Why is the ELT monitor built up? How to upgrade the CRT monitor. Basic principles of operation of the RK monitor
Hello, readers of my blog, who have signed up the EPT monitor. I will try to make this article bula cіkava to everyone, and tim, who already didn’t make them, і tim, who has this attachment to be associated with the first degree of mastering a personal computer.
Today's PC displays are flat and thin screens. And in some low-budget organizations, you can see and use kinescope monitors. The whole era of the development of multimedia technologies is connected with them.
The EPT monitors took their official name from the Russian abbreviation for the term "electronic tube". The English equivalent is the phrase Cathode Ray Tube with CRT shorthands.
First of all, PCs appeared at the booths, the whole electrotechnical device was introduced to ours by kinescope televisions. The stench navit vikoristovuvalis like a display (estimate). But let's talk about this, but now let's take a look at the principles of the EPT, so that we can talk about such monitoring on a more serious level.
Progress of kinescope monitors
The history of the development of the electronic tube and the transformation of the EPT monitor with the right permission of the screen is full of cliques and winemakers. On the back of the head, put an oscilloscope on the kshtalt, radar screens of the radar. Then we will develop a TV tower, giving us gifts for reviewing the extension.
Speaking specifically about the display of personal computers, available to a wide range of koristuvachiv, the title of the first monitor singsongly varto voddat vector display station IBM 2250. Created yoga in 1964 for the commercial display at the same time z EOM System / 360 series.
IBM has a lot of developments in equipping PC monitors, including the design of the first video adapters, which became the prototype of today's hard and standard images that are transmitted to the display.
So, in 1987, a light VGA (Video Graphics Array) adapter was introduced, which works with a 640 × 480 split building and a 4: 3 aspect ratio. These parameters were left out as the basic ones for most monitors and televisions, which are released, before the advent of large-format standards. The process of evolution of EPT monitors had impersonal changes in the technology of its virobnitstv. Ale, I want to really zupinitsya at such moments:
What is the shape of a pixel?
Knowing how to practice a kinescope, we can be distinguished in the features of EPT monitors. Promin, which is released by an electronic harmonica, is breathed by an induction magnet, so that you can drink exactly in a special open mask, ruffled in front of the screen.
They form a pixel, as the form determines the configuration of the color points and the exact parameters of the rendered picture:
- Open the classic round ones, the centers of some ruffles on the tops of the smart equal-sided knitwear make a shadow mask. A matrix with evenly spaced pixels ensures the maximum brightness of the line. І ideal for office design programs.
- Sony has worked on the aperture mask to improve the clarity and contrast of the screen. There, instead of flecks, roztashovannye entrusted with straight-cut blocks shone. This made it possible to maximize the area of the screen (monitors Sony Trinitron, Mitsubishi Diamondtron).
- Podnati tsih tsih tekhnologii vdalos in schіlinnih grats, de open maly looking rounded to the beast and the bottom of the curved straight-cuts. And blocks of pixels were shifted one by one vertically. This mask was stuck on NEC ChromaClear, LG Flatron, Panasonic PureFlat displays;
But not only the shape of the pixel was the beginning of the monitor. A year that її rosemіr becoming a mother of primordial significance. Vіn zminyuvavsya in the range of 0.28 to 0.20 mm, and the mask with smaller, larger openings allowed to create an image of high razdilnosti.
An important and, unfortunately, noteworthy characteristic for a slow-witted person was the frequency of the screen update, which showed the mere image. The rozrobniks swelled up, and gradually replaced the sensitive 60 Hz dynamics of changing the picture that was displayed, reached 75, 85 and 100 Hz. The rest of the display already allowed you to practice with maximum comfort and your eyes could not be bothered.
Pratsyyuchi over the improvement of quality, trivala. The retailers did not forget about such an unacceptable phenomenon, like a low-frequency electromagnetic vibration. In such screens, the vibrance is directed by an electronic harmata directly at the coristuvach. For usunennya tsgogo nedolіku won all the technologies and zastosovulysya different screens and covers for screens.
They have been expanding to the safety of monitors, as they know in the standards that are constantly updated: MPR I, MPR II, TCO "92, TCO" 95 and TCO "99.
Monitor trusted by professionals
The work on the progressively improved multimedia video technology and technology has been brought up to the advent of high-definition digital video. Over the course of the year, thin screens appeared with light-saving light-emitting lamps. Qi displays have become vtіlennyam mrії, even stench:
- lighter and more compact;
- were excited by the low level of energy supply;
- richly safe;
- not small merekhtinnya to wind at lower frequencies (there is a merekhtinnya of a different kind);
- mali kіlka p_dtrimuvanih roses;
I did not understand that the era of CRT monitors was over. I was given that there would be no turning to these outbuildings. And yet, the professionals, who know all the features of new and old screens, did not hasten to get rid of high-power EPT displays. Even for some technical characteristics, the stench won over their LCD competitors:
- vіdminny kut look around, allowing you to read the information, roztashovuyuchis sideways in the screen;
- EPT technology made it possible to display a picture of any kind of different building, without compromising on scaling;
- understanding of non-practical pixels here is daily;
- the hour of inertia of the excess image is unimportantly small:
- practically unobstructed range of colors, which are visible, and the photorealism of the color is faint;
The very last two yakosts have deprived the kinescope displays of a chance to show themselves again. And the stench appeared to be in demand in gamers and, especially, among fahivtsiv, as they practice in the field of graphic design and photo processing.
The axis is such a long time and a cіkava іstorіya from an old, kind friend, called the EPT monitor. And if you still have such a thing in your house at the reception, you can try yoga again at the right place, re-evaluate yoga quality.
Why do I say goodbye to you, my beloved readers.
Monitors on electron tubes (including televisions)
- singly, single outbuildings in the butt, like revenge on the radio lamp
(kinescope yakraz i є), and everything is stronger
similar attachments from the RK matrix. Let's take a look and see
what should be done in the middle of the monitor.
The first problem is how to solve it. Get all the screws
twisting - and not twisting. All the ill-fated blot appeared in
krishtsі, it is necessary to press a thin twist on the yak, and it’s enough
strongly, but I'm afraid of її zlamati embossing lightly, scratching
surface:
Taking the top plastic cover off, we can bachichi
electromagnetic shield
perforated aluminum foil. Yogo confession - Do not let go
electromagnet vipromonition created by the monitor in the process of robotics.
The casing is electrically connected from the chassis, as it is grounded at its core.
Znіmemo screen and pobachima stuffing. On the kinescope, put zliva to the right:
Conducting the connection of the anode
The system, which is inspected, the focusing magnets and the controller board, is charged
on the end of the kinescope, to live the cathode.
UVAGA! DO NOT TURN ON THE MONITOR FOR ANY REASON!!! A voltage is applied to the anode, which will speed up +25,000 volts, the dot is deadly.
How to use the monitor? Briefly see this. Cathode
є schos on the spiral of an electric light bulb. If
Apply voltage to the cathode
thermoelectronic emission from the new era is repaired by the power of electronics. Bo in
the kinescope vacuum doesn’t care anything for the electrons to collapse into
space. Electron, which has flown, begins to rapidly collapse into
straight screen, shards of wine are attracted by a positive charge
anode (I guess, the electron has a negative charge)
magneti potik elektronіv is focused at a thin window. Dali promin sip
into the area of the di system, which vodhilyaє. The winding system is magnetic
є kіlka kotushok especially shaped. Feeding on the cats
the voltage can be formed in such a magnetic field, as
electronic promin at the point of the screen. Primushuyuchi change the magnetic field
we think we should step through the screen row after row, so
we take the image. Electronics, which are put on the screen, bombard
luminophore, speech, how to glow when omitted by electrons. For rahunok
I have formed a picture on the screen, wanting to
there are sequentially burned points. Tse principle
worki short and simple. More detailed information can be found at
Internet.
