If and how floppy disks appeared. What are floppy disks: description, characteristics and descriptions Volume of floppy disk 3.5
And the controller of such an attachment is accepted to be designated by an abbreviation KMD.
Floppy disks sound like a function to protect the recording, for the help of which you can give access to data only in the reading mode. Floppy disks were massively expanded from the 1970s and until the end of the 1990s, sacrificing more light and handy, DVD and flash drives.
An intermediate option between them and traditional floppy disks is more modern NGMD, like vicarious cartridges - Iomega Zip, Iomega Jaz; as well as magneto-optical noses (MO), LS-120 and others, in some combinations of a laser (which is used to draw a plot on the surface of the disk) and a magnetic head (for recording and reading information from the surface of the disk).
History
- - Alan Shugart, having deceived the team, as if rozroblyat disk drives in the laboratory of IBM, de bulo was created accumulating on floppy disks. David Noble (English) David Noble), one of the senior engineers, as if working on yoga ceramics, proponing a gnuchky disk (a prototype of a floppy disk with a diameter of 8 ″) and a zahisny casing from a fabric lining.
- - The IBM company presented the first floppy disk with a diameter of 8″ (200 mm) with a reversible disk drive.
- - Alan Shugart founded Shugart Associates.
- - Finne Conner Finis Conner) asking Alan Shugart to take part in the distribution of disk drives with disks with a diameter of 5?, as a result of which Shugart Associates, having developed the controller and the original interface Shugart Associates SA-400, released a disk drive for mini-floppy floppy disks for 5? a kind of fast-witted drive for 8″ discs, becoming popular with personal computers. Shugart Associates also created the Shugart Associates System Interface (SASI), following the formal approval by the ANSI committee in 1986 of a series of renames to the Small Computer System Interface (SCSI).
- - Sony to bring a floppy disk with a diameter of 3 to the market? (90 mm). The first version (DD) has a storage capacity of 720 kilobytes (9 sectors). In 1984, the popular Hewlett-Packard company first won this accumulator from its HP-150 computer. The new version (HD) may be 1440 kilobytes or 1.44 megabytes (18 sectors).
- 1984 - Apple began introducing 3½" storage devices into Macintosh computers
- 1987 rіk - 3½″ HD accumulative show up at computer systems IBM's PS/2 is becoming the standard for mainstream PCs.
- 1987 - officially introduced in the 1980s by Toshiba Corporation high-width disk drives (eng. Extra High Density, ED) for them, a floppy disk with a capacity of 2880 kilobytes or 2.88 megabytes (36 sectors) served as a carrier.
- 2011 rіk - Sony put a spot in the history of floppy disks in 2011, officially pinning the sales of 3½” floppy disks.
Format, fallow of disk diameter
eight"
Structurally, an 8″ floppy disk is a disk made of polymeric materials with magnetic coatings, stowed in a flexible plastic case. At the case, open the boules: a large round one in the center - for the spindle, a small round one - for the index opening, which allows you to designate the sector cob and straight-cut with rounded tips - for the magnetic heads of the disk drive. Also at the bottom of the roztashovuvala viїmka, having taken a sticker from which it was possible to protect the disk from the record.
Floppy disk formats were reviewed by a number of sectors on the road. Depending on the format, 8″ floppy disks provided the following information: 80, 256 and 800 KB.
5¼″
Floppy 5?
The design of a five-inch floppy disk looked a little different from an eight-inch floppy disk: the right-handed opening of the index opening was opened to the right hand not to the beast; For the shortest security of the yoga disc, the case was stubbornly stiff, strengthened around the perimeter. For the reservoir in front of the fiction, the case with the disk picked up the antifrican gasket, and the core of the drive boulie the ukripleni plakim aboa is Mostibivim Kilz (at the discs of the bosses of the bunny, so the yogo yogo roshtashunsky for the discrete to the discrete to the discrete, to the discrete to the discrete, .
They used floppy disks with a hard division into sectors: the stench was called out by the presence of a number of index openings for a number of sectors. Nadal was inspired by such a scheme.
Like floppy disks, drives of five-inch disks were single-sided and double-sided. When a single-sided disk drive was defeated, it was not possible to open the index opening through opening the index opening to the other side by simply turning the disk over - for which one would need the presence of a similar opening, expanded symmetrically to the right. The mechanism of zahistu also looked at each other - the right-handed hand was suddenly rotting, and the sealing of the opening meant the theft of the disk. The whole thing was broken up for zahistu due to incorrect installation.
Format recording on a five-inch floppy disk was allowed to save 110, 360, 720 or 1200 kilobytes of data.
3½″
The principal feature of a floppy disk is 3½ ½ thick plastic housing. Replacement of the index opening in floppy disks with a diameter of 3½″ there is a metal sleeve with an opening that is located in the center of the floppy disk. The mechanism of the disk drive closes the metal sleeve, and the opening at it allows you to correctly position the floppy disk, so it needed to work with this opening at the magnetic disk. On vіdminu vіd 8″ and 5¼″ floppy disks, the window for floppy disk heads 3½″ is closed with a metal shutter, as it opens when the floppy disk is inserted into the disk drive. Defended against the record of chiming with a curtain, which is zsuvaetsya in the lower left corner. At the bottom right, you can find out in the end, which allow the scheme for the disk drive for the number of openings to determine the slot for writing to the floppy disk:
- nі - 720 Kb,
- one - 1.44 MB,
- two - 2.88 MB.
Ignorantly on the rich shortcomings - sensitivity to magnetic fields And the lack of capacity until the mid-90s, the 3½″ format, entered the market for over a quarter of a century, only after the availability of flash memory-based accumulators available at a price appeared.
Floppy attachment 3½
1 - in the end, which signifies the strength of the record (from the other side - a jump to the front of the record); 2 - the basis of the disk with openings for the mechanism to drive; 3 – a protective shutter in the open area of the hull; 4 - plastic floppy case; 5 - antifriction gasket; 6 - magnetic disk; 7 - recording area (one sector of one track is mentally seen as a chervonim).
Iomega Zip
Zip-250 floppy disk
Until the middle of the 90s, the capacity of a floppy disk to be loaded at 2.88 MB was already too small. A few formats claimed to replace the 3.5″ floppy disk, among which the Iomega Zip floppy disk was the most popular. So, just like a 3.5″ floppy disk, carrying an Iomega Zip with a soft polymer disk, covering it with a ferromagnetic ball and laying in a hard case with a protective curtain. On the inside of a 3.5″ floppy disk, the opening for the magnetic heads is placed at the end of the case, but not on the outer surface. They used Zip diskettes for 100, 250, and until the end of the format - 750 MB. Okrim more obsyagu disks Zip safer more hopefully saving data and see the speed of reading and recording, lower 3.5″. However, they still could not get three-inch floppy disks through a high price like disk drives, so floppy disks, and also through an unacceptable feature of drives, if a floppy disk with mechanical failures of the disk drove the disk drive out of the way, which, in its turn, was instantly inserted into a new disk drive. next floppy disk.
format
| Format | R_k viniknennya | Volume in kilobytes |
|---|---|---|
| eight" | 80 | |
| eight" | 256 | |
| eight" | 800 | |
| 8″ underwire | 1000 | |
| 5¼″ | 110 | |
| 5¼″ underwire | 360 | |
| 5¼″ double-width | 720 | |
| 5¼″ high width | 1200 | |
| 3″ | 360 | |
| 3″ underwire | 720 | |
| 3½″ underwire | 720 | |
| 2″ | 720 | |
| 3½″ high width | 1440 | |
| 3½″ extended slot | 2880 |
It should be noted that the actual capacity of the floppy disks was stale in their formatting. Oskіlki, krіm early models, practically all floppy disks did not avenge just formed tracks, the road for experiments in the field an effective victoria floppy disks were used for system programmers. The result was the emergence of faceless and insane floppy disk formats to be created under these operating systems themselves.
