers (one for TX transmission and one for RX reception), then in the skin fiber half of the channels will be connected in operating mode, thus half will be vikorystuvatisya as a reserve . Tobto. with the selected method of protection, for the residual value of the STM level in the circle, maximum power E1 flows need to be connected.

148 x 2 = 296E1, then the STM level at the ring has changed to STM-16. However, it is obvious that some of the virtual containers in STM-16 may not be available. It is also necessary to select different optical interfaces S-16.1, L-16.2.

Bidirectional 4-fiber ring with interconnected multiplexing section, where in the skin section of the ring there are 4 fibers (two for TX transmission and two for RX reception); The working and backup streams are directed along two different fibers, both the TX transmission line and the RX line. In this case, all the hemstone elements in the ring are connected by two cable lines with two pairs of fibers near the skin. The equipment of the edge elements may be equipped with several aggregate interfaces. This view It would be a good idea to save the STM4 cost, which obviously means that the cable costs will significantly increase, and the installation of multiplexers with 4 optical interfaces will require additional data costs. Several fiber rings will maintain their usefulness even in case of damage to the multiplexing section of MS, then. The most reliable protection against great information flows.

From an economical point of view, from the regulation of the given traffic boundary, which is fragmented, it is entirely necessary to use the 2F MS SPRING protection method.

In order to protect 2F MS SPRING in this way, it is necessary to install multiplexers ADM STM-16 with 2 optical interfaces in the skin (S-16.1 and/or L-16.2 for short and long lines osti from the plot of the fence).

7. Select the type of equipment

Equipment and equipment for SDH transmission systems are available from a wide variety of manufacturers, such as ECI Telecom, Alcatel, Siemens, Nortel, NEC and others. Most of the varieties are presented on the Russian market. For beautiful vikoristannya For servicing, you must choose equipment from the same company.

Most of the multiplexers available on the telecommunications market have a wide range of configuration options and allow you to organize the required type of multiplexer according to the application, protecting not only linear paths, but also the these benefits.

Changing the configuration of a synchronous multiplexer is done by installing or removing replaceable modules and reconfiguring them using additional server interfaces.

By virtue of high level standardization of SDH technology, multiplexers have significantly unified the basic parameters.

We make your choice on the Alcatel multiplexer 1661SM-C. External look multiplexer 1661SM-C representations Malyunka 7.1.

Rice. 7.1. Exterior look of the 1661SM-C multiplexer

The Alcatel 1661SM-C multiplexer is a compact SDH multiplexer similar to STM-16, which is based on the multiplexing algorithm to the G.707 standard. This multiplexer is an upgrade of the STM-4 1651 SM multiplexer to the level of STM-16. It is possible to use this system in the modes of an input-output multiplexer, end multiplexer, sub-end end multiplexer, regenerator (not strictly supported). Supported by the local police extension 1641 SM-D. The system is complete with optical boosters 1610 and 1664 OA, in which case the booster is switched on by a multiplexer.

Supported interfaces: Q2 (not all versions) Q3, F.

Rice. 7.2. Block diagram

The main feature of the multiplexers 1651SM and 1661SM-C and 1641SM and 1651SM-C is the presence of the visible switching matrix circuit. The matrix is ​​connected to aggregate and component ports using an additional four-wire bus with a transmission speed of 38.88 Mbit/s.

Aggregate blocks contain the following functions:

SPI synchronous physical interface.

MUX-multiplexer, converts the serial-parallel transformation of STM-4(16) into STM-1 and the same.

RST - end of the regeneration section, controls additional bytes RSOH.

MST – the end of the multiplexing section, containing MSOH bytes.

SA is an adaptation of the section that generates the AUG indicator for synchronizing the line and system.

HPC switching of high-order paths allows you to select and connect AU-4 flows from the switching matrix or to the aggregate port of direct placement in STM-4 (16). With the new matrix, the commutation of ALL AU-4 is transmitted through the matrix, then. Part of the HPC function is determined by the matrix. The full matrix allows for any kind of connection between aggregate and component ports (including aggregate-aggregate and component-component).

Component port modules contain the following functions:

PI-physical interface.

LPA- places/extracts the plesiochronous signal from the container (C-12, C-3, C-4). LPT-path completion low level structure is a virtual container (VC-12, VC-3, VC-4).

HPA-tract adaptation upper level, completes the TU indicator (TU-12, TU-3). LPC switching of low-order paths, including switching of any STM-1 position through a switching matrix.

PG(SA) - section indicator generator, enter the fixed value of the AUOH indicator.

SA-compiles data from AU-4.

MSP PPS - selects between the main/backup paths and the outbound/outbound side.

The transmultiplexer unit contains a plesiochronous multiplexer that forms 16 streams of 2 Mbit/s to a 34 Mbit/s signal. Then the 2 Mbit/s streams will be removed at once from another five 2 Mbit/s streams placed as before.

The 155 Mbit/s optical component stream module includes the following functions:

SPI – synchronous physical interface. RST-kerues the first three rows of SOH.

MST – the end of the multiplexing section, containing the remaining five SOH bytes.

SA – shows indicator AU-4.

HPT is the end of the high order tract, which is structured by VC-4.

LPC is connected to the low-order path, this switching is carried out by the STM-1 position and ensures communication through the switching matrix.

The 1631 FOX CO stream input/output unit allows the input/output of three STM-0 streams. The following functions are available:

SPI - ensures the interaction of electrical/optical signals from an external device. From the side I receive a clock pulse from the signal.

RST - the end of the regeneration section, containing the first three rows of SOH.

MST is the end of the multiplexing section, which controls the remaining five SOH sinks.

MSA is an adaptation of the multiplexing section that encapsulates the AU.

HPT - high order path termination, controls the transmission byte (POH), structuring the VC-3 virtual container.

HPA is a high order path adaptation that directly synchronizes the AU-3 indicator and the TU-12 indicators, which may be located in the VC-3 container. LPC - low-order path switching, connects any position to the STM-0 frame, ensuring the interaction of aggregate blocks.

MSP – selects the multiplexing section, selects the main/backup module.

The main advantage of the availability of the switching matrix is ​​the seamless switching of flows and the simplification of aggregate port maps.

Rice. 7.3. Module refurbishment

The STM-16 aggregate interface card (slots 16+17, 20+21) is available in two versions: the first and the other generation.

Characteristics of optical interfaces to be tested:

Interface S-16.1 (DIN connector, SC-PC, FC-PC).

Operating range: 1290-1330 nm

At point S.

Laser type: SLM

Maximum spectrum width at level -20 dB: 1< нм

Maximum average intensity: 0 dBm

Minimum average intensity: -4 dBm

Minimum extinction coefficient: 10 dB

Between S and R.

Dimming: 0-13 dB

Dispersion: ps/nm

At point R.

Minimum sensitivity: -18 dBm

Maximum intensity: 0 dBm

Maximum loss after point R: 1 dB

Interface L-16.2 HE1 (DIN sockets, FC-PC).

Operating range: 1500-1580 nm

At point S.

Laser type: SLM

Maximum spectrum width at level -20 dB:<1 нм

Minimum barrel mode suppression coefficient: 30 dB

Maximum volume gain: +2 dBm

Minimum volume gain: -2 dBm

Minimum extinction coefficient: 8.2 dB

Between S and R.

Zgasannya: 9-24 dB

Dispersion: 1600 ps/nm

Minimum cable consumption at point S, including all connections: 24 dB

Maximum discrete output between S and R: -27 dB

At point R.

Minimum sensitivity: -28 dBm

Maximum gain: -8 dBm

Maximum loss after point R: 2 dB

Maximum pick-up voltage at point R: -27 dB

Switching matrix card (main – slot 6, backup – slot 7). It is possible to choose one of two options: a full matrix (connection on the level of VC-12, or commutation), a separate board (switching on the level of VC-4 on aggregate port cards, connection of ports: aggregate-aggregate, component- units, only with STM-1 and 140 Mbit/s component ports.

21x2 Mbit/s cards can only be accommodated in slots 1, 2, 3 and 5 (reserve). The introduction/exit of more than 63 streams is subject to the additional extension police 1641 SM-D. (HDB3, amplitude 3 (peak), 75 or 120 Ohms, signal attenuation 0-6 dB at 1 MHz).

Card of component streams 3x34 Mbit/s (reserve 1+ N, 1+1, HDB3, amplitude 1.75 Ohm, signal attenuation 0-12.7 dB at 1 MHz).

Card of component streams 3x45 Mbit/s (reserve 1+N, 1+1).

Transmultiplexer map 1x34 Mbit/s + 5x2 Mbit/s (reserve 1+N, 1+1).

Component stream card 1x 140/155 (electrical) Mbit/s (reserve 1+N, 1+1; CMI, signal attenuation 0-12.7 dB at 70 or 78 MHz line).

Card of component streams 1x155 (optical) Mbit/s (reserve is not provided).

There are two versions: basic (stability 1E-6) and shortened (stability 0.37E-6).

Access block to AUX/EOW headers (slot 15 is not reserved). The WIDE NETWORK version ensures the transit of a digital mobile signal between the aggregate ports, the EXTENSION version ensures connection to the phone.

Ownership controller (slot 22 is not reserved). It will provide a multiplexer, expanded police, and control of the optical booster. Connections to the TMN measure via interfaces Q3, F, Q2 (not available on all versions of the multiplexer).

The Futurebus bus block (slot 14, not reserved), is selected when the enhanced transmission of control and monitoring information is enabled.

The protection of multiplexer blocks (EPS) is ensured. For component flows, the protection is 1+N or 1+1, reversing the reverse (when replacing a faulty block or changing the characteristics of the block, between the norms, a reconnection is made from the protection block to the working block). STM-16 aggregate ports are not protected on the same block level. Blocks of commutation matrices and blocks of synchronizers are stolen 1+1, non-negotiable remixing (gateway remixing from the protection block to the robotnik - Primus).