Now a sprat of food, which is often set.
What, when the monitor is turned on, is it good to swindle, and after the monitor is turned off, it can be sharud?
Gude when the loop is switched on demagnetization. Right in that
behind the screen - a mask from the hall, as you allow
be color images. If the mask becomes magnetized, then the colors on
monitor spit, to that її when the skin is turned on, they will demagnetize
changing magnetic field. For whom is the demagnetization loop -
black harness on the wide part of the kinescope. On it when turned on
for a couple of seconds, a strong stream is emitted with a frequency of 50 hertz.
magnetization of the mask. Now about shurkhit. Right in what's in progress
operation in the middle of the monitor accumulates saws. If I saw a lot of won
cover the kinescope. When the monitor is on, the anode is fed
positive voltage, as it forms on the yoga surface
static charge. A static charge attracts powders, and if all
drank on a kinescope, starting to massively attract to the new one, and yes
so sharudinnya. If the monitor flickers, the electronics start charging
Kіnescope znіmati, і powders vіdlipayut vіd monitor vіd pіd pіv force
springiness, and again, if the stench is repaired by the masses, it’s wonderful
sharudinnya.
The monitor viprominues a lot of poor watering and sits at it for a long time
How could we change the monitor by opening the monitor - win maє
aluminum screen, which does not allow electromagnetic interference
name. The front surface of the monitor is also covered with a thin layer of
metal (bring respect, there is no such sawing on televisions, that
a static charge accumulates on the surface of yoga, which rattles
hold your hand, monitor this, don’t think about it). Electronics that bombard
the luminophore vibrates soft x-rays
screen. As a grounding monitor, it can be said with confidence,
shkіdlivyh watering in the majestic kіlkostі not viprominyuє. What is the cost
shkidlivostі for the eyes, then shkіdlіvіst polagє in:
1) Merekhtinnya pictures. A comfortable picture is given by the update frequency
less than 85 Hz, but the OS most often sets a minimum of 60 Hz for defaults,
so turn it around correctly adjust your monitor. In protile
At times, the stupefaction of the eyes will be lifted.
2) More static focus on the eyes. Stretching the years of the eyes
focussing on the distance of the pivmeter, which I know up to now.
But the design of the monitor is not up to it, the same
reading a book.
But is it true that EPT monitors shkіdlivіshi for LCDs?
No, not true. Correctly adjusted EPT monitor after a step of shkodi similar to the RK monitor.
I'm a bachiv / chuv, what are the special screens, as needed
spread in front of the screen
monitor.
So smartly, so screens were, and they were shmatok
warehouse, with a sawed-through metalization, ale stinks were needed in the 90s
fates, if the design of the monitors was incomplete. Yak Bulo said
more on modern monitors, the metalization is already broken on
kinescope, which is also necessary for the supplementary defender every day.
And it seems that the cacti are in order with the monitor to pick up shkidli viprominyuvannya and protect the coristuvach Tse
tsіlkovita nіsenіtnitsa. Electromagnetic vibration cannot be mixed with
too much space, yogo can be clayed, but you can
only those who fall on the body. The myth about cacti is persistent
a myth that is regularly shared in articles “on a note” near the tabloids
press.
And there are also special stickers for sale in the form of shkidly viprominuvannya.
Stickers of a similar kind, including those for mobile phones, are a big scam.
Since 1902, Boris Lvovich Rosing worked with Brown's pipe. On June 25, 1907, the year of wine was submitted an application for a wine test "Method of electrical transmission of images on the screen". The expansion of the exchange in the tubes was carried out by magnetic fields, and the modulation of the signal (change of brightness) behind the additional capacitor, which instantly moved the wind along the vertical, thereby changing the number of electrons that pass through the diaphragm to the screen. On January 9, 1911, at a meeting of the Russian Technical Association Rosing, demonstrating the transmission of television images of simple geometric figures and receiving them on the screen of the EPT.
At the beginning of the middle of the XX century, Volodymyr Zvorikin, Allen Dumont and others played a significant role in the development of the EPT.
Attachment and principle of work
Global principles
Vlastuvannya black-and-white kinescope
At the balloon 9 a deep vacuum has been created - the coil is vibrated repeatedly, then the metal parts of the kinescope are heated by an inductor to see the clayed gases, for the stepwise claying of the excesses, the getter is repeated.
In order to create an electronic promise 2 , zastosovuetsya attachments, which are called electronic harmata. Cathode 8 , which is heated by a roasting thread 5 ejection of electronics. In order to increase the industrialization of electrons, the cathode is covered with speech, so that it can work out a little (the largest CLT manufacturers for which to establish the power of patented technologies). Changing the voltage on the electric electrode ( modulators) 12 it is possible to change the intensity of the electronic exchange and, obviously, the brightness of the image (also models with keruvannya on the cathode). The cream of the electric electrode, the current EPT garmat to replace the focusing electrode (until 1961, the focusing electromagnet was stuck in the domestic kinescopes for the help of the cat, which focuses). 3 іz core 11 ), applications for focusing the flashes on the screen of the kinescope to a point, which will speed up the electrode of the additional dispersal of electrons between the harmonics and the anode. Having left the garmata, the electronics will succumb to the anode. 14 , which is a metalized coating on the inner surface of the cone of the kinescope, connected with a single harmonic electrode. In colorful kinescopes with an internal electrostatic screen, it is connected to the anode. In a number of kinescopes of early models, such as 43LK3B, the cone of the slits from the metal and representing the anode itself. The voltage on the anode is between 7 and 30 kilovolts. In a number of small-sized oscillographic EPTs, the anode is only one of the electrodes of the electronic harmonica and lives with a voltage of up to ten hundred volts.
Give me a chance to pass through the system 1 , so you can change it directly (the magnetic system is shown on the little one, which is visible). A magnetic system is installed at the television EPT, which ensures the great rest of the day. In oscillographic ELTs, an electrostatic system is installed, which ensures more security.
E-promin is spent on the screen 10 , coated with phosphor 4 . In the light of electron bombardment, the phosphor glows and the flame of luminous brightness, which moves swiftly, creating on the screen of the image.
The luminophor in the form of electrons acquires a negative charge, and the secondary emission begins - the luminophore itself begins to release the electrons. As a result, the entire tube becomes negatively charged. In order to prevent anything from happening, on the entire surface of the tube there are signs from the deep drotom of the aquadag ball - a wire bag based on graphite ( 6 ).
The kinescope is connected through visnovki 13 that high voltage socket 7 .
In black-and-white televisions, the luminophor warehouse should be selected in such a way that it glows with a neutral-gray color. In videoterminals, radars, etc., the phosphor often turns yellow or green for lesser eyes.