Format floppy disks in the IBM possession
"Standard" formats of IBM PC floppy disks were defined by the size of the disk, the number of sectors on the road, the number of sides (SS denotes a one-sided floppy disk, DS - two-sided), as well as the type (slot recording) of the disk drive - the type of disk drive is marked:
- SD (English) single density, single slot, first appearing in the IBM System 3740),
- D.D. (English) Double Density, podvіyna shіlnіst, first appearing in IBM System 34),
- QD (English) Quadruple Density, quadruple schіlnіst, vikoristovvsya in the clones of the Robotron-1910 - 5¼" floppy disk 720 K, Amstrad PC, PC Neuron - 5¼" floppy disk 640 K),
- HD (English) high density, high space, rising in the QD of the advanced number of sectors),
- ED (English) Extra High Density, supratemporal thickina).
In addition (non-standard) tracks and sectors, they also distributed data to defend against copies of proprietary diskettes. Standard programs, so diskcopy, did not tolerate qі sectors and pіd hour of copying.
| Magnetic Cover Parameter | 5¼″ | 3½″ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Suspension (DD) | Quadruple gap (QD) | High power (HD) | Suspension (DD) | High power (HD) | Supertemporal thickness (ED) | |
| The basis of the magnetic ball | Fe | co | co | |||
| coercive force | 300 | 300 | 600 | 600 | 720 | 750 |
| Tovshchina to a sphere of a magnetic sphere, microinch | 100 | 100 | 50 | 70 | 40 | 100 |
| Track width, mm | 0,300 | 0,155 | 0,115 | 0,115 | 0,115 | |
| Number of tracks | 48 | 96 | 96 | 135 | 135 | 135 |
| Line width | 5876 | 5876 | 9646 | 8717 | 17434 | 34868 |
| Amnesty (after formatting) |
360 | 720 | 1200 (1213952) |
720 | 1440 (1457664) |
2880 |
| Disc diameter, ″ | 5¼″ | 3½″ | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Disk size, KB | 1200 | 360 | 320 | 180 | 160 | 2 880 | 1 440 | 720 |
| Nose description byte in MS-DOS | F9 16 | FD 16 | FF 16 | FC 16 | FE 16 | F0 16 | F0 16 | F9 16 |
| Number of sides (heads) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Number of tracks on the skin side | 80 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 80 | 80 | 80 |
| Number of sectors on the road | 15 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 36 | 18 | 9 |
| Sector size, bytes | 512 | |||||||
| Number of sectors in a cluster | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 |
| Dovzhina FAT (in sectors) | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 9 | 9 | 3 |
| Number of FAT | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Dovzhina root directory in sectors | 14 | 7 | 7 | 4 | 4 | 15 | 14 | 7 |
| The maximum number of elements in root catalosis | 224 | 112 | 112 | 64 | 64 | 240 | 224 | 112 |
| Total number of sectors on disk | 2400 | 720 | 640 | 360 | 320 | 5 760 | 2 880 | 1 440 |
| Number of available sectors | 2371 | 708 | 630 | 351 | 313 | 5 726 | 2 847 | 1 426 |
| Number of available clusters | 2371 | 354 | 315 | 351 | 313 | 2 863 | 2 847 | 713 |
Format floppy disks in another foreign possession
Dodatkov plutanin brought in the fact that the Apple company vicorated disk drives in its Macintosh computers, thus zastosovuyut a different principle of encoding with magnetic recording, lower on the IBM PC - as a result, not respecting the same diskettes, transferring information between platforms could not be done on disks until that moment, if Apple made the SuperDrive high-capacity drives, they worked in both modes.
To add frequent modifications to the format of floppy disks 3½ є їх formatting by 1.2 MB (with a reduced number of sectors). May be enabled prior to BIOS modern computers. This 3½″ victoria is typical for Japan and PAR. As a side effect, the activation of this BIOS setup makes it possible to read floppy disks, formatting with different type 800 drivers.
Features
Krіm refurbished more variations of formats, іsnuvav tsіliy number of improvements and modifications to the standard floppy disk format:
- for example, for RT-11 that її adapted in the SRSR versions, the number of insane floppy disk formats, which can be changed in general, exceeded a dozen. The biggest vіdomi - scho zastosovutsya in DVK MX, MY;
- also in the 320/360 Kb floppy disks Іskra-1030/Іskra-1031 - in fact, they were SS / QD diskettes, but also the vantazhuvalny sector of the labels like DS / DD. As a result, a standard IBM PC drive could read without any special drivers (such as 800.com), and the Iskra-1030/Iskra-1031 drive, obviously, could read standard DS/DD floppies from the IBM PC.
The pu_1700 driver also allowed for the safe formatting of the zsuv and interleaving of the sectors - it slowed down the operation of the sequential read-write, the oscillating head, when switching to the onset cylinder, was dipped in front of the first sector. If the first sector is always behind the inner opening (5?"), or behind the zone of passage above the reed switch, or the Hall sensor of the magnet fixed on the motor (3?"), in an hour the head of the first sector will slip through, to that drive be brought to nakidat zayvi obіg.
Special BIOS expansion drivers (800, pu_1700, vformat and a number of others) allowed floppy disks to be formatted with a sufficient number of tracks and sectors. Shards of disks sounded in one of up to 4 additional tracks, and also allowed, depending on the design features, to format 1-4 sectors on a larger track, lower to lie behind the standard, and the drivers ensured the appearance of such non-standard formats (80,0 kb sectors) 840 Kb (84 tracks, 10 sectors) and so on. This technique has been successfully exploited by Microsoft's DMF floppy disk formats, expanding the floppy disk capacity to 1.68 MB per floppy disk space per 21 sectors (for example, in Windows 95 distributions), similar to the IBM XDF format, which is victorious in OS / 2 distributions.
Saving information
One of the main problems associated with floppy disks was their inadequacy. The magnetic disk can be easily remagnetized in the presence of metal magnetized surfaces, natural magnets, electromagnetic fields near high-frequency devices, which made it difficult to collect information on floppy disks.
The most striking structural element of a floppy disk is a bluish or plastic casing, which closes a damp disk: its edges could bend, which caused the floppy disk to get stuck in the drive, the spring, which turned the casing at the outward position, could move, as a result, the casing in the floppy disk no longer turning in the outer position. The plastic case of the floppy disk itself was not sufficient to protect the floppy disk from mechanical failures (for example, when the floppy disk fell on the pad), as if the magnetic nose was out of tune. In the gap between the body of the floppy disk and the casing, the saw instantly penetrated.