Line protection – single-direction MSP.

Tract protection - SNCP (negotiable and non-negotiable, renewal hour in reverse mode 5 hours). The structure of zakhistu is a single-straight double-fiber ring. Mixing is more automatic (control of the path is less on the level of TU-12, TU-3 and VC-4). Mozhlive vikoristannya to the drop-and-continue method for the protection of folding hems. In this case there are at least two corner points between the boundaries.

Protection of tracts 2F-MS-SPRING. Double fiber bidirectional ring. Half of the ring capacity is placed in reserve; low-priority traffic can be transmitted in the reserve volume, which is restored in the hour of an emergency.

Synchronization.

The synchrogenerator block is permitted by the signals of the calls of the calls: Taktova frequency of component stream 2 mb/s (T2), TAMS Frequency VID Abo STM component streams (T1), tact frequency of 2048 kgz vid of the Continuous generator (T3 ). The total number of clock signals that are being tested is no more than six. Frequency stability in the damping mode is 1E-6 (0.37E-6 for a block with thermal stabilization), in the autogeneration mode: 4.6E-6.

Management

8. Select installation configuration

As a result of configuration, the multiplexer combines the main and exchange blocks. The complete set of installations is determined based on this.

Because ADM STM-16 multiplexers are installed in all nodes, configuration is reduced to the selection of aggregate optical interfaces (to ensure the protection of 2F MS SPRING, 2 aggregate ports are sufficient) and tributary interfaces.

All multiplexers are responsible for replacing the main blocks:

Switching matrix card (main – slot 6, backup – slot 7) full matrix (connection on the level of VC-12, whatever switching)

Clock generator unit (CRU) main – slot 19, backup – slot 18 (stability 0.37E-6)

Access block to AUX/EOW headers (slot 15 is not reserved). The WIDE NETWORK version ensures the transit of a digital mobile signal between the aggregate ports, the EXTENSION version ensures connection to the phone.

Ownership controller (slot 22 is not reserved). It will provide a multiplexer, expanded police, and control of the optical booster.

Life block

Warehouse of replacement units at nodes without secured reservation (minimum set):

Introduction/exit of flows A-B, A-D, A-D:

Aggregate ports:

Map of the aggregate interface STM-16 S-16.1 - 1 pc. (Straight A-E) - slot 17

Map of the aggregate interface STM-16 L-16.2 - 1 pc. (Straight A-B) - slot 21

Component interfaces:

Card of component streams 1x155 (optical) Mbit/s (reserve is not provided).

Introduction/release of flows B-V:

Transit flows A-B, A-D, A-D:

Aggregate ports:

Map of the aggregate interface STM-16 L-16.2 - 1 pc. (Straight B-A) - slot 21

Component interfaces:

Component stream card 1x155 (optical) Mbit/s – slot9

Introduction/release of flows B-B, A-C, V-D, V-E:

46E1, 4E3, 1E4, 1STM-1

Transit flows A-G, A-D:

Aggregate ports:

Map of the aggregate interface STM-16 S-16.1 - 1 pc. (Straight B-C) ​​- slot 17

Map of the aggregate interface STM-16 L-16.2 - 1 pc. (Directly V-G) - slot 21

Component interfaces:

Card of component streams 21x2 Mbit/s – 4 pcs. - slot 1, 2, 3 (slot 1 on expansion police 1641 SM-D)

The Futurebus bus block (slot 14, not reserved), is selected when the enhanced transmission of control and monitoring information is enabled.

Card of component streams 3x34 Mbit/s – 2 pcs. - Slot 8, 9

Component stream card 1x155 (optical) Mbit/s – slot 10

Introduction/disappearance of flows A-G:

Transit flows A-D, B-D, B-E:

42E1, 2E3, 1E4

Aggregate ports:

Component interfaces:

Card of component streams 21x2 Mbit/s – 3 pcs. - slot 1, 2, 3

Card of component streams 3x34 Mbit/s – 1 piece. - Slot 8

Introduction/exit of flows A-D, B-D:

Transit flows B-E:

Aggregate ports:

Map of the aggregate interface STM-16 L-16.2 - 2 pcs. - slot 17, 21

Component interfaces:

Card of component streams 21x2 Mbit/s – 2 pcs. - slot 1, 2

Card of component streams 3x34 Mbit/s – 1 piece. - Slot 8

Card of component streams 1x 140/155 (electric) Mbit/s - 1 pc. - Slot 9

Introduction/release of flows В-Э: 6Э1, 1Э4

Transit flows are daily.

Aggregate ports:

Map of the aggregate interface STM-16 S-16.1 - 1 pc. (Straight E-A) - slot 17

Map of the aggregate interface STM-16 L-16.2 - 1 pc. (Directly E-D) - slot 21

Component interfaces:

Card of component streams 21x2 Mbit/s – 1 piece. - Slot 1

Card of component streams 1x 140/155 (electric) Mbit/s - 1 pc. - Slot 8

When reserving component stream cards 1+N, slots 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11 are for working component stream cards, slots 5 and 12 are for reserve ones (for their own group). When 1+1 is reserved, the blocks are divided into bets to ensure that they stand in order (1+2, 3+4, 8+9,10+11), the card with a high number is reserved; For those who have slots 5 and 12, don’t use vikory. Different configurations of groups are possible (one is 1+1, the other is 1+N)

9. Rozhkhunok after regeneration of the plot

The important part of regeneration is an important factor in the design of the linear path of the VOSP. After selecting the level of transmission system interface and type of optical cable, you can determine the regeneration time required for this interface.

In the world, the signal of an optical cable is broadened, on one side there is a weakening, and on the other, an increased dispersion. This will lead to the reduction of throughput capacity OK. When designing VOZ, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that the regeneration plot has been extinguished and the regeneration plot has been extinguished, for reasons that separate the boundary values ​​and the unimportant ones.

The regeneration plot for STM-16 hardware interfaces will be completed until the end of the regeneration plot.

The life of the regeneration plot (RU) is determined by two main transmission parameters: extinction and dispersion of information signals. To assess the value of the last plot of regeneration, the following expressions can be used:

de: - Maximum design contribution of the regeneration plot;

Minimum design requirement for regeneration plot;

The maximum extinguishing value of the equipment, which will ensure until the end of the service term, the value of the washing coefficient is no more than 10 -10;

The minimum extinguishing value of the equipment will ensure that the washing coefficient value is no more than 10 -10;

The average value of the damping pressure of the optical vibration on the stick between the alarm pins of the cable at the distance (0.04 dB/km);

Average value of the daily regeneration period (4 km);

Reducing the tension of the optical vibration of the detachable optical connector (0.1 dB);

Extinguishment of optical cable;

n – number of removable optical connectors per regeneration section 2 pcs.;

M – system reserve of fiber optic lines along the cable during the regeneration period (2-6 dB).

For wide-smooth:

de: - resulting dispersion of single-mode optical fiber;

The width of the spectrum of the laser is measured at equal pressure, which is still half the maximum (the width of the spectrum of single-mode lasers, which is indicated for the same - 20 dBm at the maximum of the applied pressure.), nm;

B is the width of digital signals transmitted by the optical path, MHz.

The criterion for the remaining selection of equipment and cable is the relationship: with the provision of the necessary equipment for the fiber optic line for the future development.

Detailed design for optical interface S-16.1

The relationship is ending.

Since the maximum length of a short plot is 20 km, the installation of regenerators on plots A-E and B-C is not required.

There is a detailed design for the optical interface L-16.2 HE1.

The relationship is ending.

The minimum length of a long line in our case is 50 km, so the installation of attenuators will not be required.

The maximum is 85 km, obviously, there is no need to install regenerators.

10. Explanation of the connection organization scheme

The diagram of the organization of the connection of the designed SDH mesh is shown in Fig. 10.1.

Rice. 10.1. Scheme of organization of the connection.

11. Development of synchronization circuits and network control

Synchronization in the transport network is necessary to reduce the loss of information through communication that occurs through the variation of clock frequencies of digital equipment generators (electronic switching units, digital transmission systems).

Synchronization of SDH measurements is carried out using the primary reference oscillator (PEG) with frequency stability no greater than 10-11. To reduce the accumulation of phase fluctuations, the secondary generators must be set (VZG) for frequency stability not exceeding 10 -9 per input.

The synchronizer block allows you to connect the following external synchronization signals:

· Clock frequencies of component streams 2 Mbit/s (T2),

· Clock frequency of STM aggregate ports (T1),

· Clock frequency of STM component streams (T1),

· Clock frequency 2048 kHz from an external generator (T3).

The total number of clock signals that are being tested is no more than six. Frequency stability as a result of damping (for a unit with thermal stabilization) as auto-generation: .

The assigned synchronizing signals, in addition to the rest that operate in the auto-collision mode, are synchronized with the primary and secondary reference signals.

The selection of the clock signal in the equipment is programmed and activated automatically. In this case, it is possible to automatically select the shortest one for the synchronization jig among several (set at least three). If the synchronization is subject to the same bias, it is necessary to program the priority of the second one.

The size of the clock signal used to generate the STM-N line is indicated by the S1 byte (ITU-T G.704).

Here are the rules for widening the clock signal:

1. The multiplexer must transmit the selected synchronization signal to all outputs.

2. Yakism is directly acquired by “not being vicarious.”

3. Select the synchronizing signal from the signals with equal yasticity and take priority (P).

The synchronization circuit (Fig. 11) consists of: one primary reference generator PEG (Vuzol B) and one secondary generator at Vuzol D. (G.812).

Rice. 11.1. Synchronization circuit

At least three synchronization elements are transferred to the skin point, each of which is given the same level of intensity and priority.