Kut vіdkhilennya exchange
The maximum distance between the two possible positions of the electronic exchanger in the middle of the bulb is called the top of the EPT exchanger, at which the flame is visible on the screen, which shines. Depending on the size of the kuta, lay down the diagonal (diameter) of the screen to the length of the ELT. In oscillographic ELT, it is usually set to 40 degrees, which is due to the need to increase the sensitivity of the change to a number of plates, which is breathable. In the first radyansk television kinescopes with a round screen, the windage became 50 degrees, in black-and-white kinescopes in the last editions, it reached 70 degrees, starting from the 60s, it increased to 110 degrees - in the first 3 degrees (one of the first 3 degrees). Vitchiznyany color kinescope to become 90 degrees.
With an increase in the cut of the airway, the dimensions and mass of the kinescope change, however, the tightness increases, flattened by the knots of the throat. At the present time, in some areas, there has been a surge in 70-degree kinescopes: in color VGA monitors, there are more diagonals. Also cut 70 degrees continues to stagnate in small-sized black-and-white kinescopes (for example, 16LK1B), de dozhina does not play such an original role.
Ionna pasta
Since it is impossible to create an ideal vacuum in the middle of the ELT, a part of the molecules is left in the middle. When zіtknennі z elektrony they are utvoryuyutsya іonі, yakі, mauchi masu, scho richly pervishchuє masu elektronіv, practically do not breathe, step by step vipaluyuchi luminophore in the center of the screen and utvoryuyuchi so called ion flame. To fight against cim until the middle of the 60s. ion paste was put in, which may be a great shortcoming: її the installation is correct - to complete the copy of the operation, and if the installation is incorrect, the image will be lost. On the cob of the 60s. A new way to protect the luminophore: an aluminum screen, moreover, it allowed to increase the maximum brightness of the kinescope, and the need for an ionic paste was removed.
Clamping the voltage supply to the anode chi modulator
At the TV set, there is a small opening of some kind of vikonan on the lamps, the voltage on the anode of the kinescope only appears after the heating of the external lamp of the small opening and the damper diode. The tension of the kinescope is up to the moment when it rises.
Implementation at the node of a small razgorka of the main conductor circuitry gave rise to the problem of accelerated wear of the cathodes of the kinescope through the supply of voltage to the anode of the kinescope at once with the inclusions. To combat this phenomenon, amateur knots are broken up, which ensure the jamming of the voltage supply to the anode and modulator of the kinescope. Tsіkavo, scho in deyakih of them, regardless of those that stinks are recognized for the installation of a povnіstyu navіvіdnikovі tv, like an element of faucet vikoristan radio lamp. Lately, television sets of industrial production began to be released, in which such a hustle is rebuffed.
Rozgortka
In order to create an image on the screen, the electronic promin is to constantly pass over the screen at a high frequency - no less than 25 times per second. This process is called rosemary. Є k_lka ways of phrasing the image.
Raster riser
Electronic prompt to go through the entire screen in rows. Two options are possible:
- 1-2-3-4-5-… (row rosette);
- 1-3-5-7-…, then 2-4-6-8-… (through the rosary).
Vector rose
Electronic prompt to pass through the line of the image.
Color kinescope
Vlastuvannya color kinescope. 1-Electronic harmonics. 2 - Electronic exchanges. 3 - Focusing cat. 4 - Cotushki, which they breathe. 5 - Anode. 6 - Mask, zvedyaky chervony promіn spend on chervony luminophore, etc. 7 - Red, green and blue grains of luminophore. 8 - Mask and phosphor grains (reduced).
The color kinescope looks like a black-and-white tim, which in the new three colors - “chervona”, “green” and “blue” ( 1 ). Clearly, on the screen 7 three types of luminophore are applied in order - red, green and blue ( 8 ).
On the red luminophor, only a few promin in the form of a red harmonica are used, on greenery - only in the form of a green one, and so on. mask (6 ). In modern kinescopes, the Vikonan mask from January is a grade of steel with a small coefficient of temperature expansion.
tipi masks
Use two types of masks:
- a fine shade mask, as if I had two views:
- Darkness mask for kinescopes with delta-like projections of electronic harmonics. Often, especially in perekladnіy literaturі, zagaduetsya like tinyovі ґrati. At this time, you will stop by the majority of monitor kinescopes. Television kinescopes with a mask of this type do not vibrate, however, such kinescopes can be seen in televisions of past years (59LK3Ts, 61LK3Ts, 61LK4Ts);
- Shadow mask for kinescopes from planar expansion of electronic harmonics. Vіdoma so, like schіlinnі grati. In this hour, you will be standing at the most important TV kinescopes (25LK2Ts, 32LK1Ts, 32LK2Ts, 51LK2Ts, 61LK5Ts, foreign models). In monitor kinescopes, they may not flash, except for Flatron models;
- aperture grati (Mitsubishi Diamondtron). This mask, for the sake of other species, is made up of a large number of darts stretched vertically. The principle feature of this type of mask lies in the fact that it does not surround the electron beam, but focuses it. The transparency of the aperture burrs should be approximately 85% versus 20% for the shade mask. Kinescopes with such a mask are installed in monitors and televisions. We tried to try the creation of such kinescopes in 70 years and the SRSR (for example, 47LK3Ts).
- Colored kinescopes of a special type stand apart - odnopromenevy chromoscopy, zocrema, 25LK1Ts. According to the power and the principle of divinity, stench is exasperated in other types of color kinescopes. Regardless of the apparent difference, including the reduced contraction of tightness, equal to the similar indicator of a black-and-white kinescope from the diagonal of the same size, the wide width of such a kinescope did not bulge.
Among these masks, there is no clear leader: shade ensures the height of the lines, the aperture gives more colors and high efficiency. Shіlinna poednuє perevagi tinovoї and aperture, ale graceful to moires.
Tipi gart, make it possible to kill them
The smaller the phosphor elements, the greater the brightness of the image of the building data tube. An indicator of the brightness of the image croc mask.
- For the shadow grating of the mask cover - stand between the two nearest mask openings (for sure, stand between the two closest elements of the phosphor of the same color).
- For aperture and slits, the mask edges are shown as horizontally between the slits of the mask (likely, horizontally between the vertical smugs of the phosphor of the same color).
For modern EPT monitors, the crock of the mask is at a level of 0.25 mm. Television kinescopes, revisiting the images on some of them from a larger view, vicorist crocks are close to 0.8 mm.
Zvedennya promenіv
So Yak Radius Krivizn Ekrana Nabagato more than the e-nyoye before the Electron-Optical Systems is up to the non-disclosure in the flat kinnescopes, and without the gap of the special gap, the point of the olium kinneski is as if he were acknowledged on the surface of the shade mask, otherwise, the placement of three colorful warehouse images is established, which expands from the center of the screen to the edges. If nothing else was needed, it is necessary to replace the electronic change by a proper procedure. At kinescopes with delta-like roztashuvannyam, it is necessary to use a special electromagnetic system, which should be used as an extension, like in old televisions, there are accusations in the okremium block - a block of output - for periodic adjustments. In kinescopes with planar rotting, the adjustment is carried out with the help of special magnets, which are rozted on the neck of the kinescope. Sometimes, especially for kinescopes with delta-like electronic harmonics, the link breaks down and requires additional adjustment. Most computer repair companies offer the service of rebuilding a monitor.