Massive replacement of floppy disks began with the appearance of CDs that are rewritten, and especially, based on flash memory, which will lead to orders of magnitude greater capacity, greater speed of exchange and a greater actual number of cycles of rewriting and recording.
Today's camp
External drive with USB interface
At the present time, the use of floppy disks is practically pinned down. Since 2010, a large number of motherboards for desktop personal computers have been produced, so as not to miss the roses for connecting the drive. From laptops to vbudovani disks, they appeared more and more by fate earlier.
Electronic keys for an hour of work with the "Bank-Client" systems, which secure the electronic digital signature of the document, which were previously written on floppy disks, are increasingly being issued from flash drives with the function of biometric protection.
When installing drivers for the possession (for example, a RAID array) for an hour of installing the current MS Windows family OS (Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows 7), you can also use a flash drive.
Depending on the availability of disk drives, which are connected to the standard “classic” interface socket on the motherboard, you can speed up ovnishnim outbuilding How to use USB or SCSI interface.
FloppyNet
The English name of the floppy disk "floppy-disk" is called by its appearance the informal term "floppynet", which means the replacement of the changed data carriers (for example, floppy disks themselves - floppy disks) for transferring files between computers. The prefix "nі" in an ironic form is similar to such a way of transmitting information with a similar computer system at that hour, if the use of a "correct" computer system is impossible for any reason. The term "diskette storage" is also different.
symbolism
The image of a three-inch floppy disk is displayed in programs with a graphical interface as an icon for buttons and menu items save.
Notes
Literature
- Voroysky F.Z. Informatics. New systematization of the cloudy vocabulary-dovidnik. - 3rd view. - M.: FIZMATLIT, 2003. - 760 p. - (Introduction of modern information and telecommunication technologies in terms and facts). - ISBN 5-9221-0426-8
Posilannya
3.4. COMPUTER MEMORY
STORAGE ON FLUSH MAGNETIC DISC
Diskette- portable magnetic portable information, which is vikoristovuetsya for bagatorazovy record and sberіgannya dagi porіvnjano small obligation. This type of wear was especially widened in the 1970s - for example, in the 1990s. The replacement for the term “diskette” is also an abbreviation. KMT- "floppy magnetic disk" NDMD- "Nakopichuvach on flexible magnetic disks").
Sound the floppy disk with a floppy plastic plate covered with a ferromagnetic ball, called the English name “floppy disk” (“floppy disk”). This plate is placed in a plastic case, which protects the magnetic ball from physical ears. The hull is either soft or hard. Recording and reading floppy disks is carried out for the help of a special attachment - a floppy disk drive (floppy disk drive).
Floppy disks sound like a function to protect the recording, for the help of which you can give access to data only in the reading mode.
Gnuchki floppy disks (8″; 5, 25″ ; 3.5″
History
· 1971 - The first floppy disk with a diameter of 200 mm (8″) with a double disk drive was introduced by IBM. Sounds like the wine itself is attributed to Alan Shugart, who is similar to the 1960s at IBM.
· 1973 - Alan Shugart founded the Shugart Associates business.
· 1976 - Alan Shugert built a 5.25" floppy disk.
· 1981 - Sony introduces the 3.5″ (90 mm) floppy disk to the market. The first version has a storage capacity of 720 kilobytes (9 sectors). The new version may have a volume of 1440 kilobytes or 1.40 megabytes (18 sectors). The same type of floppy disk is becoming the standard (because IBM uses its IBM PC).
Recently, the titles of ED-floppy appeared (in English. Extended Density- “expanded width”), which was limited to 2880 kilobytes (36 sectors), but still did not gain a wide width.
format
|
Chronology of vintage floppy disk formats |
||
|
Format |
R_k viniknennya |
Volume in kilobytes |
|
8″ underwire |
||
|
5.25″ underwire |
||
|
5.25″ |
||
|
5.25″ high width |
||
|
3″ underwire |
||
|
3.5″ underwire |
||
|
3.5″ high width |
||
|
3.5″ extended slot |
||
It should be noted that the actual capacity of the floppy disks was stale in their formatting. Oskіlki krіm the earliest models practically all floppy disks did not miss the zhorstko formed tracks, the road for experimentation in the field of more efficient floppy diskette bula vіdkrita for system programmers. The result was the emergence of faceless and insane floppy disk formats to be created under these operating systems themselves. For example, for RT-11 that її adapted in the SRSR versions, the number of insane floppy disk formats, which can be changed in general, exceeded a dozen. (Navidomishi - MX, MY, to get stuck in DVK).
Dodatkov the swindler was introduced by the fact that the Apple company won disk drives in its Macintosh computers, which would zastosovuyet another principle of encoding with magnetic recording, lower than the IBM PC. As a result, regardless of the number of identical floppy disks, the transfer of information between platforms on floppy disks was not possible until the moment when Apple introduced high-width SuperDrive drives, which worked in both modes.
"Standard" formats of IBM PC floppy disks were defined by the size of the disk, the number of sectors on the road, the number of sides (SS denotes a one-sided floppy disk, DS - two-sided), as well as the type (slot recording) of the drive. The drive type is marked as SD - single slot, DD - floating slot, QD - quadruple slot (via clones, such as Robotron-1910 - 5.25″ floppy disk 720 K, Amstrad PC, PC Neuron - 5.25″ floppy disk 640 K , HD - high width (increased by the QD moved by the number of sectors), ED - expanded width.
|
The working space of disk drives and the capacity of floppy disks in kilobytes |
|||
|
Gustina |
inches |
||
8-inch drive long hour were transferred to the BIOS and supported by MS-DOS, but there is no exact information about those that stinks were supplied to the homeless (perhaps they were supplied to businesses and organizations and were not sold to physical persons).
Krіm refurbished more variations of formats, іsnuvav tsiliy a number of improvements and modifications to the standard floppy disk format. The largest available - 320/360 Kb diskette Іskra-1030 / Іskra-1031 - in fact were SS/QD floppy disks, but the boot sector was marked as DS/DD. As a result, a standard IBM PC floppy drive could read them without using any special drivers (800.com), and the Iskra-1030/Iskra-1031 floppy drive, obviously, could read standard DS/DD floppy disks from the IBM PC.
Special drivers-expansion BIOS 800, pu_1700 and low allowed floppy disks to be formatted with a sufficient number of tracks and sectors. Shards of disks sounded in one of up to 4 additional tracks, and also allowed, depending on the design features, to format 1-4 sectors on a larger track, lower to lie behind the standard, and the drivers ensured the appearance of such non-standard formats (80,0 kb sectors) 840 Kb (84 tracks, 10 sectors) and so on.″ HD-drive, became 1700 KB.
This technique was later introduced into Windows 98, as well as Microsoft's DMF floppy format, which expanded the capacity of floppy disks up to 1.68 MB per size, floppy disk formatting into 21 sectors in the similar IBM XDF format. XDF hacked on OS/2 distributions, and DMF on other distributions software products type Microsoft.