At point B, the main PEG is given the first level of strength and first priority, the reserve PEG is given the first level of strength and another priority. The inner core is given fourth priority and fifth priority. In emergency situations, the ability to release the clock signal from point B (third priority) and point A (fourth priority) is transferred. The intensity of these signals in the operating mode is the lowest - the highest. The synchronization signal in operating mode is found for points, G, D, E, A from the main PEG on the outer ring. To uniquely synchronize the loops, the signal that comes along the outer ring from point A to point B is given fifteenth priority (“do not interfere with synchronization”).

The control of the multiplexer blocks is carried out by the system controller behind the additional controllers of the boards located at the skin block. The control and monitoring of police signals is extended via the Futurebus (IECB). Connections to the TMN measure via the QB3 and F interfaces (all versions support QB2). Q3 connections operate behind an additional AUI and 10Base2 Ethernet connection. Interface F implementations as an RS-232C port.

Rice. 11.2. Scheme of keruvannya merezheyu

Visnovok

Merezha multiplexer regeneration equipment

The goal of the course project was to gain practical skills in the design and design of transport electrical connections. When this work was completed, the structure was determined according to the location between the given nodes, the structure and methods of protecting the designed boundary were determined. Looked at and selected possession. Composed of linking, synchronization and control circuits.

List of references

1. Slepov N.M. Current technologies of digital fiber optic interconnection (ATM, PDH, SDH, SONET and WDM) / N.M. Slepov. - M.: Radio and communications, 2003. - 468 p.

2. Sklyar B. Digital communication. Theoretical principles and practical principles. / B. Sklyar.

3. Grodnev I.I. "Fiber-optic transmission systems." - M. Radio and communication 1993. - 264 p.

Posted on Allbest.ru

Similar documents

Selection of STM level by plots, development of the schemes for organizing linear and circular borders, selection of equipment. Design of synchronization renewal circuits during an emergency. Regeneration of the regeneration plot. Layout diagram of regenerators and boosters.

course work, add 01.10.2012


Development of a transport optical network: selection of the laying route and the topology of the network, description of the design of the optical cable, design of the number of multiplexers and subsequent regeneration sections. Submission of schemes for organizing communication, synchronization and control.

course work, add 11/23/2011


Digitalization of a plot of land in conjunction with the latest SDH technology. Vibration of fiber optic cable; regeneration of the regeneration plot; multiplex plan. Exploration of communication organization schemes, network synchronization. Line-hardware workshop.

course work, add 03/20/2013


Organization of communication between specified points, development of circuits, synchronization and control. Complete set of equipment, assessment of indicators of the measure's luminosity. Pererakhunok navantazhenya i vybіr rіvnya STM. Select cable type. Regeneration of the regeneration plot.

course work, add 12/15/2012


Select a route on the line share. Development of equivalent resources of the fiber-optic transmission system. There are different types of SDH multiplexers and their quantities. Selection of cable products, configuration of multiplexers. Explanation of the scheme for organizing the connection.

course work, add 09.11.2014


Analysis of methods for calling up telephone calls for external communications, the growth of the intensity of telephone calls at the edge, the capacity of the bundles of continuous lines. Selecting the structure of the primary boundary. Select the type of SDH transport modules and the type of optical cable.

course work, add 02.22.2014


Priming of the cable route. A look at the terminal points. Varying the number of electrical communication channels. Description of optical cable parameters. Select transmission system. Regeneration of the regeneration plot of the VOLP. Koshtoris on the life of linear sporuds.

course work, add 02/11/2016


Vibration of the cable route. Development of equivalent resources of a fiber-optic transmission line. Topology of the transport network. You can see the quantity and configuration of multiplexers. Selection of equipment and cable products. Explanation of the scheme for organizing the connection.

course work, add 08/17/2013


Development of the interstation traffic of the designed boundary. Development and optimization of the network topology, as well as connection organization schemes. Design of an optical line path: selection of optical interfaces, layout of the regeneration section.

course work, add 01/29/2015


Characteristics of the network, types of SDH modules. Pobudova multiplex plan, selected level of STM. Rozhrakhunok dovzhenya plot regeneration. Features of SDH-NGN. Scheme of organization of connections in the SDH ring. Modernization of the SDH network with the addition of SDH-NGN technology.

The amount of time passengers spend on labor transfers to one end is the main criterion for the efficiency of the transport system. In accordance with the norms in Russia, it is not surprising that the expenditures exceed T = 40x in large places (over 500 thousand inhabitants) and T = 30 million in medium and small places. The value of transport accessibility is no less than 2.5 for large places and no less than 3.3 for middle and small places. This criterion is the initial one when designing transport networks and route schemes in places.

The basis of the design is a site plan with a street-road junction, indicated on the passenger plan with vantage points, as well as a matrix of passenger and vantage flows between areas of the site. The main passenger vantage points are residential areas, train stations, industrial enterprises, and shopping centers.

The initial stage is a planogram of the middle distance of the population of the place from all centers of gravity.

On the settlement planogram there will be kilometer zones in all centers of heavy space. Kilometer zones are squares, created at intervals of 1.2 ... km. There is gravity between all centers.

The average distance of the living population of a place from all centers of gravity is indicated. Next, it is shown that the average amount of time spent by the population on moving around the centers of gravity comes from a walking speed of 4.5 km/year. Next, the value of the availability of gravity centers at the location is determined.

Transport lines are laid along the street-road junction, connecting the centers of gravity, and the magnitude of transport accessibility is assessed with the arrangements for the transfer of passengers by transport links.

For whose place on the plane all centers of gravity will be isochronous. Isochronous ones will be at intervals of 10,20,30, etc. hv. All populated areas that live in the middle of the isochronous 10th century reach the center of gravity of 10th century or less.

The results of the assessment of the transport system in place are determined by the transport accessibility for the location in question.

If the economy reduces the importance of transport accessibility to less than the norm, it is necessary to improve the transport system with the help of, for example, increasing the speed of transport, changing the interval of transport. The expansion will be carried out until the standard is reached.

Further work includes a thoroughly insured transport system with an additional choice of type of transport, with the introduction of costs, environmental benefits, and the choice of dry ingredients.

The most effective method for selecting optimal routes for transport is the potential method. Potentials are indicated at the cutaneous end point. The output route scheme may include all cross-country and long-distance routes.

Further development of route schemes includes: checking through routes for the viability of non-stop communication; Subject to the required intervals of traffic: select shortened route schemes; regulations on the validity of additional cross-cutting routes; verification of the locality of the dry warehouse: residual selection of route schemes.

Design of a transport barrier based on a Volvo-Light Railroad for steel operators using the GSM standard along the Shardara-Aris highway

ENTRY

1.1 Setting the task for the project

1.3 Description of the GSM system

1.4 Methods of organizing transport routes

1.4.1 Satellite links

1.4.2 Wired lines connection

2. Technical part

2.1 Classification of optical cable bundles

2.2 Characteristics and layout of the main parameters of the optical cable

2.3 Regeneration after regeneration of the plot

2.4 Development and development of transmission levels

3. Work documentation

3.1 External food supply before waking up, installation and installation of VOLZ

4. Life safety

4.1 Brain analysis during laser operation hours 5. Technical and economical priming project 5.1 Capital investment plan

5.2 Variation in the number of military workers

5.3 Development of technical and economic indicators

5.3.1 Exploitation of operating expenses

5.3.2 Breakdown of income from services

Visnovok

ENTRY

The creation of a daily dynamic market economy with a self-regulation mechanism is impossible without a reliable system of communication and telecommunications, which is an important factor in the investment climate and indispensable intellectual development of business u. The current state of the light services market is characterized by deep structural damage.

The computerization of telecommunication installations goes in parallel with the processes of privatization of national communication systems, emerging over the market of large operator companies, which means increased competition. As a result, prices for telecommunications services are reduced, the range is expanded, and customers have more choice.

Most industrialized countries are intensively switching to a digital communication standard, which allows the transfer of colossal amounts of information with a high level of protection and replacement. In light telecommunications, there is a clear trend towards the development of high-quality services based on the technology of service packet switching.

Currently, the top ten countries that have the most broken communication and telecommunication systems that meet world standards include Singapore, Sweden, New Zealand, Finland, Denmark, USA, Hong Kong, china, Norway and Canada. Kazakhstan, which is ranked among the countries with the highest level of development of telecommunication systems, sacrifices not only the industrially guilty, but also the rich powers that are developing.

Relying on information technology, modern computers and office equipment continue to influence the dynamics and structure of the world economy. The main revolution in the field of information technology was the emergence of the rapid development of the Internet system, which had formed before the beginning of the third millennium to one of the wired galoos of the world economy.

At the cutaneous edge, the control of telecommunication galuzza has a specificity. With the advent of digital technologies and the massive expansion of Internet access services, today practically every operator operates not only on the local (regional and international) but also on the light telecommunications market quality services.

The advent of digital technologies has brought about radical changes in the telecommunication industry. The services of traditional voice communication have begun to be replaced by interactive services, such as the Internet, data transmission, and mobile communications.

Telecommunications, which are developing at the fastest rate, have the potential for long-term economic growth of telecommunications. According to the Agency's estimates, in order to ensure 1% economic growth in current Kazakhstan, it is necessary to achieve 3% growth in the telecommunications industry. This development of telecommunications will benefit from the development of prosperity and increased security of the country, and will become the most important source of stable economic growth.

After the simplified mechanisms (1999-2000) of licensing, certification and the provision of private resources to new communication operators, the number of alternative operators who provide communication services has increased. Almost all traditional wireline operators also provide telephone and paging services and Internet access.