Demagnetization
It is necessary in color kinescopes for removing the superfluous or vague magnetization of the shade mask and the electrostatic screen, which adds to the brightness of the image. The magnetization demagnetization is vindicated in the so-called magnetization demagnetization loop - a ring-shaped coil of large diameter, ruffled on the surface of the kinescope - an impulse of a swedcosmine quenching magnetic field. In order to change the strum after the TV is turned on step by step, thermistors are switched. A lot of monitors dodatkovo to the thermistor to replace the relay, as soon as the process of remagnetization of the kinescope is completed, including the life of the lance, so that the thermistor is cooled. If so, you can use a special key, or, more often, a special command in the monitor menu, to call up that relay and re-demagnetize it, be it as it is, without going into it until the monitor is turned on.
Trinescope
The trinescope is called a design, which consists of three black-and-white kinescopes, light-filtering and translucent mirrors (or dichroic mirrors, which will combine the functions of translucent mirrors and filters), as a victorist to be branded.
Zastosuvannya
Kіneskopi vikorivuyutsya in systems of raster forming of the image: various televisions, monitors, video systems. Oscillographic EPTs are most often used in systems for displaying functional deposits: oscilloscopes, wobblescopes, as well as display devices at radar stations, in special applications; in radyansky roki vikoristovuvalis and as nachnі accomplice during the installation of the building of electronic fittings as a whole. Significant ELTs are victorious in various equipment of special recognition.
Designation and marking
The meaning of the official EPT is composed of several elements:
- The first element: a number that indicates the diagonal of a rectangular screen and the diameter of a round screen in centimeters;
- Another element: recognition of EPT, zocrema, LK - television kinescope, LM - monitor kinescope, LV - oscillographic tube;
- Third element: a number that indicates the model number of a given tube with a given diagonal;
- The fourth element: a letter that indicates the color of the light on the screen, zokrema, C - color, B - white light, I - green light.
In special ways, before the recognition, there can be additions of the fifth element, which carried additional information.
Buttstock: 50LK2B - black and white kinescope with a screen diagonal of 50 cm, another model, 3LO1І - an oscillographic tube with a green light screen diameter of 3 cm, the first model.
Injection into health
Electromagnetic viprominuvannya
Tse viprominuvannya is created not by the kinescope itself, but by the system that is being guided. Tubes with electrostatic ventilation, oscillographic zocrema, yoga are not recommended.
In monitor kinescopes, in order to strangle this vip, the system, which is breathed, is often covered with ferite cups. Televizіyni kіneskopi such ekranuvannya not vimagayut, oskolki peeping sound to sit significantly more in the view of the TV set, lower in the view of the monitor.
Іonіzuyuche vipromіnuvannya
In kinescopes, there is an ionizing vibration of two views.
The first is the electronic promin itself, which, in fact, is the flow of low-energy beta particles (25 kEv). Do not come out of the bells and whistles, and do not become unsafe for the koristuvach.
Another is the galvanic X-ray enhancement, which is due to the bombardment of the screen by electrons. In order to weaken the output of this type of industry, the names to the completely safe values are usually led (div. below). However, in the event of a malfunction of the TV or monitor, which leads to a significant increase in the anode voltage, the level of this change can be reduced to commemorative values. In order to intimidate such situations, the blocks of a small rosette have knots of zakhistu.
У вітчизняних та зарубіжних телевізорах кольорового зображення, випущених до середини 1970-х років, можуть зустрічатися додаткові джерела рентгенівського випромінювання - стабілізуючі тріоди, що підключаються паралельно до кінескопу, і службовці для стабілізації анодної напруги, а значить, і розмірів зображення. The televisions “Raiduga-5” and “Rubin-401-1” have 6С20С triodes, and the early models of ULPCT have GP-5. The glasses of the balloon of such a triode are significantly thinner, lower at the kinescope, and not alloyed with lead, with a significantly intense core of X-ray enhancement, lower the kinescope itself, which is placed at a special steel screen. In the latest models of ULPCT televisions, other methods of stabilizing high voltage are used, and the X-ray vibrating arm is turned off.
Merehtinnya
Monitor Mitsubishi Diamond Pro 750SB (1024x768, 100 Hz) Yaskravist is pieced; shows the real clarity of the image at different points of the screen.
Promin EPT-monitor, shaping the image on the screen, flickering light particles of the phosphor. Until the moment of forming the oncoming frame, the particles will fade away, this can be seen as a "flickering screen". The higher the frequency of changing frames, the smaller the memory. Low frequency leads to your eyes and your health.
For most televisions on the basis of an electron-promenade tube, 25 shots are changed, which, with the improvement of the overhead row, to become 50 shots (pivkadrіv) per second (Hz). In modern models of televisions, the frequency is individually dependent up to 100 hertz. When working behind the screen of the monitor, the merehtinny is seen more strongly, to that when you look at the eyes to the kinescope, it is less rich, lower when looking at the TV. The minimum recommended monitor refresh rate is 85 hertz. The early models of monitors do not allow to work with a frequency of a rise above 70-75 Hz. Merekhtinnya ELT can clearly be guarded by the evil eye.
Fuzzy image
The image on the electronic tube is arranged in pairs with other types of screens. It is important that you open the image - one of the factors that you can put in your eyes at the koristuvach.
In the present hour (2008) in tasks that are not capable of transferring color, from the point of view of the ergonomics of the RK monitor, connected via a digital DVI socket, it is insanely shorter.
high voltage
The ELT robot has a high voltage. Zalishkov's voltage is hundreds of volts, so as not to get accustomed to daily visits, you can get caught up in the EPT and the "binding" schemes. To that, resistors are added to the circuits, which are charged, as if to make the TV set as safe as possible, even through a sprinkling of whilin after the winding.
In the super-widening of the mind, the strength of the EPT anode cannot be driven into a person through a small tension of changing the tension - it would be more than a smart blow. However, even wine can be fatal for the presence of heart defects in a person. Vіn can also lead to injuries, including, lethal, indirectly, if, having broken a hand, a person is standing on other lances in the TV and monitor, which is extremely unsafe for life stress - and such lances are present in all models of TV viewers, monitors.
Rough speeches
Be it an electronics (among them EPT) revenge speeches, shkidli for health and that navkolishny middle ground. Among them: lead slo, barium addition in cathodes, phosphors.
Starting from the other half of the 60s, the unsafe part of the kinescope is covered with a special metal vibuhozahisnym bandage, which looks like a heavy metal stamped construction, or wound into a sprat ball stitch. Such a bandage will stop mimic vibrations. In some models of kinescopes, the spitting was additionally victorious, which crooked the screen.
Irrespective of the zastosuvannya zahisnih systems, do not turn on the defeat of people with tricks when the kinescope is cleverly smashed. At the zv'yazku z tsim with a lowered rest for safety, break the stopper in front - a technological glass tube at the end of the neck under a plastic base, through the yak, when virobnitstv, zdіysnyuєtsya vіdkachuvannya povіtrya.
Small-sized EPT and kinescopes with a diameter or diagonal of a screen up to 15 cm should not be installed and vibuhozakhisnimi outbuildings should not be equipped.
3.5. COMPUTER VIDEO SYSTEM
CEL-MONITOR
Monitor based on ELT- The largest extension of the old extension for displaying graphic information. Vykoristovuvana in this type of monitors technology was splintered richly rokіv in that and on the other hand it was created as a special tool for vimіryuvannya zminny strumu, tobto. for an oscilloscope.