Let's do it with frequent modifications to the 3.5″ floppy disk format and format it by 1.2 MB (with a reduced number of sectors). This ability to ring can be enabled before the BIOS of modern computers. Take vikoristannya 3.5″ is typical for Japan and South Africa R. As a side effect, activation of ciєї custom BIOS Sound to enable reading floppy disks formatted with different type 800 drivers.
In addition (non-standard) tracks and sectors, they also distributed data to defend against copies of proprietary diskettes. Standard programs, so diskcopy, did not tolerate qі sectors and pіd hour of copying.
Unformatted 3.5″ floppy disk capacity, which is determined by the size of the recording and the area of the wear, becomes 2 MB.
The height of the drive for a 5.25" floppy is 1 U. All CD drives, including Blu-ray, may have the same width and height as a 5.25" drive (not applicable to laptop drives).
The width of the drive 5.25″ may be three or three heights. At the same time, the vineyards of the EOM buildings were victorious, and three outbuildings, placed in a square box, could, at the same time, be reoriented from horizontal to vertical rotting.
Zniknennya
One of the main problems associated with floppy disks was their inadequacy. The most striking structural element of a floppy disk is a bluish or plastic casing, which closes a damp disk: its edges could bend, which caused the floppy disk to get stuck in the drive, the spring, which turned the casing at the outward position, could move, as a result, the casing in the floppy disk no longer turning in the outer position. The plastic case of the floppy disk itself was not sufficient to protect the floppy disk from mechanical failures (for example, when the floppy disk fell on the pad), as if the magnetic nose was out of tune. In the gap between the body of the floppy disk and the casing, the saw instantly penetrated. And the flexible disk itself can easily be magnetically re-magnetized in the presence of metal magnetized surfaces, natural magnets, electromagnetic fields near high-frequency devices, which made it difficult to save information on floppy disks.
Масове витіснення дискет з ужитку почалося з появою компакт-дисків, що перезаписуються, і особливо, носіїв на основі флеш-пам'яті, що володіють набагато меншою питомою вартістю, на порядки більшою ємністю, більшим фактичним числом циклів перезапису і довговічністю і більшою швидкістю обміну danimi.
An intermediate option between them and traditional floppy disks is magneto-optical wear, Iomega Zip, Iomega Jaz and others. Such changeable noses are sometimes called floppy disks.
However, in 2009, a floppy disk (call 3.5") and a hard disk drive are necessary (if it is not possible to roam via the Internet directly from the operating system), in order to "reflash" the BIOS flash memory of rich motherboards, for example, Gigabyte. So it’s more important to work with small files (as a rule, text files), to transfer these files from one computer to another, so with full confidence it can be said that floppy disks will be chipped for more years, accept until the moment when the price for the found flash-drives will not be set by the prices for the floppy disks (the price is ~10 times at a time, but it changes drastically).
Floppy disks for most computers, which are victorious today, are a relic of the past, having spent a long time serving as the only container for transferring information between computers. Qi disks are floppy disks, which in Windows were designated as "Disk 3.5 [A]". Until what time is it possible to fix it on old computers.
History of floppies
The cob of expansion of floppy disks falls on if A. Shugart from the company IBM їх wines. The back of the head is majestic - about 8 inches (more than 20 cm). Maizhe suddenly became synonymous with the name, such as "floppy disk", "floppy disk". The rest of the name appeared later, if the floppies became smaller in size and reached 5.25 inches. At the same time, the capacity was 360 kilobytes, which is important to note today, but today small files are converted into megabytes.
Until the mid-80s of the last century, the floppy disk grew to 3.5 inches. This floppy disk woke up right up to that hour, until the residual transition of different disks and flash drives was reached.
The floppy disk space could be changed, the standard shards were installed on an unformatted floppy disk, and the formatting methods were different. At the link z cim were the formats, yakі nesumіsnі mіzh themselves. The Macintosh company won floppy disk drives with a different encoding principle when recording in a partnership with IBM, which did not allow transferring information on floppy disks between different operating systems DotA, Apple docks did not create a disk drive SuperDrive, yaki worked in two modes.
Floppy attachment
The information is recorded on a thin plastic disk, the beast of theft is hard plastic, which is the beast that opens the area, closed by a special shutter, usually metal. Under the hard plastic was a protypyla servlet. The disk that is under it is coated with a ferromagnetic material. By analogy with the Winchester, the divisions into tracks and sectors. A floppy disk has two surfaces, recording on a yakі can be carried out one hour (when boules and one-sided diskettes, SS was indicated), the magnetic head oscillators are placed one to one, the link between them does not change during recording. The disk is repaired ruh, if the engine is hooked to the center of the disk, it will hit the metal. Fallow depending on where the entry goes, we will add 300-360 wraps per piece.
The floppy disk is small stub, yak allowed chi harrowed robiti record on floppy.
Format floppy disks
The formats of flexible disks, which are the smallest of the widest, were determined by the number of sides that are scored, the recording space, the number of sectors on the road and the size of the disks. The drive can be either single (SD), secondary (DD) or fourth slot (QD) (such a slot was installed in clones with 5.25-inch floppy disks with a size of 640 and 720 kilobytes), as well as a high slot (HD), as it was installed in the front increased number of sectors, expanded space (ED), with a floppy disk 36 sectors (standard - 18 sectors) and a volume of 2880 kilobytes, there was a lot of negative feedback, and the stench did not get wider.
For 5.25 and 8" floppy disks, the capacity could be from 160 to 180 kilobytes. 8-inch floppy disks only had one side for recording. 5-inch floppy diskette up to 720 kilobytes (SD and QD for 3.5-inch floppy diskettes are daily), for QD for 5.25" it is 640-720 kilobytes, HD 3.5" - 1440 kilobytes, 5.25" - 1200 kilobytes.
For example, for computers "Iskra-1030" (1031), floppy disks 320/360 kB were used, which in fact were SS / QD, but the other exciting sector was designated as DS / DD, which led to the fact that The IBM PC floppy drive will be read as the floppy disk drive of the IBM PC.
Floppy benefits
- The record is created using a simple algorithm.
- Low varity.
- Accessibility and versatility (not long ago, all computers were equipped with a floppy drive).
- Optimal for that hour obsyag transfer of information between unconnected computers.
- Overwriting.
A few floppies
- At that time, it was optimal for transferring text files, spreadsheets, wines, small for photographs, pictures, floppy disk capacity (1.44 megabytes), which was poorly suitable for transferring software more, if yogo rosemary began to grow with a stingy swedishness.
- A constant creak for an hour of recording.
- Povіlna shvidkіst record.
- Nenadіinіst (when one sector fails, you can stop reading the entire disk).
- The small term of exploitation (sound after the number of vikoristannya disk poshkodzhuvsya richly in why the veil of the fact that the plastic surface was protecting him inadvertently).
These shortcomings led to the fact that most coristuvachs flooded the negative reviews about floppy disks, which step by step led to the creation of new information and the emergence of floppy disks.
Plug in a floppy disk
As a rule, such careless delusion floppy disks are not needed. There is a button on the floppy disk drive, for an additional floppy disk, it was played after the end of the noise, which vibrated with it, which indicated the end of the recording.
