Spectrophotometer aa 68 Spectrophotometry. Wirobniki, model range, main characteristics and parity. At the viglyadi wedge-like plate
sucking
Spectrophotometry can be used in different ranges from ultraviolet to infrared. Falsely from tsogo attach may be significant.
appraisal
The main feature of spectrophotometers in polygraphic galusa is the precise linearization and calibration of processes in a friend. Spectrophotometry companies GretagMacbeth, X-Rite, Techkon, Konica-Minolta and other virobniks provide the ability to carry out point-to-point and automated operations for the establishment of high-quality ICC-profiles.
design
On the little ones, two main circuits of spectrophotometers are pointed, so that the spectral aperture efficiency of the given object is displayed according to the working standard with respect to the spectral characteristics:
Vimіryuvaniy vrazok hangs with a monochromatic light.
constructive schemes
Є two circuits to induce spectrophotometers: a spectrophotometer at the view of a wedge-like plate;
At the viglyadi wedge-like plate
Spectrophotometer near a wedge-like plate
The spectrophotometer (Fig. 1) is placed near the wedge-like plate, one of the surfaces of the deposition is thin, partially skipping a ball, and on the top of the surface is applied a pokritty, which is added, partially skipping the light.
The principle of the robotic spectrophotometer of the photographs on the reconstruction of the interferential smogs of the standing light by the path of the design of the image of the interferential smogs on the photosensitive lines. With the whole method of processing the signal, it appears from the traditional fur-spectroscopy that it is not possible to adapt the signal not to the clock, but to the wide frequency. The spectrophotometer can easily grow up to incoherent light emission.
heterodyne circuit
Heterodyne scheme of reception of light vipromynuvannya.
For the whole, the spectrophotometer is supplied with a different laser at the frequency of the vibration, so that it changes to the first one at the frequency of the light bit (Fig. 2). At the same time, when another laser is prompted, the interference of smog is established practically with the same period d, and on a thin ball, like on the back, there are light beats. Otrimanі electric signals restruct and give double-sided re-incarnation of Fur'є.
lightfilters
The polygraph can have the following lights:
- POL - polarization filter. Vikoristovuєatsya for rejection of the moss spectrum of writing the farbi.
- D65 - Stay in place for imitation of dzherel vipprominuvannya D65.
- UV-cut will become stagnant when the optical density of the porches is reduced, in which the fluorescent optical appearance becomes visible.
- No - the value of the daytime light filter. Zzvychay vikoristovutsya otzore sklo, scho grab the spectrophotometer from the saw.
dzherela vippromіnyuvannya
The main dzherel vippromіnyuvannya є:
- A(Light lamp rozzharyuvannya, 2856 K);
- Z(Indirectly sleepy light, 6774 K);
- D(Denne light, 5000 K);
- D65(Denne light, 6500 K);
- F11(Fluorescent performance of the high range for the Philips TL84 tube);
- etc.
optical circuit
geometriya vimiryuvannya
- 45/0 (Visually hang with one or more decilcom with light beams, the axes of which are set up 45 ± 5 ° normal to the surface of the eye).
- 0/45 10 °).
- D / 0(Visually hang diffusely behind the aid of the integrating sphere. The integrating sphere can be a diameter for the eye, but the total area of the openings does not change 10 % inner surface, which is spherical).
- 0 / D(Visually hang with a light beam, hanging from a warehouse from the normal until the edge of the cut is no more 10 °... Seeing the urge to climb behind the help of the integrating sphere).
Modification of the main geometries in vimiryuvan
For the inclusion of mirror warehouse glossy materials, the light fixture is raised from cut to 8 ° to normal, and, symmetrically, to normal, a blister paste is installed. Light, which is not consumed for a quick 8 ° cut (pastry blisky), does not look directly into the mirror, and is reflected by the sudden tendency to store only from the diffuse light. In such a way, geometriya vimiryuvannya stan D / 8... If it is a mirror component of inclusions, then the meaning of this is D / 8: i(The paste is closed). As soon as it is recognized, then the geometry of the definition is D / 8: e(Viscrit paste).
Specification
Spectral distribution- minimal crocodile hvili, signals at the edges of which it is possible to develop on the spectrum. Name the croc, for which the value of the increase is 10 nm, which allows, with a high level of accuracy, to carry out the modification of the spectrum, whether it be viprominuvan. Accurate spectrophotometry, which can be used for pre-adolescent purposes, can be used to change the spectrum in larger intervals of 5 nm and 1 nm, the flow rate will be accurate when tested in the polygraph.
spectral range The whole range in the boundaries of which can be used is a spectrophotometer. For a larger range of colors in the polygraph, assess the spectrum of light emission in the visible range of levels from 380 to 730 nm. For children of the type, it is necessary to evaluate the ultraviolet and the infrared storage of the viprominuvannya. Spectrophotometry to measure only the spectrum of vipromyuvannya. All of the characteristics are viewed by spectral data.
interdevice use- a sequence of vimіryuvanih value of one and the same vymeryua, how to look for the help of a standard and pre-juvenile attachment.
repetition Make sure that the accuracy of the operation is correct, so that these operators should be able to use them with the same adaptations of the same and the same images.