Design of the EPT monitor
Most of the monitors, which are victorious and are being released, are being used on electron-promenade tubes (ELT). In English language - Cathode Ray Tube (CRT), literally - cathode-exchange tube. Inode CRT decipher like Cathode Ray Terminal, which is no longer the pipe itself, but an extension, based on a new one. Electronic technology was developed by the German scientist Ferdinand Braun in 1897. oscilloscope. E electronic promeneva a tube, or a kinescope, is the most important element of a monitor. The kinescope is folded from a sealed glass flask, the center of which is a vacuum. One of the kіntsіv kіntsіv kolby is narrow and long - the whole neck. The second is a wide and flat screen. The inner glass is covered with a luminophor on the surface of the screen. As a luminophore for color EPTs, it is possible to make folding warehouses on the basis of rare earth metals - іtryu, erbіyu, etc. Luminophor - the color of the speech, yak when bombarded with charged particles, the light becomes brighter. It is worth respecting that some luminophore is called phosphorus, but it is not correct, because the luminophore, which wins in the ELT coating, does not have anything to do with phosphorus. Moreover, phosphorus glows only as a result of interplay with sour again when oxidized to P 2 O 5 and light becomes even shorter (before speech, white phosphorus is a strong otreat).
For the creation of an image on the EPT-monitor, an electronic harmonic is played, stars under a strong electrostatic field come out a stream of electrons. Crisp metal mask or grate of stench is smeared on the inner surface of the monitor's glass screen, as if covered with colored phosphor dots. The flow of electrons (promin) can be seen near the vertical and horizontal planes, which will ensure the subsequent radiation of yoga on the entire field of the screen. Rest in exchange for help for the help of the system, which is resurrected. Breathing systems are subdivided into sadly-toroidal and sidlopodibnі. Stay better, shards may decrease the level of viprominyuvannya.
The system, which is used, is made up of decal coils of inductance, placed at the neck of the kinescope. Behind the help of a variable magnetic field, two coils create an intake of an electron beam near the horizontal plane, and two others - at the vertical one. The change of the magnetic field is caused by the change of the change strum, which flows through the coils and changes according to the law (as a rule, a saw-like change in the voltage per hour), when the coil is changed, the change of the required direct voltage is applied. Sutsilnі linії - tse active hіd change, dotted line - zvorotny.
The frequency of the transition to a new line is called the frequency of a small (or horizontal) rise. The frequency of the transition from the lower right kuta to the upper left kuta is called the frequency of the vertical (or personnel) rise. The amplitude of the overvoltage impulses on the coils of a small winding increases with the frequency of the rows, therefore, this vuzol is one of the most stressful areas of the design and one of the main dzherel pereshkod in a wide range of frequencies. Tension, which is suffused by the knots of a small swelling, is also one of the serious officials who are insured for the hour of designing monitors. After the system, scho vіdhilyaє, the flow of electrons on the path to the frontal part of the tube to pass through the intensity modulator and speed up the system, which is based on the principle of potential difference. As a result, the electrons gain great energy (E=mV 2 /2, de E-energy, m-mass, v-shiftness), part of which is reflected on the light of the phosphor.
The electrons are spent on the phosphor ball, after which the energy of the electrons is transformed into light, so that the flow of electrons suffuses the points of the phosphor to shine. The color dots of the phosphor that glow, shape the image, as you see on your monitor. As a rule, color CRT monitors win three electronic harmonics, On the vіdmіnu vіdnієї harmaty, scho vikoristovuєtsya in monochrome monitors, yakі practically do not vibrate at the same time.
It seems that the eyes of people react to the main colors: red (Red), green (Green) and blue (Blue) and on their combinations, as if creating an infinite number of colors. Luminophoric ball, which covers the frontal part of the electron tube, is made up of small elements (small plates, which the human eye can’t see through). Numbers of phosphor elements create the main colors, in fact, there are three types of different color particles, the colors of which correspond to the main RGB colors (stars and the name of the group of phosphor elements - triads).
The luminophor begins to shine, as it was said more, under the influx of accelerated electrons, which are created by three electronic garmats. The skin of three colors matches one of the main colors and sends a beam of electrons to different luminous particles, which are lit by the main colors with different intensity, combine and as a result, an image with the necessary color is formed. For example, to activate the red, green and blue luminous particles, their combination will form a white color.
For the control of an electronic-promenade tube, electronics are also needed, which controls, as well as the quality of the monitor. Before speech, the very difference in the quality of electronics, which controls, created by different vibrators, is one of the criteria for the initial difference between monitors with the same electron-promenu tube.
Also, skin garmata vibrates electronic promin (chi potik, chi beam), which infuses luminous elements of different colors (green, red chi blue). It was understood that the electronic promise for red phosphor elements is not guilty of adding a green chi blue color to the phosphor. In order to achieve such a difference, a special mask is used, whose structure is similar to the type of kinescopes in different types, which ensures the discreteness of the image. EPT can be broken down into two classes - tripromenev with delta-like expansions of electronic harmats and with planar rotations of electronic harmats. At these tubes there are thick and thin masks, if I want to say correctly that all the shades stink. In case of tubes with planar rotation of electronic harmonics, they are also called kinescopes with self-aligned changes, since having injected the Earth’s magnetic field into three planar-rotation exchanges, it is practically the same, and when changing the position of the tube, it is not necessary to carry out additional adjustments to the Earth’s field.
tipi elt
Depending on the distribution of electronic harmonics and the design of the mask, the colors are distinguished by the EPT of several types, which are distinguished in modern monitors:
EPT with shadow mask (Shadow Mask)
EPT with a shadow mask is the widest in most monitors, vibrations of LG, Samsung, Viewsonic, Hitachi, Belinea, Panasonic, Daewoo, Nokia. Shadow mask - the widest type of masks. It zastosovuєtsya at the hour of the wine flow of the first color kinescopes. On top of kinescopes with a shadow mask, sound a spherical shape (opukla). It was made for the purpose of keeping the electronic promin at the center of the screen and along the edges of the machine.
The shade mask is made up of a metal plate with round openings, which occupy approximately 25% of the area. There is a mask in front of a glass tube made of a phosphor ball. As a rule, most modern shadow masks are made from January. Invar (InVar) - a magnetic alloy of zinc (64%) with nickel (36%). This material has a marginally low coefficient of thermal expansion, which, regardless of those that electronically heat the mask, does not negatively affect the purity of the color of the image. Open in the metal grid as a target (even though it is not exact), it will be safe for those who use electronic promin only on the necessary phosphor elements and less in singing areas. The shade mask creates a layer of similar dots (also called triads), where such a dot is composed of three luminous elements of the main colors - green, red and blue, like glowing with different intensity and influx of changes from electronic harmat. The serpentine struma of the skin from three electronic exchanges can reach a sufficient color of the image element, made up of a triad of dots.
One of the weakest areas of monitors due to the shade mask is thermal deformation. A little lower, like a part of the change in the electronic harmonica is dragged onto the shadow mask, after which the heating is observed, and further deformation of the shadow mask. Change the opening of the shade mask, which is shown, to cause the screen to appear streaked (change the RGB colors). Іstotny injection on the brightness of the monitor may be the material of the shadow mask. The shortening material of the mask is є іnvar.
Nortopic masks are good: Persher, Tse Male SPIVVISHENYNY Elektroniv (Tilki Problekko 20-30% pass through the mask), Scho is passed on, the Vimaga, the luminophoric of the great svytlovіdachi, and the zero is a monochrome. color. , and in another way, to ensure more precisely zbіg three exchanges, not to lie in the same plane when they are breathed on the big kuti it’s important to do it. Shadow mask is found in most modern monitors - Hitachi, Panasonic, Samsung, Daewoo, LG, Nokia, ViewSonic.
