History of the development of mail. Peculiarities of hotels and postal service in ancient Rome Drops of postal couriers in ancient Rome

Voronov S.S.

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Every now and then, tens of thousands of sheets, packages, and parcels are delivered to people via postal service. The post office helps people in all corners of the world cope. In the current world, in the faith of the Internet and clearly telephone call The post office is losing its relevance, but is still deprived of the main way of gathering people, as well as serving a main role in the overpowered forces.

The current announcement about the mail is similar to the announcement that happened last year. Russian words“mail” resembles foreign words, the meaning of which in Russian language can be mentally translated as - zupinka, station (where the mail horses were changed).

Postal service is a type of communication and installation (in many countries it is a sovereign state) for the effective transfer of information in the form of postal delivery(letter correspondence, periodicals, penny transfers, parcels, packages) for additional transport means (salary, road, sea, air transport).

Postal services developed differently in different nations, and different cultures had their own specific postal systems. It is possible to draw similar parallels in history.

Ancient clock

At the beginning of the era of guilt people or at the beginning of the hour as a transmission tool important information served as voice singing. The main disadvantage of such consolidation was the lack of possibility of transmission over long distances. To transmit signals to distant places in prehistoric times, people began to play drums and drums.

The Age of Great Empires

In the era of the Great Empires (or as they called it, the era of antiquity), the main method of transfer was through gents and couriers. A number of powers (for example, the Roman Empire) have a postal connection that is sovereign and good. In some countries, when delivering mail to distant places, horses rode on horseback. Postal service in the era of antiquity was mainly actively used by the empire's potters and nobles for prompt communication with distant provinces and the transmission of Swedish messages.

The peasants in the service of the church, as a rule, were slaves and had to pay large amounts of guilt in as little time as possible, thereby ensuring the speed of making decisions, both in peacetime and in times of war. People who engage in this craft were well prepared physically.

The great converging powers (Egypt, Persia, China), across the vast expanses of their territories and subordinate regions, began to act as carriers of pigeon mail. Ptakhiv was specially started and felt, after which the concept of “mail pigeon” emerged. One of the main postal tasks of the great empires was the delivery of notifications related to military purposes and news related to the service.

During excavations of various places of ancient cultures, archaeologists found manuscripts, writings and other evidence that the post at that time had already begun to form structures, as it seems in the present world. There were also substations that served as “postal departments.” At these stations, horses were changed and horses were rested.

The Roman Empire made the largest contribution to postal developments. The mail was ordered by the state, and the mail transported was transported both by land and by sea. The emperors needed mail to communicate with all the provinces of the Roman Empire and of little great importance.

For the simple population of great empires, there are no ways to deliver mail, because... The mail, in whatever case it was, served for the benefit of the emperors and the nobility, the mail was delivered with the help of friends, which on the right rose in price to other places, provinces, and countries.

Serednyovichya

Europe

The era of the Middle Ages is seen as the era of numerous wars, military campaigns, the strengthening of the role of the church, and at the same time as the era of technological progress.

In some European countries, after the fall of the Roman Empire, attempts were made to establish a state post, but all attempts did not lead to a positive result. The nobility carried out mail transportation with the help of their subjects (messengers, couriers, officials).

Because The role of the church in central Europe grew and churches united around one main church in Rome, the monastery post. The head church encouraged connections between European churches, black orders, numerous brotherhoods and the head church. There are no mysteries in history about the local service in the church, which deals with postal shipments, but the fact of active consolidation between churches is confirmed by archaeologists with the help of the Cheng couriers.

With the advent of universities, which deal with science, there was a need for collaboration between them, as well as between students one after another and families. The university post office has arrived, as it is a service, and the people, who are engaged in the delivery of postal notifications, are a little more privileged.

The development of European crafts, trade, science, and culture led to the development of postal orders, because people needed to quickly get food, and there was still no government mail. This caused the emergence of strong services and couriers, places began to emerge, and gatherings between craftsmen, traders, scholars, artists, musicians, etc. began to ease. After about an hour, people began to attend services.