If they don’t care about change, the domestic market for services will be deprived of remaining closed. On the one hand, this is due to the majestic scale of the territory of the region, which is how the main income of communication operators is formed. On the other hand, Kazakhstan is still considered to be a light market for international traffic, which still lacks the high level of digitalization of the main channels and the low cost of communication in the same and light standards. grow up.

Regardless of the high rate of advancement of current technologies, hundreds of the population of the Republic of Kazakhstan with new types of communications, such as steel communications, paging, the Internet remains low.

The most dynamically developing ligament is the stilnikov ligament. Lishe for 1999 rub. the number of subscribers has grown by up to 80%. This is due to the progressive increase in the population's paid supply, and is driven by the policy of reducing tariffs carried out by the largest steel companies. According to the forecasts of recent experts, until the end of the first decade of the 21st century, there will be as many mobile phone services as there are telephone subscribers.

This diploma project examines the nutrition of the organization (design) of a transport network based on Volzhsky Railroad for railway operators in accordance with the GSM standard along the highway of the regional subordination of Shardara-Aris. The implementation of this project in real life will allow to improve the strength of the connection, increase the number of subscribers of mobile operators in remote areas of the region.

1. Analysis of the natural formation

1.1 Setting the task for the project

The vital market of services to the connection, not caring about change, is lost to the closed ones. On the one hand, this is due to the majestic scale of the territory of the region, which is how the main income of communication operators is formed. On the other hand, Kazakhstan is still considered to be a light market for international traffic, which still lacks the high level of digitalization of the main channels and the low cost of communication in the same and light standards.

Regardless of the high rate of advancement of current technologies, hundreds of people in the Republic of Kazakhstan are supported by new types of communication, such as steel communication, paging, the Internet is becoming slow.

Among the new types of ligament, the most dynamically developing ligament is the stylonic ligament. Lishe for 1999 rub. the number of subscribers has grown by up to 80%. This is due to the progressive increase in the population's paid supply, and is driven by the policy of reducing tariffs carried out by the largest steel companies. According to the forecasts of recent experts, until the end of the first decade of the 21st century, there will be as many mobile phone services as there are telephone subscribers.

The main goal of this project is to: improve the ligamentousness; increased income from outgoing traffic; expansion and appreciation of the position of steel operators in the telecom services market; unique waste of potential companions; increasing the cash flow of operators, etc. To achieve this goal, the project considers the provision of the organization (design) of a transport network based on Volzhsky Volleyball Lines for steel operators to the GSM standard along the Shardara-Aris regional highway, it is important to move forward the strength of the service that is hoped for, and It is essential to increase output traffic.

The basis of the strategy for the project is satisfaction with the reduction of joint strength, the acquisition of a leadership position through the provision of telecommunication services, the expansion of the market, providing benefits to residents of two districts (Arysky and Shardarinsky) , clearly serve the connection.

The relevance of the project lies primarily in the fact that the basic communication system (transport routes of steel operators is varied, and often analog-digital RRL and additional ICM electrical cables are used), I have lost the position of respect by the length of the remaining fates, I am not satisfied with the drink population, as a connection, and at their own installations.

The planned design of a transport road based on Volzhsky Leningrad Line will create a stable increase in traffic, the provision of high-speed data transmission services, as well as the rental of digital channels to third-party operators.

In connection with this, the project is necessary to eliminate all the shortcomings of the telecommunications network, which will result in an increase in the number of subscribers, channels and bring the operator stable financial growth, in addition to allowing increase the markets for telecommunications services, and consequently increase the flow of money.

Therefore, it is timely to promote this project to allow the expansion of the market for the provision of telecommunications services, to ensure a significant advantage in the competition with companies that today provide similar services.

1.2 Brief description of the region and connection

The Pivdenno-Kazakhstan region is one of the great regions of the republic and borders at the junction with the Zhambyl region, at the end of the Zhezkazgan region, at the entrance of the Kyzylorda region and at the same time with Uzbekistan. Its territory is 117.3 thousand sq. km, about 2 million people live here. The administrative-territorial structure of the region includes 4 towns and 11 rural districts.

The region is rich in genera of bark copalins, such as barite, vugilla, salvaged and polymetal ores, bentonite clay, vermiculite, talc, vapnyak, granite, marmur, gypsum, quartz sands. The region is ranked first for uranium reserves, while phosphorites and saliva are the third largest in Kazakhstan.

The Pivdenno-Kazakhstan region has significant industrial and economic potential. This is one of the most productive regions in Kazakhstan.

The region is a great producer and producer of karakul, astrakhan bread, skinned cheese, olives, fruits, vegetables, grapes, towers, confectionery, macaroni, thyme, beer and non-alcoholic products. The region also produces lead, cement, iron phosphorus, naphtha products, sulfuric acid, slate, tractor tires, excavators, power transformers, oil chemicals, cotton fabrics, panch-scarpets, garments, furniture.

The region has two direct roads, with a total length of 444.6 km, and 5.2 thousand highways. kilometers, incl. h we repeat pokrittyam - 5.1 thousand. kilometers Community aviation operates on lines with a length of 18.3 thousand km.

Regional distribution center on the axis of the international highway Orenburg - Tashkent and the Turkestan-Siberian highway. In addition, there are direct connections along the highways: Tashkent – ​​Shymkent – ​​Taraz – Almaty and Tashkent – ​​Shymkent – ​​Turkestan – Samara.

The main directions of the socio-economic development of the region are the alignment of regional policy with the priorities of the new economic development of the real sector of the economy, especially those areas that will ensure the development of increased capacity in domestic market and expansion of the supply chain, formation of an attractive investment climate, activation of activities to obtain direct foreign and foreign investments priority sectors of the economy. In the social sphere, there is the implementation of a comprehensive program for social protection of the population, creating a system of targeted social protection at the local level and ensuring effective approaches to combat poverty and unemployment.

The development of industrial activity is due to the naphtha refining and metallurgical industries. In metallurgy there will be a stabilization of the production of refined lead, gold, and silver. In the light and grub industry, the growth of production is transmitted at least twice as much, but does not affect the structure of industry production.

Priority development has come to the subjects of the manufacturing sector of small businesses, which are engaged in the processing of agricultural products. The development of animal husbandry will lead to the creation of new enterprises from the processing of skins, sheep, meat and milk. Particular respect will be given to the creation of small enterprises from the completed cycle of processing of raw materials, the development of drawing and viticulture.

The strategy for the development of the rural state is based on the support of effective subjects of state rule, which will create competitive products and expand the capacity of domestic and foreign markets for the production of agricultural products. products, molded from foreign economic minds for stabilization of galus.

There is an increase in the workload of enterprises in the transport and communications complex. Management of vantages of all types of transport for the period of 2000-2008. having increased by 29.6%, in winter transport by 23.1%, in automobile transport by 38.6%, and by 2.5 times. On highways, much of the work will focus on improving their technical equipment and reconstruction to ensure the passage of large vehicles.

The Pivdenno-Kazakhstan region has significant industrial and economic potential. It is based on large natural reserves, high industrial potential and sufficient labor resources.

The region is a great producer of beans, hides, olives, fruits, vegetables, grapes, macaroni, macaroni, thyme, beer and non-alcoholic products, lead, cement, naphtha products, sulfuric acid , slate, auto-tractor tires, excavators, excavators, sandpaper , sewing products, furniture.

Today, Pivdenny Kazakhstan is one of the industrial regions of the republic that is developing most dynamically. At the largest enterprises in the region, there is an increase in economic indicators. Other evidence of the successful development of the economy was the emergence of new enterprises and the creation of new jobs, especially in the field of food processing. The Bavovnyan factory was put into operation. The development of great production is accompanied by the growth of a number of small and medium-sized businesses.

The largest junction station of the South Kazakhstan region with three direct routes is the Aris station. It was founded in 1900 as a salvage station at the working hours of the salvage line Orenburg-Tashkent. Aris station is called the “route factory” and “the gateway to Central Asia”, since he is the head dispatcher of the route to Kazakhstan.

A number of operators provide services to the population and organizations in the region. Among them are the following: Kazakhtelecom, Kaztranscom, Transtelecom, Nursat, Astel, Golden Telecom, KCeel, Beeline, Dalacom, trunking companies and others.

An important role in the economic development of the region is played by the Pivdenno-Kazakhstan Regional Directorate of Telecommunications - a branch of JSC Kazakhtelecom. This organization provides local, inter-local and international telephone services, data transmission and telegraph communications, wireless radio telephone communications, services for broadcasting television and sound programs.

Since 1998, the Transnational Asian-European Fiber Optic Link Line (TAE FOLS) has been established, which runs through the territory of the region. Around 2000, the Shymkent - Aktobe section of the National Information Superhighway (NISM) was put into operation, since 2005. Shimna Gilka Shymkent-Taraz.

Work is being actively carried out on the digitalization of local boundaries (GTS, STS), as well as zonal boundaries. At the location of Shymkent, work from the NGN monitoring system will end. DAMA satellite communication stations are available to provide communication to remote areas. In the area of ​​interest to the Internet.

However, there are also problems, for example, in the telecommunications sector, it is necessary to satisfy the population's demand for services. There is a need for further development of work with the modernization of communication systems by replacing analogue equipment with digital ones, as well as introducing new current standards for mobile, mobile and other types of communication. Activate the work of the secondary segments (internal and regional) of the national information superhighway, the expansion of the satellite network, as well as the provision of steel connections in remote areas Uli.

Below, section 1.3 of this thesis project outlines the main aspects of the road planning, which includes the creation of a transport barrier for operators using the GSM standard along the Shardar-Aris highway based on the FOLZ.

1.3 Description of the GSM system

The hidden power of the system. In accordance with the CEPT recommendation of 1980, there is a need for a divergence of the frequency spectrum of land-based communication in the frequency range 862-960 MHz, the GSM standard for digital trans-European (global) terrestrial communication system before It operates transmitters in two frequency ranges: 890-915 MHz ( for transmitters - MS), 935-960 MHz (for transmitters of base stations - BTS).