The minimum difference between luminescent elements of the same color in the rows of rows is called a dot pitch and an index of image sharpness. Croc dot sound in millimeters (mm). The smaller the value of the dot, the greater the clarity of the image that appears on the monitor. Move between two other points horizontally to the next shorter point, multiplied by 0.866.
EPT with aperture grills with vertical lines (Aperture Grill)
There is another type of tubes, in which apertures are vicorated. Qi tubes became known as Trinitron and were first introduced to the market by Sony in 1982. In tubes with aperture grats, the original technology is installed, de three changes of harmony, three cathodes and three modulators, but with tsomu there is one hot focusing.
Aperture Grati - the same type of mask, which is distinguished by different virobniks in their technologies for vibrating kinescopes, which bear different names, but are the same in essence, for example, Trinitron technology from Sony, DiamondTron from Mitsubishi and SonicTron from ViewSonic. The decision does not include a metal grate with vents, like a vent with a shadow mask, but a grate with vertical lines. Replace points with luminescent elements of the three main colors, apertures to replace a series of threads that are made up of luminous elements that evoke three main colors in vertical smugs. Such a system ensures high image contrast and good color saturation, which at the same time ensures high clarity of monitors with tubes based on the same technology. The mask, which is stuck in Sony (Mitsubishi, ViewSonic) tubes, is a thin foil, on a kind of thin vertical lines. It is trimmed on a horizontal (one in 15", two in 17", three and more in 21") darts, the shadow can be seen on the screen. The images on the monitor are fundamentally unsuitable for such coristuvachas, otherwise they are satisfied and victorious like a horizontal line.
The minimum difference between swirls of luminophore of the same color is called strip pitch and is measured in millimeters (div. Fig. 10). The lesser the value of the smog, the greater the brightness of the image on the monitor. With aperture grats, the sensor is less than the horizontal expansion of the point. So, as a vertical one, it is the focus of the electronic exchange and the system that is being taken care of.
EPT with a slot mask
The slot mask is widely promoted by NEC under the name "CromaClear". The solution in practice is the combination of a shade mask and an aperture grille. In this way, the luminophore elements are shaded at the vertical elliptical centers, and the mask is broken from the vertical lines. In fact, the smugs are divided vertically into elliptical rooms, like a group of three luminous elements in three main colors.
The width of the mask is reversed, around NEC monitors (de middle elliptical), in Panasonic monitors with a PureFlat tube (previously called PanaFlat). Respectfully, it is not possible to randomly change the size of the cut for pipes of various types: the cut dot (or triad) of the tube with a shadow mask is cut diagonally; Therefore, with the same croc point, the tube with a shade mask may have a larger point, the lower tube with aperture grates. For example, a 0.25 mm smug croc is approximately equivalent to a 0.27 mm croc. Also, in 1997, Hitachi, the largest designer and maker of EPT, developed EDP, a new shadow mask technology. In typical tіnyovіy masses, triads are placed more and less equilaterally, creating tricot groups, like rozpodіlenі іvnomіrno across the inner surface of the tube. The Hitachi company has changed between the elements of the triads horizontally, creating the triads themselves, closer to the shape to the equal-femoral tricot. For the uniqueness of the spaces between the triads, the flecks themselves were lowered, and rather oval, lower colo.
Offended by types of masks - shade mask and aperture grati - mourn one's own feelings and one's prihilniks. For office programs, text editors and spreadsheets, a kinescope with a shadow mask is more suitable, which ensures even higher clarity and sufficient image contrast. For work with raster and vector graphics packages, it is traditionally recommended to use tubes with aperture grats, which have the power to miraculous clarity and image contrast. In addition, working on the surface of these kinescopes is a segment of the cylinder with a great radius of curvature along the horizontal (on the surface of the EPT with a shadow mask, which makes the spherical surface of the screen), which significantly (up to 50%) reduces the intensity of the screen glare.
Main characteristics of EPT monitors
Diagonal to monitor screen– stand between the left bottom and the right top corner of the screen, which is measured in inches. The size of the visible shortened area of the screen will sound three times smaller, in the middle by 1", the lower size of the tube. Vibrators can be shown in the documentation, which accompanies, two sizes of the diagonal, with which the visible size of the sound will be indicated in the arms or with the "View size" icon only one size is indicated - the size of the diagonal of the tube. As a standard for a PC, monitors with a diagonal of 15" were seen, which are approximately 36-39 cm diagonal of the visible area. For work in Windows, it is better to use a monitor with a size of 17".
Expanding the grain to the screen choose between the nearest openings in the color-forming type, which is victorious. Vіdstan mіzh openings of the mask win at millimeters. The less you see between the openings in the dark mass, and the more you open them, the more clarity of the image. All monitors with grain size over 0.28 mm can be classified as coarse and cheaper. The best monitors have a grain size of 0.24 mm, reaching 0.2 mm for the more expensive models.
Razdіlna zdatnіst monitor a number of elements of the image, like the windows of a building, are distinguished horizontally and vertically. Monitors on a 19" diagonal screen support a wide range of buildings up to 1920*14400 and beyond.
Monitor pressure
Cover the screen
Covering the screen is necessary for giving some anti-glare and anti-static power. Coverage anti-bliss allows you to display on the monitor screen only the image that is formed by the computer, and not to disturb the eyes of the objects. Іsnuє kіlka ways otrimannya antiblisku (not vіdbivaє) surfaces. The one who finds them is a protrusion. Vono gives the surface shortness. However, the graphics on such a screen look blurry, the clarity of the image is low. The most popular way of applying quartz coating, which rises falling light; this method of implementation by Hitachi and Samsung. An antistatic coating is necessary to prevent sticking to the screen after the accumulation of static electricity.
Zahisny screen (filter)
Захисний екран (фільтр) повинен бути неодмінним атрибутом ЕПТ-монітора, оскільки медичні дослідження показали, що випромінювання, що містить промені в широкому діапазоні (рентгенівське, інфрачервоне та радіовипромінювання), а також електростатичні поля, що супроводжують роботу монітора, можуть негативно позначатися на здоров 'ї people.
Behind the technology of preparing the zahisnі filters are built: sіtkovі, plіvkovі and glass. Filters can be fastened to the front wall of the monitor, hung on the top edge, inserted into a special groove near the screen, or pulled on the monitor.
Filters practically do not protect against electro-magnetic vibration and static electrics and somehow increase the contrast of the image. However, these filters are badly weakened by the glare of the outdoor lighting, which is important when working with a computer.
Plіvkovі filters Also, they do not protect against static electricity, but significantly increase the contrast of the image, practically cover the ultraviolet level and reduce the level of the X-ray level. Polarizing plіvkovі filtri, for example firms Polaroid, zdatnі turn the polarization plane of the beaten light and suppress the glare of the glare.
Glass filters viroblyayutsya at kіlkoh modifications. Simple glass filters remove static charge, attenuate low-frequency electromagnetic fields, reduce the intensity of ultraviolet light and increase image contrast. Glass filters of the “recent zahist” category may have the greatest accumulation of zahist powers: it is practical not to give glare, increase the contrast of the image in a second or two times, reduce the electrostatic field and ultraviolet strength, significantly reduce the low X-ray frequency (lower) 01 Hz. Qi filters are made from a special warehouse.