Then the institutes of the local authorities appeared. It was then that the concept of paying for the delivery of sheets and parcels arose. at a singing rate. The services of such institutions were offered to both nobles and nobles. Some local institutions have already begun to know the exact time of delivery of postal notifications.

A centralized post office, which worked on the needs of the state and was engaged in exclusively state postal shipments, began to emerge in the 15th century in France.

Asia

After the fall of the Roman Empire, to the change from Europe, postal service was already well organized in Asian countries on postal carriers. The nobles were serving as servants, but access they eliminated the lower vertices of the population. Postal couriers have small signs (white lines) so that they can be recognized from afar.

Pivdenna and Pivnichna America

As archaeologists confirm, Indian tribes such as the Incas, Aztecs and others also developed a system of delivering postal notifications through the use of couriers. The runners were the runners, who quickly carried out the great uprisings. At the singing station, the postal booths were being distributed one way at a time, and one of the couriers, passing on the information to the other, could lose their preference. This method was used for delivery postal orders. The number of postal workers and couriers themselves was even greater. Postal messages were transmitted both in writing and in oral form.

XVI-XIX centuries

At this time, in the most guilty countries of Europe (France, England, etc.), the centralized royal postal system has been discontinued. The idea, which was first recognized by the postal monopoly and the sovereign bond, was implemented in Germany in the 17th century. And with the beginning of the growth of industry, the process of organizing a fast mail order accelerated, and many powers secured the mail service to themselves. Practically all versions of the population could afford to work as postal servants. For transportation in the region, special mail carriages have often been used. The transportation of passengers was also important for the carriage of passengers by mail.

A major revolution in the transport of goods occurred with the advent of steam engines, which were introduced by steamships and trains. The delivery process has become significantly slower. All postal communications became accessible to all parts of the population and were developed practically in the most remote parts of the region, and international newspapers entered a new stage.

In the 19th century, envelopes, postage stamps, and parcels were invented. The post office began to develop these organizations and work as it may today.

The expansion of plant and vapor transport has led to the fact that in 80 days a leaf can pass through the entire earth. Postal transport grew in popularity and almost all postal departments began to appear in every village. The postal departments themselves also developed and began to offer customers new services and operations.

At the end of the 19th century, the telegraph, radio, telephone and other functions of the postal service began to lose their relevance, but the postal service did not lose its relevance.

Postage stamps also began to gain relevance as they created mystique.

In the 19th century, a Worldwide Postal Order was established, which included many countries from different countries.

The current postal network provides postal services throughout the territory of the region, including all places and rural settlements. A wide range of services that one can hope to achieve by becoming great.

The latest information about the post goes to Assyria and Babylon. The Assyrians were still in the 3rd millennium. BC those who can be called the front of the envelope stagnated. After burning the tablet with the text, the sheet was covered with a ball of clay, where the address of the possessor was written. Then the signs were sprayed again. As a result, when the water vapor was repeatedly vaporized, the tablet-sheet and the tablet-envelope did not become a single piece. The envelope was torn apart and the sheets were read. Two such sheets have reached the present day - together with envelopes of stench are stored in the Louvre.

4000 ROCKY AGO UNVISIBLE EGYPTIAN MISTAK ON ONE WALL In the funeral oven of Pharaoh Numhoten, the warrior drew a dry leaf in one hand, and in the other, a dry leaf, which he handed to his superior. Thus, before us, there is verbal proof of the birth of the post in those distant hours. We have received information about postal information in other ancient peoples. Letters of notification could be passed from one person to the next without fear of conflict. To transport the leaves, carrier pigeons were also used.

In the hours of Kira and Daria in Persia (558-486 BC) the postal package was blessed with miracles. At the Persian postal stations, trains and saddled horses were constantly at the ready. The mail was passed on by the people in a relay race from one to another.

The ancient Roman post was famous for playing a great role in the administration of the great Roman Empire. At the most important centers of the empire there were special stations provided by horse couriers. The Romans said Statio posita in... ("The station has been rebuilt at..."). As the Fahians respect, the word Posta appeared from the shortness of these words.