In this way, the information about those, how to turn on a floppy disk, you can see a hundred Computer BIOS. So, going into the BIOS and switching to the Standard CMOS Features section, you can check the type of floppy disks that can be distinguished, Drive A or Drive B, and information about the capacity and size is also shown. If you need to turn it on, you need to press the "+" button to do it, the word "None" will not appear, after which you need to press F10 to save the change and re-adjust.
Floppy emulators
When these programs appeared, it was smart that the floppy disk drives began to step by step from the computers, and the programs for writing files to the floppy disk vimagali. Deyaki accounting software we were advised to save the file somewhere, cream like on a floppy disk.
One of the most widely used software emulators was the Virtual Floppy Drive program, which provided full integration of the virtual disk drive with the operating system. Windows system to the її version of Vista, with which it was possible to create virtual floppy disks, on which it was possible to place the necessary information, the backup of virtual 3.5 "and 5.25" diskettes with a memory capacity of 160 MB up to 2.88 MB was provided. You can format floppy disks, and also, which is important for that hour, run in console mode.
There were no such floppy disk emulators, but they were characterized by approximately the same algorithm.
Floppy Disks
The edges of the casing, which closed the plastic disk, periodically bulged, through which the floppy disk got stuck in the drive, the spring, which is small enough to bring the casing into holiday camp, could zmіschuvatisya, which led to the fact that the floppy disk was covered with a shroud of glass, but it was not closed. When a floppy disk falls on a sublog, the disk often goes out of tune. Mustache tse vimagalo doopratsyuvannya.
Ale set new hours with new technologies. CDs were recorded and re-recorded in a row, then DVDs were thinner, then flash-carriers appeared, so they had less capacity per unit capacity, more durability, a greater number of dubbing cycles. All this led to the fact that in new computers, the complete set of disk drives for floppy disks was more and more common every day, and floppy disks practically appeared from our pootu.
Perstach Chagarnikovy Floppy Disk
For practical reasons, floppy disks have not been named in today's life. Floppy Disk can vikoristovuvatsya like a low fence, on stone terraces, at once from chagars and trees, rock gardens and like a border. Vaughn has a bright-eye-scented terry flowers with yellowness in the middle on the bushes, curls up to 40 cm. To love the Danish chagarnik is light, it is good to endure frost and winter.
At the end
Floppy disks were a portable collection of data, as if they were kept for a long time between computers and for various programs, as if they were working automatic saving data on a soft disk. Pіznіshe for such programs began vikoristovuvat emulator floppy disks. Gnuchki disks developed in the right way, their design and capacity were not perfected, which took away their appearance. The name "Floppy Disk" was omitted from the name of one of the decorative bands.
(MO), as if they were a hard polymer disk, reading of which was carried out by a laser, and recording - for an additional combined laser injection (for heating the surface of the plate) and an indestructible magnet (for remagnetizing the information ball). The stench is not magnetic, I want to vikoristovuyut cartridges, which form floppy disks.
History
Floppy attachment 3½
Iomega Zip
Until the middle of the 90s, the capacity of a floppy disk was insufficient for 2.88 MB. A few formats claimed to replace the 3.5″ floppy disk, among which the Iomega Zip floppy disk was the most popular. So, just like a 3.5″ floppy disk, carrying an Iomega Zip with a soft polymer disk, covering it with a ferromagnetic ball and laying in a hard case with a protective curtain. On the front of a 3.5″ floppy disk, the opening for magnetic heads was placed at the end of the case, and not on the outer surface. They used Zip diskettes for 100, 250, and until the end of the format - 750 MB. Considering a larger volume, Zip discs ensured more data savings and more readability and recording, lower 3.5″. However, they could not get three-inch floppy disks through a high price like disk drives, so floppy disks, and also through an unacceptable specialty of drives, if a floppy disk with mechanical failures of the disk brought the disk drive out of the way, which, in its own line, was instantly inserted into the new one diskette.
format
| Format | R_k viniknennya | Volume in kilobytes |
|---|---|---|
| eight" | 80 | |
| eight" | 256 | |
| eight" | 800 | |
| 8″ underwire | 1000 | |
| 5¼″ | 110 | |
| 5¼″ underwire | 360 | |
| 5¼″ double-width | 720 | |
| 5¼″ high width | 1200 | |
| 3″ | 360 | |
| 3″ underwire | 720 | |
| 3½″ underwire | 720 | |
| 2″ | 720 | |
| 3½″ high width | 1440 | |
| 3½″ extended slot | 2880 |
Slid indicate what is the actual capacity of floppy disks to lie in the way of formatting. Oskіlki, okrіm early models, practically all floppy disks do not miss the hard-formed tracks, the road for experimentation in the field of more efficient floppy disks for system programmers. The result was the emergence of faceless and insane floppy disk formats to be created under these operating systems themselves.
Format floppy disks in the IBM possession
"Standard" formats of IBM PC floppy disks were defined by the size of the disk, the number of sectors on the road, the number of sides (SS denotes a one-sided floppy disk, DS - two-sided), as well as the type (slot recording) of the disk drive - the type of disk drive is marked:
- SD (English Single Density, single density, first appeared in the IBM System 3740),
- DD (eng. Double Density, podviyna shіlnist, first appeared in IBM System 34),
- QD (eng. Quadruple Density, quadruple density, vicorist in robotron-1910 clones - 5¼" floppy disk 720 K, Amstrad PC, Neuron І9.66 - 5¼" floppy disk 640 K),
- HD,
- ED (English Extra High Density, supratemporal thickness).
In addition (non-standard) tracks and sectors, they also distributed data to defend against copies of proprietary diskettes. Standard programs, so diskcopy, did not tolerate qі sectors and pіd hour of copying.
| Magnetic Cover Parameter | 5¼″ | 3½″ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Suspension (DD) | Quadruple gap (QD) | High power (HD) | Suspension (DD) | High power (HD) | Supertemporal thickness (ED) | |
| The basis of the magnetic ball | Fe | co | co | |||
| coercive force, | 300 | 300 | 600 | 600 | 720 | 750 |
| Tovshchina magnetic ball, microinch. | 100 | 100 | 50 | 70 | 40 | 100 |
| Track width, mm | 0,300 | 0,155 | 0,115 | 0,115 | 0,115 | |
| Track width per inch | 48 | 96 | 96 | 135 | 135 | 135 |
| Line width | 5876 | 5876 | 9646 | 8717 | 17434 | 34868 |
| Amnesty (after formatting) |
360 | 720 | 1200 (1213952) |
720 | 1440 (1457664) |
2880 |
| Disc diameter, ″ | 5¼″ | 3½″ | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Disk capacity, KB | 1200 | 360 | 320 | 180 | 160 | 2 880 | 1 440 | 720 |
| Nose description byte in MS-DOS | F9 16 | FD 16 | FF 16 | FC 16 | FE 16 | F0 16 | F0 16 | F9 16 |
| Number of sides (heads) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Number of tracks on the skin side | 80 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 80 | 80 | 80 |
| Number of sectors on the road | 15 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 36 | 18 | 9 |
| Sector size, bytes | 512 | |||||||
| Number of sectors in a cluster | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 |
| Dovzhina FAT (in sectors) | 7 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 9 | 9 | 3 |
| Number of FAT | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Dovzhina root directory in sectors | 14 | 7 | 7 | 4 | 4 | 15 | 14 | 7 |
| The maximum number of elements in root catalosis | 224 | 112 | 112 | 64 | 64 | 240 | 224 | 112 |
| Total number of sectors on disk | 2400 | 720 | 640 | 360 | 320 | 5 760 | 2 880 | 1 440 |
| Number of available sectors | 2371 | 708 | 630 | 351 | 313 | 5 726 | 2 847 | 1 426 |
| Number of available clusters | 2371 | 354 | 315 | 351 | 313 | 2 863 | 2 847 | 713 |
The first (more precisely, 0th) is the lower head. In single-sided disk drives, the lower head is actually replaced with a thinner one, and the upper one is replaced by a lining. With this, on single-sided drives, it is possible to convert double-sided floppy disks, formatting the skin side of the frame and flipping it over as needed, but also to be able to speed up, in a plastic envelope of an 8-inch floppy disk, it is necessary to pass through another image.