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 rock.
Sinonymi:Photometric preliminaries should be carried out behind an auxiliary photocolorimeter and spectrophotometer. Adjustment of the optical power of standard and pre-determined values are adjusted according to the period of time before the range of values (zero range). As a rule, it is possible to vikoristovuvat a part of the pre-sentiment, to avenge all the components, such as a reagent, which can be approved with a singing speech. As long as it is possible to get rid of it without barriers, since it doesn’t change the visible region of the spectrum, then it’s possible to distilled water.
Adjustment and the principle of photometric attachments can be seen on the butt of the colorimeter of the photoelectric concentration KFK-2 and the spectrophotometer SF-46.
A single-range photometer KFK-2 is used for varying transmission, optical power and concentration of barbed breaks, such as suspensions, emulsions and colossal breaks in the 315-980 nm spectrum. Interval transmission rate is 100-5% (D = 0-1.3). The main absolute reduction is 1%.
The basic optical diagram of the KFK-2 photocolorimeter is shown in Fig. 2.2.
Light from small-sized halogen lamps (1) pass one last time through the system of lenses, heat supply (2), neutral (3), backward color (4) light filters, a cuvette with a rose (5), use it on the plate (6), two: 10% of the light is directed to the photodiode at vimir in the spectrum region of 590-540 nm) and 90% to the photocell (at vimir in the spectral region of 315-540 nm).
The characteristics of light filters are presented in table. 2.1.
The photoelectric photometer KFK-3 is used for the improvement of the efficiency and the optical performance in the clear-cut and the clear-cut solid indications, as well as for the improvement of the efficiency of the optical efficiency. The basic optical diagram of the KFK-3 photometer is shown in Fig. 2.3.
The thread of the lamp (1) is represented by the condenser (2) in the area of diaphragms D1 (0.8 x 4.0), with a light opening with the diaphragms. Distant diaphragm D1 is displayed as deflected diffraction grates (4) and deflected mirror (5) in the area of such wide diaphragm D 2 (0.8 x 4.0). The diffraction lattice (6) and the mirror open in the area with diaphragms D 2 stretched the spectrum picture. Turning the diffraction grating along the axis of the parallel strokes of the grating, you can see it with a split diaphragm D 2, whether it be from 315 to 990 nm. The object (7, 8) leaves a bunch of light and the shape of the image of the D2 line in front of the lens (10) faintly to light up in the cuvette view. Linza (10) to produce a bunch of light on the pickup (11) at the eye of the uniformly illuminated light rim. To change the flow of light in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum, behind the D1 diaphragm, a light filter (3) is installed, which is useful in the circuit when the light is in the spectral region of 315-400 nm, and then it is automatically generated. At the cuvette viddilennya (mіzh object 7, 8 and line 10), rectangular cuvette is installed (9).
Photometer of signs for storing in the Sylsk government, medicine, at water supply enterprises, in metallurgical, chemical, agricultural industries and other areas. Between vimiryuvannya efficiency transmission - 0.1-100%, optical efficiency - 0-3%.
The spectrophotometer SF-46 is intended for measuring the spectral efficiency of transmission of rare and solid speech in the range of the spectrum from 190-1100 nm.
The spectrophotometer SF-46 is a stationary attachment, insurance for operation in laboratory applications, without the need for an electrical strum.
The range of variation of spectral transmission efficiency from 1 to 100%.
The absolute loss of performance does not exceed 1%, and the standard rate of loss is not more than 0.1%.
The basis of the robotic spectrophotometer SF-46 is based on the principle of visualization of two light streams: the flow, which passes through the sensations of the eyes, and the flow, which falls on the sensations of the eyes (or even passes through the control eyes).
The light beam from the illuminator is fed into the monochromator through the input slit and diffracted into the spectrum. There is a monochromatic potential for vyprominuvannya, where to come from the vychіdnaya slit in the cuvette display, after entering the control and delaying the images. Viprominuvannya, which passed through the eye, was taken to the cathode of the photocell in the prime-amplifying block. Electric signals on the resistor, connected to the anode lance of the photocell, proportional to the viprominuvannya fluxes that fall on the photocathode.