RK monitors have practically appeared in the skin computer shop, and at a reasonable price. Prices have changed approximately twice in the same time, which happened to be the case. And the stench continues its strimke fall. For example, in 2000, the price for a RK monitor was about $ 1100, at the same time an average display can be bought for $ 550. Cob cob models are sold as cheap, sometimes less than $300. Deyakі models have already raised the lower bar of $250, wanting to have a chance to poke around. The price change is miraculous, but it’s even more quiet, the RK displays for the rest of the time have poked their way into the technological plan. I want for the clarity of the picture LCD monitor dosi can not catch up with the EPT brothers, whose opening is constantly fast.
The first, and the most abbreviated - at the RK monitors, I looked around more. I’ll look around myself as the weakest officer of the RK monitors. In the best models, the vertical cut can be seen from 90 to 160 degrees. But here it is necessary to finish a lot of underwater stone, so that different models are strongly shaken by looking around. More importantly, increased the number of tickets. In 2000, people could know the models, as if they were building only 16-bit colors. At once it is practical whether the LCD monitor supports 24-bit colors. From a practical point of view, however, 24-bit color is still far from EPT monitors.
In the middle of the improvement we will not take into account the hour of the reaction of transistors, which is strongly affected by the river. As deyak virobniki voiced, the hour of reaction of new monitors was twice as fast in the previous generation. As a result, there is one more majestic shortfall of LCD monitors, a bright light, and a practical transition. Also, at the same time on the RK monitor, you can comfortably work with graphic programs and learn to grow. Before the speech, we didn’t forget a little about the sharpness and contrast - the stench also gradually improves and approaches the results of the EPT monitors.
Irrespective of the approximately equal price of that incompetent technology, the RK monitor has its minuses in the equivalent of the EPT. Deyakі koristuvachі vzagali nіkola not to buy your own RK-monіtor for various reasons. Let's try to see the pluses and minuses of LCD and EPT monitors.
Are there rare crystals or an electron-promeneva tube?
The first problem of the RK monitor - you forget about problems with geometry. These monitors have no problem, keystone defects and clarity problems. The picture is geometrically bezdoganny. Designers, fanatics of accurate graphics, have no idea about such monitors. It's a pity, the RK monitor can be even more seriously short-lived, as if it were an artist's mind to try the good old kinescope.
Nedolik 1
The contrast ratio of the highest EPT monitors becomes 700:1. The best RK monitors can boast of less than 450:1. Until then, there are not many models with a contrast ratio of 250:1 or 200:1. A low level of contrast should be produced until the dark colors appear as if they were black. With this, the gradations of the color of the picture are easily used.
Nedolik 2
Practically all the bookmakers say about the trim of 16 million colors. However, the matrix in most of them is capable of displaying 260,000 colors, moreover, Neovo F-15 is within reach. Enter a 16-bit color display, if you want a 24-bit voice monitor, which is supported. Tue, the next thing is right - RK-displays have significantly risen beyond the rest of the rocks, although the stench did not reach the color spectrum of the EPT. Replace all colors, which smoothly transition from one to the next, the image has a grainy, lined texture. You take away the same effect, so change the number of colors in Windows.
Nedolik 3
If you buy a new EPT display, you will not be forced to change the refresh rate below 85 Hz. However, for an EPT display, the refresh rate is a good measure of brightness, and they cannot be directly transferred to a PK display. At the electronic tube, the electronic probe scans the image on the screen. The faster the scanning is, the shorter the display, and the more frequent the update. Ideally, your CLT display should operate at a frequency of 85 to 100 Hz. In a RK display, images are created not by electronics, but by pixels, which are composed of red, green and blue pixels (triad). The ability of the image to lie down depends on the fact that the small number of pixels vmikayutsya and vmikayutsya. The number of pixels is often called the hour of reaction. For protesting monitors, it varied from 25 to 50 ms. In other words, the maximum number of images that are shown in one second is in the range of 20 to 40, depending on the model.
RK vs ELT: a short fight
We tried to add to the table the main data of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the EPT monitors. | LCD (TFT) | CRT (CRT) | |
| Yaskravist | (+) vіd 170 to 300 cd/m2 | (~) vіd 80 to 120 cd/m2 |
| Contrast | (-) in 150:1 to 450:1 | (+) vіd 350:1 to 700:1 |
| Coot look around | (~) 90° to 170° | (+) more than 150 ° |
| Visibility defects | (+) no | (~) ID 0.0079 to 0.0118" (ID 0.20 to 0.30 mm) |
| Focusing | (+) too good | (~) in a pleasant way |
| Geometry | (+) dogless | (~) pardons are possible |
| "Dead" pixels | (-) up to 8 | (+) no |
| Input signal | (+) analog or digital | (~) only analog |
| Please allow me | (-) just fixing allowed or interpolation | (+) faceless |
| Gama (submitting tickets for the human eye) | (~) quite | (+) photographic quality |
| single-many | (~) often lighter at the edges | (~) often lighter in the center |
| Purity of color, brightness of color | (-) kind of nasty to average | (+) too good |
| Merehtinnya | (+) no | (~) indecipherable at refresh rate greater than 85 Hz |
| Slightness to the influx of magnetic fields | (+) not smart | (-) lie in the screen, maybe very smart |
| Pixel reaction time | (-) in 20 to 50 ms | (+) not punctuated |
| Energy recovery | (+) vіd 25 to 40 W | (-) 60 to 160 W |
| Dimensions/vaga | (+) minimal | (-) large dimensions, large vaga |
(+) - superior, (~) - average, (-) - short
Basic principles of operation of the RK monitor
The RK monitors have implemented three different technologies using rare crystals - TN + film, IPS and MVA. Regardless of technology, all LCD monitors rely on the same fundamental principles of operation.
One or more neon lamps create illumination to illuminate the display. The number of lamps is small in cheap models, and in expensive ones it is up to a few. Actually, even two (or more) neon lamps do not improve the quality of the image. Just another lamp to serve for the safety of the stability to the monitor in case of breakage of the first. In this way, the life of the monitor continues, the shards of a neon lamp can last more than 50,000 years, while the electronics of the building will last from 100,000 to 150,000 years.
To ensure the one-manyness of the monitor's light, it is light to pass through the vibration system before hitting the panel. The RK panel, in fact, is rather foldable, although it is not noticeable at first glance. The panel is a folding attachment made of bagatma balls. Significantly, two balls of polarizers, electrodes, crystals, color filters, melting transistors, etc. 15"" monitors have 1024 x 768 x 3 = 2359296 subpixels. The skin subpixel is controlled by a transistor, which shows its own voltage. This voltage can change a lot, and sometimes the crystals in the skin subpixel turn to the singing corner. The turn defines the amount of light to pass through the subpixel. In the past, a light form of the image on the panel has passed. The crystal actually rotates all the polarizations of the light wind, the shards pass through the polarizer before hitting the screen. As all polarization fluctuations and all polarizers run, it is light to pass through the polarizer. Like the stench is perpendicular, the light does not pass. More detailed information about the nature of the polarization effect can be taken from the handbook of physics for the 11th grade.
Rіdki kristali - middle camp
Rare crystals - cerechovina, as it can be powerful as a motherland, so it is a solid body. One of the most important powers of rare crystals (the most victorious in RK displays) is the ability to change one's orientation in space in the fallow of the voltage that is applied.