The GSM standard has multi-station multi-station access with time-sensitive channels (NB TDMA). In the TDMA structure, the frame contains 8 time-clock positions on the skin out of 124 non-bearing ones.

To protect the radio channels from transmitting information, the block and throat encoding are locked intermittently. Increased efficiency of encoding and interleaving at low speed of movement of radio stations is achieved by high inter-mixing of operating frequencies (SFH) during the communication session with a speed of 217 cuts per second.

To combat interferential fading of signals, echoes of richly widened radio waves in the brains of the place, equalizers are used in the connection equipment to ensure the alignment of pulse signals with the mean square At the beginning of the week, the hour of relaxation is up to 16 μs.

The synchronization system is designed to compensate for the absolute hour of signal delay up to 233 microseconds, which ensures a maximum communication range and a maximum radius of 35 km.

The GSM standard uses Gaussian frequency shift keying (GMSK). The processing of the video takes place within the framework of the adopted system of time-consuming transmission of the data (DTX), which ensures that the transmission is turned on only when there is a signal, and that the transmission is turned on during pauses and, for example, when there is a signal. As a speech-converting device, there is a movable codec with regular impulse wake-ups/continuities and linear predicative coding with prediction (RPE/LTR-LTP codec). The natural speed of the signal conversion is 13 kbit/s.

The GSM standard achieves a high level of data transmission security; Encryption is performed using the private key encryption algorithm (RSA).

In general, the connection system, which is the same as the GSM standard, is covered in different areas. It gives operators a wide range of services and the ability to provide a variety of capabilities for transmitting global alerts, alarms and alarms; connect to telephone networks (PSTN), data networks (PDN) and integrated services digital networks (ISDN). The characteristics of the GSM standard are given at the end of the explanatory note [P.A.].

System structure. The GSM network is divided into two systems. The skin of these systems includes a number of functional devices, which in turn are components of a mobile radio communication system. With these systems:

Switching system (SS);

Base station system – Base Station System (BSS).

All of these systems are controlled by a computer control center.

The SS system is dedicated to the functions of servicing calls and connections, and also ensures the implementation of all services required for the subscriber. SS includes the following functional devices:

Mobile Communications Switching Center (MSC).

Reference Rotational Register (HLR).

Visitor Register (VLR).

Authentication Center (AUC).

Ownership Identification Register (EIR).

The BSS system is responsible for all functions that are connected to the radio interface, and includes the following functional blocks:

Base station controller (BSC).

Base station (BTS).

The Technical Service Center (MSC) completes all the equipment from operational and technical maintenance for the barrier, for example, it monitors traffic and emergency signals from all the border elements.

From ZMS, access is available both to the SS system and to the BSS system.

MS does not fit well with these systems, but is viewed as an element of the barrier.

SS switching system warehouse. Mobile communications switching center. The Mobile Communications Switching Center (MSC) provides mobile communications switching functions. This center controls all incoming and outgoing calls that are connected to other telephone and data networks. Such networks can include PSTN, ISDN, private communications networks, corporate networks, as well as mobile communications networks of other operators. Subscriber authentication functions are also included in MSC. MSC will provide call routing and call service functions. The MSC is equipped with radio channel switching functions. Before them, a “relay transmission” is carried out, in the process of which continuity of communication is achieved when moving the mobile station from the stilnik to the stilnik, and the reversal of the working channels at the stilnik when a fault or malfunction occurs i.

MSC forms the data necessary for registering billings for the delivery of services, accumulates data on transactions that have been completed, and transmits them to the billing center. MSC also produces statistical data necessary for monitoring work and optimizing measures.

MSC not only takes part in the call-out process, but also carries out registration procedures, transfer of control and transfer of control.

The switching center operates permanently behind the mobile stations, vikorista relocation registers (HLR) and relocation registers (VLR).

The reference register has been expanded. In a GSM system, the operator maintains a database (HLR) to contain information about all subscribers, which is included in its PLMN. This database can be organized by one or more HLRs. Information about the subscriber is entered into the HLR at the time of registration of the subscriber (set by the subscriber to the service contract) and is saved until the subscriber terminates the contract and is deleted from the HLR register.

Information that is stored in HLR includes:

Subscriber ID.

Additional services are assigned to the subscriber.

Information about the subscriber's location.

Subscriber authentication information.

HLR can be used in the same way as in the Vlasnoy Vuzli measure, and okremo. If the HLR capacity is exhausted, an additional HLR can be added. And in every organization of several HLRs, the database becomes unified - divided. The recording of data about the subscriber will forever be lost. Until the data stored in HLR, MSC and VLR access can be denied, which is subject to other measures within the framework of secure roaming of cross-border subscribers.

Visitor Register (VLR). The VLR database contains information about all mobile phone subscribers currently located in the MSC service area. Thus, for the cutaneous MSC the barrier is based on its own VLR. The VLR instantly stores information about the subscription, and therefore, in connection with it, the MSC can serve all subscribers located in the service area of ​​its MSC. VLRs can be viewed as branches of HLRs, and from the VLRs a copy of the subscriber information that is stored in the HLRs is stored.

If a subscriber moves to the service area of ​​a new MSC, VLR, connections to the MSC, retrieve information about the subscriber from the HLR in which the subscriber’s data is stored. HLR sends a copy of the information to the VLR and updates the subscriber's location information. When a subscriber calls from a new service area, the VLR already stores all the information necessary to service the call. When the subscriber is roaming in the area where another MSC VLR is located, it will request data about the subscriber from the HLR, which the subscriber must contact. The HLR at its end transmits a copy of the subscriber data to the consuming VLR and, at its end, updates the information about the newly installed subscriber. Once the information is updated, MS can make output/input connections.

Authentication Center (AUC). To prevent unauthorized use of the system's resources, authentication mechanisms are introduced to verify the subscriber's identity. AUC - subscriber authentication center consists of several blocks and forms keys and authentication algorithms (password generation is also involved). This will help to check the subscriber's identity and ensure access until communication is completed. The AUC makes decisions about the parameters of the authentication process and determines the encryption keys of subscriber stations based on the database stored in the EIR Ownership Identification Registry.

Eligible Subscriber Identification Register (EIR). EIR is a database that contains information about identification numbers of mobile phones. This information is necessary to block stolen phones. This register (EIR) is presented to operators as an option, so many operators do not choose this register.

BSS base station system warehouse. Base station controller (BSC). The BSC controls all functions related to the operation of radio channels on the GSM network. This is a high-capacity switch that provides functions such as MS handover, recognition of radio channels and collection of cell configuration data. Kozhen MSC can be combined with BSC.

Base Station (BTS) The BTS controls the radio interface from the MS. The BTS includes radio equipment, transceivers and antennas that are necessary for the maintenance of the skin patches. The BSC controller controls the BTS.

Maintain careful attention to the work of the fence. Technical service center (OMC/OSS). ZMS or OSS is a computerized center for monitoring the operation of the network, connections via X.25 data channels to various components of the network, such as MSC and BSC. The center staff will be provided with information about the monitoring system and can monitor and manage various system parameters. In one measure there can be one or a number of centers - this depends on the size of the measure.

Network control center (NMT). The centralized keruvannya merezhey is located in the Center for keruvannya merezhey (NMT). At the same time, only one center is needed, from which the management of the PMS/OSS components can be carried out. The advantage of such a centralized approach is that NMT staff can focus on the most long-term strategic issues associated with the entire network, while local skin OMC/OSS staff can focus on the most short-term regional and tactical problems.

The combination of OMC/OSS and NMC functions can be a combination implemented in the same physical edge node or in various physical objects.

Mobile station (MS).MS is used by the subscriber of the mobile network to communicate within the network. A number of MS types, each of which allows the subscriber to install input and output connections. MS distributors present to subscribers a large number of different products that differ in the design and capabilities of devices that satisfy the needs of different markets.

The range of the area covered by the skin mobile terminal should be based on your output pressure. Different types of MS may have different output levels and, obviously, can perform work in areas of different sizes. So, for example, the difficulty of a dial telephone, which subscribers carry with them, is less than that of a device installed in a car with a carrier antenna, and therefore the area of ​​operation is less.

MS GSM standard will be provided with the following elements:

Mobile terminal (handsets).

Subscriber Identity Module (SIM).

In the GSM standard, as opposed to other standards, information about the subscriber is supplemented with information about the mobile terminal. Subscriber information is saved on the SIM card. SIM can be inserted into any device that supports the GSM standard. This is an advantage for subscribers, because they can easily change the device behind the tank, which in no way affects the subscriber’s service. In addition, this will ensure increased security for the subscriber. The structural diagram of the system is shown at the end of the explanatory note [P.A.].

1.3.1 Aspects of style planning

Steel planning includes a number of stages of system design. At the skin stage of design, a variety of nutritional and everyday measures are seen: how to control, where to place, how it may be adjusted. In order to determine the optimal RF coating system, it is necessary to carry out advanced planning.

The main aspects of the style planning include:

Variety of the system;

System throughput capacity;

Pokrittya (service area);

Possibility of blocking clicks;

Analysis of available frequencies;

The viscousness of the binder;

Analysis of the subscriber section;

Other factors;

Nominal steel plan;

selection of objects for placing base stations;

Folding the project;

System development;

Optimization;

Rozvitok.

Variety of the system. The quality of the steel frame that is being designed is one of the most important factors. Investments in everyday life may even pay off in the future. When designing a specific system, a group of managers from the technical, financial, and marketing sides of the project is responsible for developing a business plan that, based on the market, technical and financial capabilities of the operator, can be assessed possible expenditures and obligations of transferred profits for the implementation of a specific project.