Documentary evidence of the establishment of mail in China dates back to ancient times. The sovereign postal service to China began already during the Zhou dynasty (1027-249 BC). Vaughn is small in her orderly steps and horses. The emperors of the Tang dynasty (618-907 r.e.) already appointed postmaster generals.

In the Arab Caliphate up to 750 rubles. the entire state was covered with a border of roads along which the races plied, riding and riding on horses, camels and mules. The stinks were delivered to the state and private mail. The great importance of the postal service of the state can be seen in the famous speech of Caliph Mansur, who fell asleep in Baghdad (762 rubles). “My throne rests on four places, and my power rests on four people: the clueless judge, the energetic chief of police, the active minister of finance and the wise postmaster who informs me about everything.”

GREECE'S POSTAL SYSTEM IS GOOD IN VIGLYADI land and sea mail connections, but it could not significantly develop through the anonymity of the local powers at war with each other. The procedures for the transfer are limited to the information of your assigned, i.e., envoys on foot. The stench was called hemerodromae. The messengers traveled 55 stadia (about 10 km) per year, and 400-500 stadia in one trip.

The most prominent of these couriers was Philippis, who, according to Plutarch, was born in 490 BC. The news of victory in the Battle of Marathon was brought to Athens and he died of the snow. This race was the first marathon in history. Philip passed the message to sleep. In ancient times, high-ranking gents were sent to convey especially nagal messages. As Diodorus writes, one of the military commanders of Alexander the Great rode with his headquarters of the Gintsi - the leaders on camels.

Powers of the Incas in Peru and the Aztecs in Mexico up to 1500 rubles. Mali regular mail. The Posta of the Incas and Aztecs fought more than the rest of the Gents. On the right is that horses were brought to New America by Europeans - conquerors since the 16th century. The distance between the bus stations did not exceed three kilometers. That one got hit hard with a gun. The peculiarity of the mail of the Incas and Aztecs was that, in addition to the mail, they could hardly deliver fresh fish to the emperor’s table. The fish was delivered from the coast to the capital, a distance of 48 years (500 km). Rate the speed of delivery. The current post office is unlikely to be swedish, although it has its own ordered cars, trains, and flights. During the rise of the Mayan culture, the Gintsian robot was also blamed, but little is known about it.

As in ancient times, so in the middle centuries, the post office served only Volodars and other officials. Other versts of the population did not benefit from mail.

For residents and international connections

Between us sorry people They also wanted to use mail for their own purposes. Initially, their information was conveyed privately through merchants, mandrians and university postal officials. The rapid development of crafts and trade in feudal Europe led to the organization of regular postal exchange between places.

THERE ARE DOCUMENTS CONFIRMING THE APPEARANCE OF MISCELLANEOUS MESSENGES already in the 14th century. The most important postal service of the Hanseatic League. Hansa is a trade and political union of foreign German cities in the 14th-17th centuries. With the entry of the Hanseatic League of the Rhine, the first postal border was established, which, passing between towns and other principalities, delivered mail throughout the territory of Germany. Then, through Nuremberg, the mail went to Italy and Venice, and through Leipzig - to Prague, Day and other places. This is how Mizhnarodna Posta came out.

Our next notable achievements include the postal service of the noble family of Tourn-i-Taxis. The first mystery about the Tourn-i-Taxi post dates back to 1451, when Roger Taxis organized a courier line through Tirol and Steiermark. Next, go to the Taxi booth to collect your quarry from the postal office.

At 1501 r. Franz Taxis becomes Postmaster General of the Netherlands. On the cob of the 16th century. The Taxis postal service came out of the feudal privileges of the Taxis booth. The post office on the right became a profit center, and Taxis began to have competitors. We are in front of the post office. At 1615 r. Chergovy Taxis - Lamoral becomes the imperial postmaster general. By imperial decree, this planting was declared a pre-war and a recession for the Taxis family. Before the speech, the prefix “Turn” was added to the Taxis before its nickname in 1650, which was removed as a royal honor. Lamoral Taxis, the new postmaster general, was hesitant to ask the emperor for a new decree against additional mail and additional lines to be served by the Gents. All this sparked a struggle between Tourn-i-Taxis and its competitors that lasted hundreds of years. Taxi Post survived and prevailed. Accuracy, smoothness and honesty - this is the motto of Tourn-i-Taxi, which is most closely followed in practice. Above all, trading people and bankers, common people and government officials could be expected to ensure that papers, documents, and money quickly reach the addressee, and they immediately withhold evidence.