All floppy disk drives may have a spindle speed of 300 revolutions per quill, for a hard disk drive for floppy disks with a diameter of 5? vysokoї schіlnostі, the spindle of which wraps up with zі swidkіstyu 360 xv -1.
Format floppy disks in another foreign possession
Dodatkov’s swindler brought in the fact that the Apple company vicorated disk drives in its Macintosh computers, thus stowing a different encoding principle with magnetic recording, lower on the IBM PC - as a result, not respecting identical floppy disks, transferring information between platforms could not be done on disks until that moment, if Apple made the SuperDrive high-capacity drives, they worked in both modes.
To add frequent modifications to the floppy disk format 3½ є їх formatting by 1.2 MB (with a reduced number of sectors). This ability to ring can be enabled before the BIOS of modern computers. This 3½″ victoria is typical for Japan and PAR. As a side effect, activating this BIOS setting will make it possible to read floppy disks formatted with alternative drivers such as 800.com.
Features
Krіm refurbished more variations of formats, іsnuvav tsіliy number of improvements and modifications to the standard floppy disk format:
- for example, for RT-11 that її adapted in the SRSR versions, the number of insane floppy disk formats, which can be changed in general, exceeded a dozen. The biggest vіdomi - scho zastosovutsya in DVK MX, MY;
- also in 320/360-kilobyte floppy disks Іskra-1030/Іskra-1031 - in fact, the stinks were SS / QD-floppies, but also the avant-garde sector of labeling like DS / DD. As a result, a standard IBM PC floppy drive could not read them without special special drivers (such as 800.com), and the Iskra-1030/Iskra-1031 floppy drive, apparently, could not read standard DS/DD floppy disks from the IBM PC;
- 5.25" and 3.5" floppy disks were stuck in the computers of the ZX-Spectrum platform, and their own unique TR-DOS format was stuck - 16 sectors per road, leather sector 256 bytes each (replacement 512 bytes, standard for IBM PC). Both double-sided and single-sided floppy disks and disk drives were supported. As a result, the data became 640 and 320 Kb in size. The format supports only the root directory, which occupies only the first 8 sectors in 0-tracks, in the 9th sector, the system information about the floppy disk is expanded - type (TR-DOS chi nі), one or two-sided disk, the total number of files and the number of free sectors ( not bytes, sectors themselves). Sectors from 10 to 16 on 0 roads do not win. Usі files rastashovuyutsya only sequentially - the TR-DOS format is no fragmentation, and the maximum file size - 64 KB. If the file is deleted in the middle of the occupied space, the free sectors are declared, which can no longer be occupied, the docks will not receive the Move disk enhancement command. On IBM-PC computers, such floppy disks can be read and written only for help. special programs, for example, ZX Spectrum Navigator v.1.14 or ZXDStudio.
Okrіm format TR-DOS, the ZX-Spectrum other computers often zastosovulyalis and quite a format of disks. Deyakі electronic magazines and games on the entire floppy disk beat their own format, no matter what. Could beat sectors of 512 bytes, and hit 1024 bytes, and often combined rіznі razmiri sectors on one track, for example, 256 and 1024 bytes each, and just for other tracks they were blocked different formats. For example, so robbed at the electronic magazine ZX-Format. Moreover, when the issue number is released to the issue, the entire magazine is permanently changing the format of the disks. It worked for two purposes: First, zbіlshennya obsyagu data on diskettes, in another way, the protection of diskettes from pirated copying. Such floppy disks on the ZX-Spectrum of the most complex computers could be read more, run a magazine or a copy, but it was not possible to copy anything. For copying such floppy disks, for a leather-covered issue of the ZX-Format magazine or else, it was necessary to write in assembler your own individual formator and copywriter, in front of you zlamavshi step zakhistu. As you understand, it is impossible to read and copy such floppy disks on IBM PC smart computers. Having once consumed a unique format - a cream of non-standard size of sectors on the road (5 sectors of 1024 bytes), the numbers of all 5 sectors were the same. To run the software from such a floppy disk, a special zavantazhuvach was installed, placed on the first page after the catalog for the standard TR-DOS format for the ZX-Spectrum. In ZX-Spectrum computers, the same rank was used for both 5.25 "and 3.5" floppy disks; Ale for using 3.5″ high-width HD floppy disks, it was necessary to seal it with tape at the end of the width. 5.25″ HD high-width floppy disks can be installed in the ZX-Spectrum only at different disk drives, which also supports HD-width, and with jumpers, the disk drive must be converted to SD format (720 Kb) in front.
The pu_1700 driver also allowed for the safe formatting of the zsuv and interleaving of the sectors - it slowed down the operation of the sequential read-write, the oscillating head, when switching to the onset cylinder, was dipped in front of the first sector. If you choose the standard formatting, if the first sector is always located behind the index opening (5¼″) or behind the passage zone above the reed switch or the sensor. zayvy obig.
Special BIOS expansion drivers (800, pu_1700, vformat and a number of others) allowed floppy disks to be formatted with a sufficient number of tracks and sectors. Shards of the drive sounded in one to four additional tracks, and also allowed, depending on the design features, to format by 1-4 sectors on a larger track, lower to follow the standard, the drivers ensured the appearance of such non-standard formats (08 , 10 sectors), 840 KB (84 tracks, 10 sectors) and so on. Tsya tekhnіka bula year vikoristana in formats of diskettes DMF
The evolution of today's floppy disk
Most of the technologies that are being used by personal computers have been expanded either after the appearance of PCs, or specifically for them. One of the bad ones is a floppy disk, one is a floppy disk, one is a floppy disk. Why the floppy disk has become possible for the emergence of personal computers, and the floppy disk itself has become such a wide width for personal computers. All that has been said below about the capacities and formats of IBM smart personal computers, unless otherwise stated. It means the wider ones, especially in Russia. Therefore, below you will not find descriptions of exotic formats for floppy disks - so the shanuvalny of Macintosh or Amiga platforms will not appear on me.
The first floppy-disk floppy-disk was broken up by IBM in 1967 roci. thirty two rocky - for computer technology century is more important, but, calling on everything, "my old man is still alive." Let's try to prostigate your life with a rosette.