System throughput capacity. At the initial stage of system design, depending on the throughput of the system, it is possible to transfer the number of subscribers to be served. The throughput capacity of the measure at the design stage may be sufficient to satisfy all the potential capacity of the mobile communications market in the designated region.

Pokrittya (service area). The zone of radio coverage of the border of the Moscow stylnikovo connection is responsible for covering the entire territory of the place, some settlements and roads.

Possibility of blocking calls. The reliability of click blocking or (GoS - Grade of Service) - hundreds of recent connection installation tests, clicks in the interval, are calculated using the Erlang B formula and are calculated to determine the probability of click blocking And when setting the volume of traffic and setting the number of traffic channels.

Analysis of available frequencies. When analyzing available frequency plans, the most important point is the assessment of the electromagnetic capacity (EMC) of the BSS base station subsystem. EMC is seen on two levels:

Intersystem EMS;

Internal system EMS.

The viscousness of the binder. The strength of steel bond systems is determined by a number of factors. When designing a bathroom, insure:

Capability of blocking (GOS);

SQI (Speech Quality Index).

Analysis of the subscriber section. When analyzing the subscriber section, the following is insured:

The intensity of the forgotten territory, its unevenness;

Directly, the importance of motor roads in this area;

Statistics on the availability of existing measures PSTN or PLMN.

Other factors. When waking up PLMN, it is important to also say:

The possibility of another operator appearing in the region. If such an operator is already active, then his robot is evaluated, his pricing policy is insured, and some of the benefits of his measure are insured.

The payability and material well-being of the population is assessed.

Other technical, economic, and social officials also play a role in the planning process.

Nominal steel plan. After collecting data about the transfer of vantagement and the necessary coating, a nominal stile plan is formed, which is based on graphic images of the current stile layer, and looks like a set of stile applied on top of the geographer Another card.

The nominal stilnikov plan is the first stage of stilnikov planning. After the nominal steel plan is selected, the designers go to the extent of covering, frequencies and interference.

Select objects for placing base stations. The designated installation point of the base station depends on the service area, the configuration of the network, the characteristics of the local network, the acquisition of subscriber traffic parameters in the BS service area, divided by topology and models of the service territory of the network and the frequency-territorial plan.

When selecting objects for placing base stations, the following insurance is included:

Linking to the grid of the nominal plan;

Object type;

Placement of antennas;

Expanse of antenna distribution;

I've gone wrong;

Place of accommodation;

Living base station;

transport barrier;

Agreement with the landlord.

Folding the project. At this stage of design there is all the necessary data for the design of the boundary:

Information about coating;

Information about the place of deployment of base stations;

Information about the MSC rollout;

Information about the place of growth BSC;

Information about the organization of transport measures.

On the basis of explicit information, a residual plan for the functioning of the entire system is formed, and names are given to the objects that will be built (BTS, BSC, MSC). In addition, files are being prepared for storing the steel parameters in BSC (Cell Design Data). These data contain information about all the networks that are launched.

System development. At the system wake-up stage, it is indicated whether the control will be selected at the time of wake-up time and how it will be set. The types of antenna systems and configurations of BTS receivers are selected. The possibilities of connecting to the company's transport network are analyzed. When the radio relay lines are stationary, there is direct visibility to the node of the radio relay lines or the adjacent BTS. If the developments show that everything possible is being completed to cover the interference, then agreements are being drawn up with the authorities to install and complete the installation of the system and its implementation.

Optimization. After the system is up and running, a series of adjustments are carried out aimed at determining the operating characteristics of the system and the energy characteristics of the furnace zone.

Zokrema, here:

Checking the reliability of the final draft plan;

Assessment of radiofrequency coverage;

Assessment of the performance of the robot system;

Assessment of the cost of customer service.

Based on the verification and evaluation data, the measurement is adjusted (optimization). When adjusting (optimizing) the network, it is necessary to adjust the logical, energy and interference parameters of the network, which influence the strength of the communication services that are provided to subscribers.

Rozvitok. When analyzing the paths of the system development, it is necessary to select, if you need to increase the throughput. The development of the system should be based on the main routes:

Expansion of the number of base stations in the main frequency range, for example, GSM - 900;

Promotion of additional frequency resources using the latest extensions of GSM standards (E-GSM, R-GSM);

Vikoristannya standard GSM 1800/1900;

There are a variety of additional system options, for example, the hierarchical cell structure of the connected GSM 900/1800 systems, which allows you to organize an optimal distribution of distribution between two frequency ranges.

Visnovok. As described above, Stilnikov's planning includes a complex approach, which requires minimal capital expenditure, so it is appropriate that Stilnikov's plan will lock the acid ligament in the near future.

When planning a snowstorm, it is necessary to cover (regardless of the starting or developing measures) all over-insurance aspects.

To achieve the highest level of assignment for the thesis project, the following sections carefully examine the supply associated with the transport network, parts of which are included in the selection of sites for the location of the base stations of the Shardara-Aris highway.

1.4 Upgrading the methods of organizing transport measures

1.4.1 Satellite links

Satellite communications offer the most important advantages necessary for establishing large-scale telecommunications networks. First of all, with this help it is possible to quickly formulate the boundary infrastructure that covers a large territory and not be left behind by the obvious connection between terrestrial channels. In other words, the availability of modern technologies to access the resource of satellite relays and the ability to deliver information to a practically unlimited number of residents will immediately significantly reduce the cost of operating the network.

Any satellite communication network includes one or a number of satellite relays through which the interaction of earth stations (ES) occurs. At this time, the greatest expansion of satellites has emerged that operate in the C (4/6 GHz) and Ku (11/14 GHz) frequency bands. Yak Rule, sofatniki to the DIAPAZ to Serving to finish the Great Teritarian, and the sodatniki diapasone KU - the Teritarian Men, Ale Mayat Bilsh Poskoku Yenergetika, can for the robot with the groan for the small DIAMETRA of the same low -freedom passes.

Consider, in order to develop the most optimal solutions, design the structure of several options for implementation (based on the same or several technologies) for different modes and importance. If the development of the measure is planned, then for the correct choice of technology (obviously, from among those suitable for providing the telecommunication services necessary for the enterprise) in addition to the implementation of the initial version of the measure To evaluate the heat of the water at one station of the koristuvach and change the indicator with an increase in the number. When a telephone station has one port for data transmission with a traffic of 10 MB per month and one telephone port with a traffic of 1000 minutes per month, and the network has a “star” type topology, at least there are 10 stations iv, once the TDM/TDMA technology is frozen, it is illegal The value of one such station over the course of three rocks will reach a high figure of approximately $110,000, and even as the margin increases, it will drop even further. In small areas, it is much cheaper to buy SCPC or TDMA terminals, but if the number of such terminals is more than 50, they are more expensive than to use TDM/TDMA stations. It is important to note that the volitional station is already infused with fascination.

There are a lot of enterprises going through the process of creating their powerful telecommunications units, placing the development, development and further exploitation of the corporate network on the shoulders of their security personnel. In this case, you will have to relinquish full control over your funds and be forced to pay for the services of third-party organizations. In this case, it will not be possible for businesses to hire highly qualified personnel with knowledge of technologies that will be transferred to the workforce in the near future, and additional expenses will be spent on training such personnel and a plethora of complex problems will arise. What often happens during the implementation of a project can significantly exceed the savings. At the same time, to operate the barrier, it will be necessary to remove various permitting documents, and this will be a laborious, expensive, and frustrating procedure. It is easiest, and often cheaper, to quickly use the services of an external operator, which may provide evidence of the implementation of similar projects and the necessary licenses. If a business wants to independently control and maintain its infrastructure, then, as an operator, an external operator can only be substituted at the stages of development and implementation of the project. In just one hour, business leaders can complete the necessary training and then take over the administration and maintenance of all functions.

1.4.2 Wired lines connection

Cable lines can be equipped with a folding design. The cable consists of conductors laid around a number of balls of insulation: electrical, electromagnetic, mechanical, and also possibly climatic. In addition, the cable can be equipped with connectors that allow flexible installation of different devices. A twisted pair of wires is called a twisted pair (symmetrical cable). Twisting the wires reduces the flow of external transients on the red signals transmitted by the cable.

Coaxial cable has an asymmetrical design and consists of an inner copper core and braiding reinforced with a ball of insulation. There are a number of types of coaxial cable, which are divided by characteristics and areas of application - for local networks, for global networks, for cable TV towers, etc.

Connection systems for electrical cables have become more widespread in various applications (for example, in cable TV systems) and telecommunication systems, due to the high quality of the output materials (colorful and expensive metals), with a clearly low throughput, the competitiveness of such products becomes problematic outbuildings at the future. .

The hidden shortcomings of cable structures include: a great hour of everyday life, connections with earthen and underwater robots, resistance to the influx of natural disasters, acts of vandalism and terrorism, and even greater virility of laying robots. Work from the larynx of wire systems is labor-intensive, and in some places, especially historical parts of places, in areas that are protected, or with folding terrain, practically unusable. And the associated inconveniences for residents, disruption of transport, damaged roads and other related problems complicate the already difficult procedures for dealing with various authorities and change economic benefits.

In the process of building cable lines, a special place is occupied by electrical testing, which is carried out: at the main cable ends (on reels and after laying); in the middle of the symmetry; when edges or sections are connected to each other (when symmetrical); on installed booster (regeneration) plots. In addition, you can see the characteristics of inductors, cushions, boxes, gas-tight couplings, capacitors that are metered, and other parts that are tested during cable installation.

1.4.3 Fiber optic connection lines

Nowadays, optical lines are increasingly installed on main transport routes. The main element of such lines is an optical fiber cable, which consists of thin (3-60 microns) fibers, which broaden light signals. This is the clearest type of cable - it will ensure data transmission with very high speed (up to 10 Gbps or more) and will also ensure data protection from other types of transmission media It's too bad.