At 1850 r. The Tourn-i-Taxis post belonged to the German-Austrian Union. At that time, postage stamps had already been issued in rich countries. The rules of the German-Austrian Postal Union passed on to its participants the obligation to issue postage stamps. The very same 1st day 1852 r. The first postage stamps from Tourn-i-Taxis have been released. Our post office Turn-i-Taxis issued 54 postage stamps. This post office issued stamped envelopes. The history of the Tourn-i-Taxi post office will end only in 1867, when Prussia acquired the rights to all the Tourn-i-Taxi postal service.

Leafworm is a dangerous profession

In the 17th century Sweden became a great power, and there was a need for regular communication with its Volodynia across the Baltic Sea. The first leaf-noses were the royal couriers. Then the correspondence was delivered to the postal villagers. They lived near the main roads, performed various duties, for example, military service, and were required to forward the state mail.

THEY WERE SENT FOR A WORKER, YA VIK, A PIPUM IN RIZHOK, kilometers 20-30 before susida. Having handed over your mail and returned it in exchange for something else, you returned home. As soon as the leaves became frosty, you were threatened with punishment. Correspondence was delivered by sea, for example, from Sweden to the Aland Islands and as far as Finland and St. Petersburg. "Poshtovy villagers" worked for the whole river regardless of the weather. The crossing in the spring and autumn was especially troublesome, when the stinks either dragged the boats across the ice, or set the sails, or took up the oars. Quite a few people perished in the storm.

Russian Post is one of the oldest in Europe. The first riddle about her in the chronicles dates back to the 10th century. Kievan Rus had a population bond under the name "poviz". This obligation was due to the need to supply horses for the prince's horses and his servants.

However, the postal service in Russia appeared especially for Tsar Oleksiy Mikhailovich. Boyar Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin (1605-1681) became the organizer of the “correct” postal persecution in Russia. He is the initiator of the creation of foreign mail in Russia (mail line Moscow - Vilna).

RUB 1,677 Russia has launched an international postal service. The first lines of illegally accessible mail went beyond the cordons of the Russian state to the “German” lands - that’s what the Russian people called the lands, where they spoke in foolish “nim” languages. In addition to international mail, the "German Post" delivered both merchant papers and government papers of Russia. Since the German Post, the postal service has established correspondence exchange points and introduced rules to ensure the regularity of mail delivery.

The prototype of the postal screen that is familiar to us was the Florentine vestibules - secretly accessible screens that were installed on the walls of churches and cathedrals, first Postal screenshot was erected in the 17th century. in France.