The hour of the people of our heroine lies until the cob period for the development of a mini-microcomputer. For them, it is necessary to carry information, to see bulky accumulators, which were stuck on magnetic and perforated lines, hard disks and punched cards (cardboard cards with rows of numbers and a foldable vizerunk, punched by a machine, opening - to the type of brass mechanical disk) Note. ed.). The period of childhood is that childhood, so that the development of technologies, having occupied several rocks, so that the first commercial accumulators were proponated by IBM in 1971, the same role, if Intel introduced the 4004 processor. There was no way to win the floppy disk drive on the future “Intel-sum” personal computer. Ale tsya vypadkovіst vkotre demonstrating a parallel development of different technologies, which led to the advent of the first personal computers.
The development of our heroine of the floppy disk in some of them grows in stages of homo sapiens, and in some of them it is different. A person with a century is gaining wisdom, її opportunities are increasing; The same can be said about floppy disks, the number of such growths in the world of advanced technology. The size of the "growth" of floppy disks may be a reverse trend - it changes with age.
Our heroine was born with a size (more precisely, with a diameter) of 8 inches (203.2 mm), which for a person was small, but for carrying a little more than 100 Kbytes at that hour, it was yakraz. Named at the time of the people with a flexible disk (Flexible Disk), she won a sprat of slang names. For example, the “pseudo-nim” floppy disk resembles the English word flop (“splash wings”). Deisno, the sound that vibrates when you wave an envelope 20x20 cm is similar to the noise that vibrates like a bird, that glimmers, in the form of a sound. A floppy disk (diskette) such a nose began to be called a trio later, after the first change was made. Tse, maybe, a record for the number of names for one and the same technology.
The floppy disk was folded on the back in two parts: carrying that envelope. Nose bow with a round plate with a central reinforcement at the edges of the lapel and one or more index lapels hanging from a wide and thick double-sided magnetic stitch. The envelope is made of plastic, smooth tinted and covered with pile from the inner side, and open it for the spindle, which wraps the nose, cuts for heads and optocouplers are read to the index.
On the cob, the breakdown of floppy disks into sectors was hard, so that for the skin sector it made its way through its own index opening. They gave a number of index openings shortened to one, which opens the cob of the road. To this day, floppy disks of the Hard Sectored type (zhorstka breakdown into sectors) and Soft Sectored (one index opening) were used. For rahunok vnutrishnіh reservіv obsіg nose was brought from 100 to 256 KBytes, which lost the physical boundary for standard 8-inch floppy disks. Until the end of the 1970s, floppy disk drives were installed mainly in mini-, and then in micro-EOM (the primary PC for us is considered itself to the micro-EOM class. - Note. ed.). After all, the number of floppies-nakopichuvachs was small, and the price for them went off scale for 1000 dollars.
The first serial personal computer, de zastosovuvalis 8-inch hard disks, Apple II, demonstrations of a prototype in 1976. Less than a few months earlier, Shugart announced the release of a 5.25-inch floppy disk drive at a reasonable price of $390. However, floppy disks with a size of 8 inches were still waiting for a long time, and the designs of the drives turned out to be different. For example, for a personal computer Rainbow (DEC) to reduce the varsity, two attachments were attached to a head block, which could be reduced to one floppy disk at a time. Before the speech, before the food is long. 8-inch floppy disks are available for download: if you don't believe it, you can check the Imation website (http://www.imation.com, 3M free download).
Also, in 1976, the first change was made to floppy disks from 8 to 5.25 inches. Obsyag її unnecessarily dorivnyuvav 180 Kbytes, which was clearly not enough, then floppy disks appeared out of the blue, recording on yaki was carried out from both sides. The stench took away the name Double Density (“Subjected Shchilnist”), wanting to promote not shchilnist, but obsyag. The very same leads were installed in personal computer IBM PC, which made light of 1981.
In the world of growing software and data, it became clear that the use of a 360 KB floppy disk was clearly insufficient. A new format was rozrobleno i, vіdpovіdno, new floppy disks and bring. For the preparation of floppy disks with a volume of 1.2 MB, magnetic materials were improved, which made it possible, with a reduced width of the track, and an increase in the width of the recording, to take a sufficient level of the signal from the reading head. Increasing the number of tracks evenly doubled (from 48 to 96) made it possible to save a lot of money, so that a floppy drive with a capacity of 1.2 MB can be read from a floppy disk with a capacity of 360 Kb. On a floppy disk, no matter what, open it again, for which the drive could be assigned the same type, all information was recorded in the disk.
However, having reached a decent (and practically borderline for this technology) thickness, a 5.25-inch floppy disk still suffered from “childish ailments”, because of the lack of mechanical strength and the degree of weariness against the outer swells. Through the opening for the block of heads, the surface easily wandered, like a floppy disk was taken over the envelope. The floppy disk was literally a gnuchka: її it was possible to burn it with a tube and ... put the next thing in the nearest bucket for smittya. The writing on the stickers can be done with a soft felt-tip pen, the shards of the bag handle or the olive pressed through the envelope material. So the soft diskette has come, the hour has come to know the hard shell.
U 1980 roci Sony demonstrated a floppy disk that led to a new standard - a 3.5-inch size. Now it has become important to call її a gnuchka or a flop - “splashing”. A strong case made of hard plastic and the opening of the index opening ensures mechanical protection of the wear. The only opening, for the access of the heads to the nose, is covered with a spring-loaded metal curtain. For protection against vipadkovy overwriting, serve as a virus, which is not glued, like on a 5.25-inch floppy disk (try at the right moment to know the piece of black sticky paper that is necessary for this one!), And the flap, which is part of the construction of the case. A small floppy disk with a size of 3.5 inches became 720 KB (Double Density, DD), and then grew to 1.44 MB (High Density, HD).
Such a drive itself (and only one of them) was installed in a computer and made a failure through the irresistible innovations of the IBM PS / 2 series of computers. Nadalі tsey standard through the obvious advantages of vitiсniv 5.25-inch floppy disks. It's true, floppy disks that were standard Sony in a hard plastic case were generously played by "five inches" for the "price / space" ratio, that problem of credibility was given as a sign for a long time: 3.5-inch disk drives are far from scratchy to know.
The rest of the evolution of the floppy disk was destroyed by Toshiba, like the 80s. For the sake of reducing the technology of the vibrations of the wearer and the recording methods, the capacity of the floppy disk was increased twice - up to 2.88 MB. However, the format did not take root due to a number of reasons. The high speed of the exchange, adopted for the drive format (over 1 Mb/s), was not supported by more earlier releases of controllers and chipsets, 500 Kb/s, which were charged for the speed of 500 Kb/s; The versatility of such a diskette is high and cost a dollar bill equal to 50 cents for a large diskette with a capacity of 1.44 MB. And yet, the inertia of the majestic mass of drives for floppy disks of 1.44 MB, which was already at that hour, did not allow the market to be downloaded from a 2.88-MB carrier - using a non-standard format could make it difficult to exchange from outside world.