Let's dig a little bit into the history of rare crystals, shards out there like a cicava. As it is known in science, rare crystals were found in vіdkrit vipadkovo. In 1888, Friedrich Reinitzer, an Austrian botanist, discovered the role of cholesterol in roslins. One of the experiments took place on the heated material. Having shown that the crystals become calamous and flow beyond 145.5 °, and then the crystals turn to the motherland at 178.5 °. Friedrich shared his opinion with Otto Lehmann, a German physicist, who showed the homeland of the power of the crystal and its reaction to the light. From that hour, the name "Ridki Crystals" was written.
The illustration shows a molecule that can dominate the crystal - methoxybenzilidene butylanaline.
Larger image of a rare crystal
TN+Film
Illustration 1: On TN+film panels, the crystals are slightly pegged perpendicular to the lining. The word "plіvka" in the name resembles a supplementary ball, which serves to improve the kuta look around.
TN+film is the simplest technology, based on the same twisted crystals. There are rocks for twisted crystals - the stench of vicor is found in most TFT panels sold for a few rocks. For more clarity of reading, the image is filled with a plumbing ball, which makes it easier to look around at 90 ° to 150 °. It's a pity, the spit doesn't add to the contrast ratio, or the reaction time, as if they are filled with filth.
Also, theoretically, TN+film displays are the cheapest, budget solutions. The manufacturing process is little affected by the preparation of front panels on twisted crystals. Today there are no more cheap solutions, lower TN+film.
Briefly, let's talk about the principle of work: as the transistor applies a zero voltage to the subpixels, some crystals (and, apparently, all polarized light that passes through them) rotate 90 ° (from the rear wall to the front). The shards of the entire filter-polarizer on the other panel are ventilated from the first one by 90 °, we pass light through the new one. I’ll add red, green and blue pixels, stench to create a white dot on the screen.
If you put a strain on it, our vipad has a field between two electrodes, it will reduce the spiral-like structure of the crystal. Molecules wiggle around the electric field. At our butt, the stench will become perpendicular to the lining. At this position, the light cannot pass through the subpixels. The white dot turns into black.
The display on twisted crystals has a low nedolіkіv.
In the first place, engineers have been fighting for a long time for those, sob zmusiti rare crystals flutter strictly perpendicular to the lining when the voltage is turned on. The same old RK displays could not display a clear black color.
Otherwise, if the transistor burns out, you can no longer apply voltage to your three subpixels. It's important, zero voltage shards mean a bright dot on the screen. For reasons of “dead” LCD pixels, they are even more poignant and memorable.
As far as 15" monitors are worth, only one technology has been developed for them to change TN + film - MVA (a little more about it). mayzhe", oskіlki in a number of vipadkіv TN + film pratsyuє more than MVA.
IPS (In-Pane Switching or Super-TFT)
Figure 2: When a voltage is applied, the molecules are aligned parallel to the pad.
IPS technology was developed by Hitachi and NEC. Vaughn has become one of the first RK technologies, calling to smooth out the shortfalls of TN + film. But, regardless of the expansion of the kuta, I look around to 170 °, other functions did not break the month. The reaction time of these displays varies from 50 to 60 ms, and the display of colors is in the middle.
If the IPS is not applied, then rarely the crystals will not rotate. All polarization of the other filter is always perpendicular to the axis of the first one, so that light cannot pass in such a situation. The screen demonstrates a practically harmless black color. So in this area of IPS there is a clear advantage over TN + film displays - if the transistor burns, then the dead pixel will not be painted, but black. If a voltage is applied to the subpixels, two electrodes create an electric field and shake the crystals to rotate perpendicularly to their forward position. The next light you can pass.
More than that, the creation of an electric field in a system with similar roztashuvannyam elektrodіv spozhivaet a great amount of energy, and even more so, for vibudovuvannya crystals a deaky hour is needed. Therefore, IPS monitors often, as always, may have a greater hour of reaction in pairs with TN + film twins.
From the other side, more precisely, the vibudovuvannya of the crystals will be painted and looked around.
MVA (Multi-Domain Vertical Alignment)
Deyakі virobniki vvozhayut for better vikorovuvat MVA, a technology developed by Fujitsu. Like the stench vvazhayut, MVA secures the best compromise in practice for everyone. І vertical, і horizontal cut turn around to become 160 °; reaction time is less, lower for IPS and TN+film – 25 ms; the colors look more richly accurate. But why is it that MVA can still win, won't win everywhere? Right in that the theory is not so good in practice.
The MVA technology itself evolved from VA, introduced by Fujitsu in 1996. In such a system, crystals without voltage supply are vertically extended to another filter. In this order, the light cannot pass through them. As soon as a voltage is applied to them, the crystals turn 90 °, passing light and creating a bright flame on the screen.
The advantages of such a system are the flexibility and visibility of both a spiral-like structure and a magnetic field. Zavdyaki tsomu hour of reaction changed to 25 ms. Here you can also see the trouble, as we already guessed in IPS - even a darker black color. The problem of the VA system has become the creation of a vіdtinkіv pіd hour pereklyady screen pіd kutom. If you put a pixel on the screen, whether it’s a bright light, for example, light-black, then half the voltage will be added to the transistor. With this, the crystals turn less than half. In front of the screen you will dance a light-black color. However, if you marvel at the screen from the side, then in one view you will marvel straight ahead at the crystals, and in the other - across. Tobto, from one side, you will dance a pure red color, and from the other side - a pure black color.
So the company came to the point of need to solve the problem of creating a vision, and through the river the MVA technology appeared.
This time, the skin subpixel is subdivided into sprat zones. Filter-polarizers also added a folding structure, with tubercular electrodes. The crystals of the skin zone of the vichikovyvayutsya at their own straight line, perpendicular to the electrodes. The manager of such a technology had to create the necessary number of zones, so that the manager could manage more than one zone, no matter, for which point the screen would not marvel.
Before buying a monitor
At the next hour, when you come, you will have to pay a little of the factors.
The maximum cut can be as large as possible, in an ideal slope it is greater or more vertically 120 ° (the horizontal cut is not so important).
If you want an hour of reaction, you often don’t say which is the lesser, the better. The reaction time of the best current PK monitors is set to 25 ms. Ale, be respectful, shards here are often cunning. Deyakі indicate the hour of the increase and the hour of the decrease of the pixel. Thus, the turn-on hour is 15 ms, and the wake-up time is 25 ms, the reaction hour is 40 ms.
Contrast and clarity can be as high as possible - take a lower ratio of 300:1 and 200 cd/m 2 .
Another problem with RK displays is "dead" pixels. Moreover, it is impossible to correct these light (TN+film) and dark "dead" pixels. Having roztashuvavshis in nearby places, "dead" pixels can seriously get on your nerves. So, before buying a RC monitor, check out the number of "dead" pixels. It's bigger, because a sprinkling of "dead" pixels doesn't even get in the way.
Let you not be charmed by the vertical rotation of the display. So, obviously, you can rotate the display by 90 °, but for 15 "" monitors, such a function is doubtful, not to say marne. You can twist the turn in such situations:
- creation of office documents In fact, the function of turning here can be of help;
- editing the image, the size of which is greater for the height, lower for the width. However, for editing images, EPT monitors are better suited, stink shards show true colors with the highest level of contrast;
- review of web pages. Rotation 15 "monitor may have a horizontal separation of 768 pixels.