For materials livejournal prepared by Zara GEVORKYAN

1. For hundreds of years now, the delivery of parcels and sheets across Russia was even highly respected, since it had not lasted more than six months. By the end of the day, the Tsar's might as well as they could pay the powerful people for the filthy novelty, and the courier's job at that time was not just difficult, but also not safe.
2. The ancient civilization of the Incas allowed a large territory under unified administration, along with wonderful roads with a well-established courier service. The Indian roads were intended for pedestrians and caravans of llamas; at 7.2 km there were indicators of the risers, and after 19-29 km there were stations for the mandrivniks. In addition, courier stations were located within 2.5 km. Couriers (godini) transmitted signals and punishments along the relay race, and in this way information was transmitted over 2000 km in 5 days.
3. From the Ancient Roman Empire, through courier delivery, residents of the region could obtain up-to-date information about political life, court calls, scandals, military campaigns and strife. Being an imperial courier was much more rewarding, and the work was well paid.
4. Ancient China practiced issuing special sheets of news, which were then delivered by couriers to different regions of the country. We can safely say that courier delivery of large sums of money has been an important part of the management system.
5. In Ancient Egypt, the most famous courier was Philippis, who was responsible for transfers in 490 BC. brought information about the victory at the Battle of Marathon to Athens. Vin, having run about 40 km, died in the snow, and became the founder of marathon running.
6. In the 13th century in Russia, the first special service was organized for the transmission of written notifications, as the Yamsk ganba is called, an original Russian institution that lasted until the other half of the 19th century.
7. In the 16th century, special markings began to be used to preserve correspondence and enhance the special quality of documents saved on originals and copies of documents. In the 17th century, these notes became more informative and misty, in addition to the names of the genets, the river, the month and the day of delivery of the correspondence.
8. In 1665, mail and courier routes were organized from Moscow to Riga and in 1669 to Vilnius, which made it possible to exchange correspondence, including private ones, with foreign countries.
9. In Russia, a courier postal service appeared in the 17th century, on November 17, 1710, Peter I signed a decree on the establishment of a special courier route from St. Petersburg to Moscow, which became the prototype of the military-field courier service, confirmed by Decree of Peter I dated 30 Bereznya 1716 rock.
10. In 1783, in Russia, uniform tariffs for mailing correspondence were introduced for the first time, depending on the mass and distribution.
11. Since 1837 in Russia, courier services began to be transported by pickle. Russia is one of the first countries to organize such transportation.
12. At the beginning of the 19th century of Russia, there were approximately 460 postal and courier installations, of which 5 thousand were properly serving. couriers.
13. In America, the first courier services began to be provided in 1907 by the American company UPS. This company was engaged in the delivery of tickets, postal items and other goods.
14. 1946 rock Ken Thomas fell asleep for the transport company TNT. Having gained the main voice for the establishment of regular receipts between places. And I brought my innovation to all clients who wanted to see the success of delivery, now they received a special delivery signed by the owner.
15. In 1969, Air Delivery first appeared, which made it possible to enter

The stigma of evildoers: from Ancient Rome to the present day

It is possible that the villains of our days would have broken the law, as if they had drunk themselves in Ancient Rome or Ancient Greece. Even there, the Zlochints were tampered with - letters were burned out on the shoulders, and in Ancient Egypt, the front tooth was knocked out in a special way.

The Middle Ages baked judges and prisoners. Fresh calcium should be applied to people who are ill, depending on the severity of the crime. In average Europe, a villain is left without ears, a robber is left without a nose, an oath-breaker has his finger and hand cut off, a deceiver has his ear cut... If a villain is suddenly caught, the stratum looks to him.

In the novel by the French writer A. Dumas “The Three Musketeers” there is a character who gives a lot of bad things to his musketeer friends. Here are the ladies Winter - my lady. Dumas describes how the former Count de la Fère had a lily-shaped brand on his shoulders. Lilia is not Dumas’ guess, but a historical fact. In France, villains were branded this way, and the fleur-de-lis meant the coat of arms of the head of the state. In England, on the Russian side, the villains used a baked salve to burn out the “flame of fire.”

In 1789, French legislation inappropriately covered harsh punishments, but Napoleon in 1799 reintroduced them into practice. Now the villains are marked with the letter “V”, the recidivist villains wear the brand “VV”, “TF” means Primus robots. “G” or “GAL” means that the ruler of this brand is the elm of the galleys. What is a gallery?

A galley is an ancient ship, low and long in shape, on which both the ancient Romans and the army of the French king Louis XIV sailed. Moreover, the Romans victorious for slaves, and Louis XIV - all people of another faith, all non-Catholics. After the 18th century, some of the galleys were used as floating vessels. It was there that the villain, labeled with the brand “GAL,” was sent.

French laws at that time did not spare the other Shahrais; they also wore a special brand on their bodies. And in Austria, right up to the end of the 18th century, the evildoers had massacres on their backs. Behind these writers it was possible to determine who the evil one was and what he himself was.

Since 1832, France has once again discovered a barbaric way of punishing violators of the law. They were the most popular in China - until 1905. And in Thailand, back in 1940, the people punished the guilty in a similar manner, however, the sealed lip replaced the tattoo.