Anatomy of a floppy disk
Like and be like another magnetic disk wear, a flexible disk broken on a concentrically ruffled track. Paths, with their own heart, divided into sectors. Moving heads for access to different tracks is required for the help of a special drive to position the head, which moves the block of magnetic heads straight ahead through one track to another. Access to other sectors in the middle of the road is just for the windshield. Well, the numbering of the tracks starts with “0”, and the numbering of the sectors starts with “1”, moreover, the system was transferred to hard disks.
The principle of recording information on a floppy disk is the same as in a tape recorder: there is a non-intermediate mechanical contact of the head with a magnetic ball, we apply Mylar on a piece of foam. Tsim obumovlyuєtsya not high speed of reading / writing (wearing cannot be easily collapsed like a head), not high reliability and durability (even if mechanical erasing, wear of the nose) are not high. On the view of the tape recorder, the recording is recorded without high-frequency magnetization - remagnetization of the material worn to the point of saturation.
As it was planned, an 8-inch floppy disk on the sector was hard, so that the skin sector had an index opening, the passage of which through the optocoupler called an electric pulse. This made the design of the controller (not required to remove the ear of the skin sector) and accumulative (not necessary to increase the stability of the swidkost wrapping), but it was between the increase in the capacity for the account of the internal reserves and reduced the volume. A year later, the progress of microelectronics, the number of index openings shrunk to one, similar to the title of the track, and the recognition of the titles of the sectors was carried out by the controller. For floppy disks with a size of 3.5 inches and an index opening per day, synchronization is carried out exclusively for reading the headings.
The positioning of the head of the spigot was carried out behind the auxiliary mechanism of the "crowd dvigun-gvint-nut". The block of heads is fixed on the carriage, which collapses straight, parallel to the radius of the floppy disk. At the carriage, the letter is opened, through which passing the screw, and on the open, the letter is the yoke, which enters at the thread on the screw and wins the role of the carving of the thread of the nut. The short dvigun wrapped the running screw, moving the block of heads behind the auxiliary nut in a radial straight line for one short on one track. On a floppy disk with a size of 8 inches, such a mechanism can provide a more accurate positioning of the carriage for її great travel (about 60 mm). After the appearance of flexible disks of smaller sizes (5.25 and 3.5 inches), the bole was further developed, and a final kinematic scheme for the drive heads was installed. At the base is a spring-steeled metal harness, with one end reinforced on the carriage, and with the other end - on the drum, mounted on the shaft of the rocker dvigun. When the motor shaft (drum) is turned, the coil is wound or wound, moving the carriage with the block of heads incrementally by the radius of the diskette.
The main design principles of the head block of classic floppy disks have seen little change. Their peculiarity is in the presence of two heads of tunnel erasing, stitched on the sides behind the recording/creation head. The role of these heads is related to the inclusion of mutually infor- mation recorded on the side tracks. You can illustrate your work on such an example: one person sips the path with a squeak, and two people who follow him sweep the middle of the whole squeak, which they have spent over the edge of the path.
At the drives, which can come to replace the classic floppy disks, more folding heads are built, as if they are to blame for two different noses, sometimes they are founded on different principles of work.
A floppy disk can still catch a cold at the funeral of its "driven in"
Later, the evolutionary development of the floppy disk ended through those that the technology reached the boundary. The period of revolutions has come, and, moreover, as for political revolutions, the skin revolutionary knows best what is necessary for the “revolutionary” coristuvachas, and it is obvious to the last. The result was an impersonal format, which uses one type of one, so really the summation between us and the tsimi outbuildings is only safe for the one that stinks can work with a floppy disk with a capacity of 1.44 MB. The floppy-disk "beats" are tucked into black: shoved with licks and respected one by one. We can only translate the most famous names of these unfortunate killers:
- LS-120 (Laser Servo) is the brainchild of Mitsubishi Electronics America and Winstation Systems, has a capacity of 120 MB and a maximum exchange rate of 4 MB/s (for SCSI interface). You can also connect through the IDE interface. Like in the new 200 MB HiFD drive from Sony, which drives different heads for robots with a floppy disk with a capacity of 1.44 MB and carries more space. For reading / writing, carrying a capacity of 120 MB is carried out by a magnetic head with a laser sight. So the position of the head is adjusted similarly to how it is in CD-ROM drives, and only after specially applied service tracks when prepared, so that they do not require overwriting. On the surface of the LS-120 floppy disks fit 2490 tracks per inch versus 135 tracks/inch for the typical 1.44 MB floppies. An analogue of the LS-120, based on the principle of sharing and sharing SuperDisk Drive, appeared as a result of the expansion of Imation (formerly 3M).
- The floppy disk is in the HiFD format (High Capacity Floppy Disk) and is distributed in bulk by Sony, TEAC, Alps and Fuji. With a spindle wrap speed of 3600 rpm, a transfer speed of 600 Kb / s is ensured (for other data, the productivity of Sony HiFD reaches 3.6 Mb / s - testing by our laboratory will show. -) Note. ed.). The volume of the cartridge becomes 200 MB.
- The UHC-31130 drive was designed by Mitsumi Electric and Swan Instruments.
- The Ultra High Density (UHD) drive from Caleb Technology Corp has a capacity of 144 MB. For the information of retailers, the storage device with the IDE interface ensures a seven-time increase in productivity compared to the traditional floppy drive. Caleb UHD has a reported data portability of 970 KB/s, costing close to $70, and plans to increase the storage capacity to 540 MB in the future.
- Pro-FD type Samsung has a capacity of 123 MB and a speed of exchange of 625 Kb/s. For the positioning of the victors, the exclusive magnetic technology is used from self-confidence.
There are just too many technologies and formats that were taken to the “funeral” of floppy disks, to suggest those who are sensitive about death are greatly overwhelmed. The reason for the wide popularity (maybe, immusheno, shards of replacement in the situation that has developed, it cannot be) floppy disks is itself in the fact that you can not distort the presence of a single-type drive in your company, where data is enforced: it is not necessary 'yasovuvati at the secretary, chi є they have Zip chi as if magneto-optics stench cory. For the sake of Disk / Trend, nearly 100 million drives for floppy disks with a capacity of 1.44 MB were sold last year.
The floppy drive didn't just die, but to win and not weaken the position - for a total of 12 times sales in pieces of wines for all of its competitors, at once narrowed down, including Iomega Zip.
Therefore, my special thought is as follows: if someone should spare the floppy disk, then not all of these "burial grounds" - they stink more than one alone, pragnuchi zapadshchina vinuvattsya sunset, they are busy with the right. Tim is bigger, that they already have a competitor, which may be the best floppy disks, and itself: completely and absolutely summ_sn_st and mass. May be on the vazі CD. The world has a reduction in prices for discs, which are rewritten one-time and bagatorarazovo, and in the future, bring the stench to become wider and wider. This is a head start - a “handicap” from hundreds of millions of previously installed drives and total summation one by one.
A standard floppy drive can transfer data at 62 KB/s and the average hour of a call is 84 ms. This is due to the ISA bus (before recently, 1.44 MB drives were connected), to serious restrictions on their productivity. It is more common (beyond the worlds of accumulating high capacity) disk drives of the LS-120 class can search for an hour for about 70 ms, and the speed of transmission is up to 565 Kb / s.
ComputerPress 8 "1999