Optical cable (OK), due to its properties, is insensitive to any external electromagnetic inputs, and its mechanical and other characteristics can be compared with traditional electrical cables. Optical cables can be laid in collectors, telephone sewers, directly in the ground, along walls, under water and suspended on supports. Optical cable can be laid in the immediate vicinity of high-energy junctions, parallel to high-voltage cables, naphtha and gas pipelines, as well as near electrical junctions and other junction boxes.

Fiber optic lines have found their wear and tear when organizing interstation communication on the GTS (and sometimes on the STS), but it is not possible to successfully replace the electrical cables when organizing the connection 'Language on inter-city routes and on local routes for the transmission of wide-ranging information ( cable television tower) and other types of communications.

Fiber-optic connection lines are installed on all plots of the primary boundary for the main, zonal and local connections. The options available for such transmission systems vary by the number of channels, parameters and technical and economic indicators.

Digital fiber-optic communication lines will be installed at the main and zonal connections, digital fiber-optic communication lines will also be installed at the station connections for organizing connection lines between automatic telephone exchanges clearly, and on a subscriber's account the measures can be treated as analog (for example, for organization of the TV channel), as well as digital communication lines.

1.4.4 Radio relay lines connection

One of the main types of communication is radio relay lines, which are used for transmitting signals from multi-channel telephone communications, radio broadcasting and television towers, phototelegraph signals and other types of communications. . All types of information are transmitted by high-yield radio relay lines over large distances.

The great flexibility of the radio relay lines allows the transmission of significant technical needs when servicing the power systems of transport and aviation transport, oil pipelines, etc. for the creation of corporate independent measures.

The vitality of the life of the designed RRL, as well as its further operation, lies largely in the correct selection of the route, carrying out great work with economical wiring and optimal straightening. We are first collecting materials that characterize the economy and geographical areas of RRL operation, the routes obtained and the main local resources, the prospects for the provision of electricity to radio relay lines and others. Then they first select the route using topographical maps on a large scale, which is clearly straight forward. After this first selection of routes, they are outlined in more detail on detailed-scale maps, revealing the location of the proposed placement of RRL Maidanchiks.

The growth of the SRRL pet vag, when the connection is created, is characterized by high signal transmission capacity and high resistance to digital systems, their significant economic efficiency. Signal transmission in digital form has a number of advantages, including: the ability to transmit all communication signals (both analog and discrete) in a single digital form using a universal linear path; reduction in operating costs (approximately 25%); The reduction value could be achieved to ensure linearity of the characteristics of signal transmission paths (group path, RF path); practically due to the accumulation of voltage during relaying (as a result of the regenerators stagnation); simplified and cheaper sewer equipment; the best security for the confidentiality of the connection; A sharp shift in the oscillator connection is due to the evidence of fading of signals on RRL passages.

When transmitting analog signals digitally, you can see three main signal processing processes: converting the analog signal into digital form; modulation with a digital signal of a sinusoidal non-subordinate intermediate frequency; reversal of the manipulated signal, the low-frequency signal, and the amplified signal.

1.5 Selecting the optimal option for the linking line

When choosing the optimal line option, the connection must be assessed for its main characteristics. The main indicator of cost-effectiveness and operating costs (capital investment and river operating costs), per 1 channel-km. The amount spent on the maintenance of the rich channel lines of wired and radio relay communications is significantly reduced with an increase in the number of channels. On the RRL, the number of channels can be increased by additional installation of equipment for new trunks in case of additional main equipment (technical booths, antenna towers, electrical power supply devices). Table 1 provides consistent data on the river economic effect of stagnation of wire and RRL [P.A.]. The stagnation of RRL, VOLZ as a transport medium characterizes the transition of electrical connections to a higher level of its development in connection with technical, economical and social indicators. Today's more thorough radio relay transmission systems (on integrated circuits) for these types of displays are not compromised by analogues of symmetrical cable lines. They cost less than cable systems, for a lot of operating costs. At the same time, there is the possibility of a further decrease in the performance of the radio relay equipment. Another important criterion for assessing the technical and economic efficiency of a linking line is natural indicators: energy consumption, occupancy of production areas, increased productivity of the plant, which is assessed There are a large number of channel-kilometers, as well as savings in color metals in the lancet binder. In telecommunications today there are almost all descriptions of the types of physical media for data transmission, and the most promising are fiber optics. Today they will serve as highways of great territorial borders, and high-speed lines connecting local borders. The current technical characteristics of promising optical cables with electrical cables, as well as other direct systems, are given in Table 2 [P.A.].

The main advantages of an optical cable are:

High flexibility, insensitivity to external electromagnetic fields; the presence of transitional transitions between fibers;

Significantly greater bandwidth (up to 3000 MHz/km), the ability to transmit a large flow of information (several thousand channels);

The regeneration rate is high, which is indicated by the low extinction of the optical cable, which is more than 0.7 dB/km (or lower) with a regeneration rate of 1.3 µm, which allows increasing the regeneration rate up to 100 km;

Safety of installation of optical cable in areas with flammable and easily occupied media through the presence of short circuits and sparking;

With mass production, there is a low risk of significant savings on expensive and scarce color metals;

The small overall dimensions and weight of the optical cable (10 times smaller than electrical cables) allow for more efficient passage of the telephone sewer road and a significant reduction in costs when transporting and laying the cable;

Complete electrical insulation between the input and output of the coupling system, which does not require grounding of the transmission and receiver;

Federal Agency for Communications

Siberian State University of Telecommunications and Informatics

Department of MEM and OS

Course project:

"Design of optical multiservice transport network"

Vikonav: C

M-72 group

After checking: I

Novosibirsk - 2011

Technical Department

1. Introduction........................................................ ......................................... .........................3

2. Vibration of the location of the installation of joints and transmission routes for laying fiber optic cables.........4

3. Development of equivalent resources of the transport network.................................................................... ...................7

4. Submission of options for transport network topologies................................................................... ... ..........9

5. Presentation on the diagrams of these topology options..................................... 11

6. Substoral distribution of resources on the skin of the skin..................................................... ...........14

7. The importance of the necessary types of multiplexers and their number in the skin nodes...15

8. Selection of equipment and cable products.................................................... ..............................15

9. Finishing the selection of protection methods.................................................... ...................................21

10. Layout of plots for transmitting single-channel and multi-channel optical signals....22

11. Configuration of multiplexers.................................................... ...........................................26

12. Explanation of the connection organization scheme.................................................... .. .....................................34

13. Development of the synchronization scheme of the transport network.................................................... ... ..........35

14. Development of transport network schemes.................................................... ...............42

15. Selecting the necessary control and monitoring devices................................................................... ..47

16. Rozrakhunok tension dzherela elektrozhizhvennya i sibir EPU................................................... ....50

17. Equipment .................................................................. ........................................................ 53

18. Scheme of the passage of the Lanzyugs along the LAC in point A.................................................... ....................................54

19.Visnovok................................................... ........................................................ ........................55

List of references................................................... ........................................................ ....................56

Addendum A................................................... ........................................................ ............................57

Addendum B................................................... ........................................................ ............................59

1. Introduction

One of the main directions of current scientific and technological progress is the comprehensive development of fiber-optic communication systems, which ensures the ability to deliver extremely high-volume information with the greatest speed to great distances. Already, there are fiber optic lines (FOL) of great information capacity with long regeneration distances up to 200 km or more. These fiber optic cables and transmission systems are distributed throughout the world, including Russia. The rapid development of fiber-optic digital transmission systems of synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH-SDH) has led to the emergence of new edge technologies: optical transport links and hybrid ones, and some other optical access links.

The recent improvement of optical fiber (OF) technology has allowed for an order of magnitude expansion of the operating bandwidth, making it possible to develop spectral channel amplification (WDM) systems, which can be built on the increased width of the channel for the customer.

The goal of this course project is to develop a transport optical network based on the technical requirements based on the SDH system.

2 Select the location for re-arranging the joints and transmission routes for laying fiber optic lines

The design map, given in accordance with the technical specifications, has been drawn up in small size 1. We will select two of the most rational and optimal options for laying the cable. (Figure 2), based on the following principles:

Minimal capital expenses for everyday life;

Minimal operating costs;

Availability of service.

The route laid for the cable is determined by the placement of terminal points and is selected either along highways, or at any time along a climb with a windage of 20 meters from the climb. The optical cable can be suspended on transmission line supports, or on the supports of an electrified cable line, or on other supports of overhead lines.

To ensure the first step, it is possible to take into account the length of the route, the severity and complexity of the river crossing, the slickness of highways, pipelines, the nature of the locality, soils, groundwater, the possibility of stagnation of the mechanized laying, not avoidance of spores from electromagnetic surges and corrosion, possibility and efficiency of delivery vantazhiv (materials, equipment) on the route.

To ensure the safety of others and others, it was possible to provide life-saving services and the possibility of placing service personnel, as well as the creation of similar minds for the appointment of service obligations.

To complete the assignments, the route is to blame for the shortest possible distance between the given points and the least amount of transfer, which will complicate and increase the cost of living. Between populated areas, the route must be chosen from the smoothie of highways or other profiled roads. It is allowed to straighten the cable route, since laying the cable along the side of the vehicle significantly shortens the route.

Malyunok 1 - Map of transport boundary design

Coming from the map of locality, you can study two main routes of the fiber-optic line route, based on topologies.

Malyunok 2 - Options a) option 1 - radial-ring topology, b) option 2 - ring topology

The directions between the points can be found on the additional website of the company “AutoTransInfo” (the details can be found in Addendum A)

These topologies are consistent with section 4. The route is designed based on three important principles, with a minimum number of river crossings.

3 Development of necessary equivalent resources in the transport network

There is a detailed breakdown of the equivalent resources of the projected transport route, as determined by the data from the technical specifications given in Table 1.

Table 1. - The required quantity of flows of the designed boundary.

	Types of digital streams Directly

The equivalent number of streams is 2.048 Mbit/s in SDH transmission systems with multiplexing schemes for these streams VC-12 (1 stream), VC-3 (21 streams via VC-12 or 16 streams via PDH multiplexing at 34.368 Mbit/s), VC - 4 (63 streams via VC-12 or 64 streams via PDH 139.264 Mbit/s multiplex). To determine the equivalent of streams at a speed of 2.048 Mbit/s, it is necessary to determine the level of the hierarchy

Basic telecommunications measures have a very low proportion, including due to their university specialization, the complexity and adaptation of changes made possible by and lead to low efficiency of the use of edge resources. New technologies are breaking up monopolistic control over telecommunications and introducing new competitors to it.

Now it’s not just different telephone companies that compete, but also cable TV companies (which also transmit data on their lines), providers of Internet services, and software vendors (who provide services via computers) boundaries), banks (to demonstrate the services of specialized financial information transmission systems). This situation combines the transformation of telecommunication with industry, which is occupied with everyday life and the support of communication systems, with industry, which produces connections as well as part of a wide range of services. As new technologies reduce costs associated with business inputs, competition is expanding and even wider. The government of the Russian Federation is beginning to realize that competition is the best guarantee, and that the progress of technology is increasingly reflected in the appearance of clear, accessible and cheap services.

For this project, it is necessary to develop a GTS on the basis of a package transport measure. To do this, you need to first select a monitoring scheme for the GTS that is being designed, and develop a numbering system for subscriber lines. After this, the intensity of telephone coverage at the edge is being adjusted. This includes the development of the local area, the extension of the area to the special services unit (USS), as well as the inter-city and inter-station area. After this, develop the design of the ownership of gateways, the design of transport and flexible switches. And also the structure of the transport packet network.

During the development of the course project, the literature of the following authors was reviewed: Abilov A.V., Bikov Yu.P., Velichko V.V., Goldshtein A.B., Goldshtein B.S., Egunov M.M., Zhdanov I.M. . , Ivanova O.M., Kopp M.F., Kucheryavyi E.I., Livshits B.S., Pinchuk A.B., Pshenichnikov A.P., Samorizov V.V., Sokolov N.A., Sokolov N.A., Subotin E. A.

Section 1. Everyday telephone monitoring

Merging the connection of the next generation (NGN) - the concept of merging the connection to ensure the delivery of an unbound set of services with great possibilities for their careful management, personalization and creation of new services for unification ії boundary solutions that transfer the implementation of the universal transport link are divided by commutation, implementation of the function of providing services to terminal nodes and integration with traditional communication measures.

The current stage of development of world civilization is characterized by the transition from industrial to informational development, which conveys new forms of social and economic activity, which are based on mass Any information and telecommunication technologies.

The technological basis of information sharing is the Global Information Infrastructure (DII), which can ensure the possibility of non-discriminatory access to the information resources of the skin of the planet. The information infrastructure consists of a set of databases, information processing methods, interacting between connections and customer terminals.

Access to information resources for children is realized through additional services of a new type, which are called information partnership services and infocommunication services.

The high rate of growth in the supply of information and communication services that is expected at this time allows us to predict their importance at the borders of communication in the near future.

Today, the development of information communication services is important within the framework of the Internet computer network; access to such services is provided through traditional communication networks.

At the same time, a number of Internet services that depend on the capacity of the transport infrastructure do not correspond to the current opportunities that hang up to information services.

Connecting with these developments in infocommunication services will require an enhanced task of effective management of information resources with immediate expansion of the functionality of the interconnection. In its own way, this stimulates the process of integration with the Internet and interconnection.

The main technological features that differentiate infocommunication services from traditional communication services include:

· Infocommunication services are provided on the upper levels of the VOS model (whereas services are provided on the third, middle level);

· Most information communication services transmit the presence of the client part and the server part; The client part is implemented in the installed server, and the server part is implemented in a special network node called a service node;

· Infocommunication services typically transmit multimedia information, which is characterized by high transmission speeds and asymmetry of input and output information flows;

· For the provision of infocommunication services, folding and multiple point changes are often required;

· Infocommunication services are characterized by diversity in application protocols and capabilities for managing services on the side of the customer;

· To identify subscribers of infocommunication services, additional addressing can be used between these infocommunication services.

The functional model of the NGN border, in the lateral form, can be represented by three levels:

· Transport rhubarb;

· Control level for switching and information transfer;

· Service management level.

The tasks of the transport level include commutation and transmission of information to the operator.

The tasks of the switching and transmission control level include processing signaling information, routing calls, and controlling flows.

The service management level includes functions for managing the logic of services and add-ons and the division of the computing core, which will ensure:

· Provision of infocommunication services;

· Service management;

· Creation and implementation of new services;

· Interaction of various services.

This framework allows you to implement the specifics of services, and to create the same service logic program regardless of the type of transport layer (IP, ATM, FR, etc.) and access method. The presence of this level makes it possible to introduce new services at any time without interfering with the functioning of other levels.

1.1 Explosion of the circuit diagram of the GTS with channel switching arrangements

PBX direct codes and the capacity of the PSTN network is determined from the physical capacity of the network. The numbering of subscriber lines on the GTS is given in Table 1.1.

The topology of the PSTN network is based on the “skin to skin” principle without hub stations. The topology is determined by the external capacity of the network, the type of settlement, and the switching method. The PSTN network circuit diagram is shown in Fig. 1.5.

Table 1.1 – Numbering of subscriber lines on the GTS.

PBX number		ATS capacity		Numbering of subscriber lines on the GTS	Numbering of subscriber lines for interconnection
					8-421-2 (200000-216999)
					8-421-2 (220000-241999)
					8-421-2 (250000-278999)
					8-421-2 (300000-312999)
					8-421-2 (320000-335999)

Fig. 1.5 Structural diagram of the hydraulic structure.

1.2 Development of the GTS scheme based on NGN technology

Section 2. Developing the intensity of telephone surveillance

2.1 Rozrakhunok of the local vantage, which is due

The breakdown of the number of subscribers in the skin category is determined from the given cell phone subscription to the station capacity: residential sector subscribers – 66%; people's state sector - 29%; telephones - 5%; analog modems – 21% on subscriber lines of the residential and public sector; fax machines – 22% on subscriber lines of the public sector.

The breakdown of the structural warehouse of subscribers is given in table 2.1.

Table 2.1. Structural warehouse of subscribers.

	Type and capacity of automatic telephone exchange	Number of subscribers by sector
		Apartment sector		People's State. sector			Taxofoni	ISDN subscribers

Mіstseve vantageniya, which blames, is insured according to formula 2.1:

Quantity of jerels of the i-th category;

Indicated from NTP 112.2000;

The economic value, which is determined by NTP 112.2000, is included in the percentage of the apartment sector;

Some of the roses that have emerged. 0.5.

Earl; Earl;

Earl; Earl; Earl;

Earl; Earl.

There is an emphasis on ATS-1 among subscribers of different categories:

The results of the breakdown of all automatic telephone exchanges are presented in Table 2.2.

Table 2.2 Vinikaє mіstseve navantazhenya (Erl).

	Apartment sector		People's State. sector			Taxofoni	ISDN subscribers
								The specificity of the services that are provided on a multiservice network is the independence of the access method that transmits the connection to the access network as a self-contained class of network. Such networks are responsible for ensuring access not only to the resources of a multi-service network, but also to the resources of other interconnection networks. This approach allows a single policy to be implemented during the transition from one connection to another when providing the same type of services. Systems for managing multiservice measures will follow the same basic principles as the measures themselves. a modular architecture with multiple open interfaces between modules. An important role can be played by the organization of interaction between various operators and postal employees of the provided services and their responsibilities from end to end, as well as the possibility of interaction between suppliers and with a control system. The expansion of the number of participants in the process of providing services allows for the appearance on the market of post-consumer services and post-recipient information, which, without affecting the power infrastructure, take an active part in the process of their provision. In this case, the employees of the servants hang additional ties to the connection, which can also be seen in the new intermediate architecture. To ensure the activity of active minds and the development of interests of all participants in business processes in new minds, it is necessary to create and enshrine in regulatory documents the functions and inter-functionalities between all the ruling subjects who take their share from the given servants. The creation of multi-service networks requires the formation of a narrow technical policy, which makes it clear that there are a large number of competing and residually fragmented standards. List of references 1. Abilov A.V. Measure connections and switching systems - M. Radio and connections 2004 2. Bikov Yu.P. Egunov M.M. Dovidkov's materials from coursework and diploma projects - Novosibirsk 2001 3. Velichko V.V. Subotin E.A. Multiservice measures. Telecommunication systems and networks. No. 3 - M. Hot line - Telecom 2005 4. Goldstein A.B. Samorizov V.V. Softswitch: today and in the future // Special issue "ATS-2005" Technologies and communications 2005. 5. Goldstein B.S. Software switches Softswitch // Technologies and communications 2005 No. 2 6. Zhdanov I.M. Kucheryavyi E.I. Pobudova's telephony measures - M. Zvyazok 1972 7. Ivanova O.M. Kopp M.F. Automatic switching - M. Radio and communications 1988 8. Livshits B.S. Pshenichnikov A.P. Theory of teletraffic - M. Radio and communications 1979 9. Pinchuk O.B. Sokolov N.A. Multiservice subscriber concentrators for functional capabilities "Triple-Play Services" // Newsletter 2005 10. Sokolov N.A. Telecommunications networks - M. Alvarez Publishing 2004