Pidsiluvach of a permanent system with a performance factor, close to one, will prevent the transmission of signals to the inputs of the microprocessor system (MPS), as at the command of the operator on the basis of memory and memory Uт, U 0і U, Proportions of Darkness to the current of the photocell, the flow, which passes through the sensations of the eyes. Pislya vimiryuvannya MPS rozrakhovu kofіtsієnt passing a preliminarily reading for the formula
The mode of the value of the optical power of the Ministry of Railways has an optical power for the formula
The vimiryuvano value is displayed on a digital photometric display.
In fig. 2.4 shows a block diagram, and Fig. 2.5 - optical diagram of the SF-46 spectrophotometer.
Viprominuvannya vid dzherela (1 or G) falls on the mirror capacitor (2), which is the direction on the plane of the rotary mirror (3) and gives the image of the dzherel in the area of linsi (4), monochromatic to the side of the slider in the middle (5).
After passing through the input gap, the diffraction grating (6) falls with a wintry crochet and a curved stroke. The lattice is ready to be used on a spherical surface, in addition to dispersing powers, there is a power to focus on the spectrum. The stagnation of the changing crocus and curvilinear stroke significantly reduces the aberration of the reduced diffraction grating and allows the high brightness of the spectrum to be corrected in the large working spectral range.
The diffraction beam is focused in the area of the output slit (7) of the monochromator, which is spread over the input slit (5). Scanning to go through the rotation of the diffraction beads, with the whole monochromatic release of the youngsters (7) and to the lens (8), the control or to the end of the light on the screen, with the additional lens (9) (11 or 12).
To secure the robotic spectrophotometer in a wide range of the spectrum, two photoelements are used, two dzherela viprominuvannya of the sucy spectrum.
A surmount-cesium photocell from a quartz slope is fixed for imaging in the range of the spectrum from 186 to 700 nm, a sour-cesium photocell - for imaging in the range of the spectrum from 600 to 1100 nm. Dovzhina hvili, when you go from vimiryuvan with one photocell to vimiryuvan with one photoelement, appear in your passport.
Kolіr Je vіdchuttyam scho vinikaє in lyudskomu mozk through kolіrnogo stimulus (promenista energіya, yak pronikaє in lyudsky body Zora). Ale, there are situations, if the color needs to be changed.
An electronic optical device, which is called a spectrophotometer. For this purpose, adjust the value of viprominuvannya in the required area of the visible spectrum. This adjuster is more accurate in terms of the colorimeter. The aid for vim_ryuvannya can be used for the appearance of r_dini, solid wood, mouth, granules, or powder.
Windows skips or displays falling on a new light from the illumination screen.
The spectrophotometer is displayed by an offensive rank: a lamp is inserted (lightly illuminated) with a vivid light; The light from the skin from the parts of the skin is consumed on a light-hearted element. The matrix of all the elements will see all the data about the energetic rise in the broken, clouded or missed spectrum. Yak pidsumok to go to the display function or to skip, to go to the widgets.
Spectrophotometry can be used with a whole set of technical parameters, which can be added to the vibrating model. The design of the spectrophotometer is intended for the area of the spectrophotometer.
Vibrating spectrophotometer, it is necessary to know, as it is indicated in the documentation.
The Danish parameter is known as the great letter of the Latin alphabet:
- light from an electric bulb at a light temperature, which is 2856 kelvin (A);
- light sun, ale not straight, with a light temperature, which is 6774 kelvin (C);
- natural (daytime illumination) with light temperature, up to 5000 kelvin (D);
- natural (daytime illumination) with light temperature, up to 6500 Kelvin (D65).
The diameter of the area for vimiruvannya koloru is also great. As soon as it is possible to carry out a color of granules, powder, piece stones, or on the surface of different farbuvannya, then it is required for a great aperture, the bula is good in terms of the amount of food in the display. However, there is a need for a small diameter of the area for a color.
The important parameters of the spectrophotometer are the repeatability and accuracy of the results.
- The validity of the validity begins with the closeness of the education in the form of one object by the same methods and the rules of one document for the registration of the independent possession and by the young laboratory assistants in the development of the hour and in the development of the laboratory.
- The repetition of the visa is based on the closeness of the student to the same object by the same methods and the rules of one document, from the stasis of one possession in one laboratory by one laboratory assistant.
Attach spectrophotometry to the following categories:
- If you need an accurate analysis of the color, viprobvannya and attestation of syrvine materials, then stagnate stationary attachments (for additional, visualization of the step of passing through the penetrating components and biophysics of objects by ultrasound). It smells like a garnishing taste of design, great with its head and great vimiruval opening. They have expanded possibilities for visualization of color (it is possible for visualization, and for transmission).
- The spectrophotometry of the portable configuration gives the ability to change the colors in the real-time mode at any stage of the process. So attach light and even hand, it can be transported. They do not only have a visual head, but a microprocessor system for analyzing information is tough. All the results will be given a crystal screen, and in memory, as it is inserted into the attachment, it is possible to save a great number of tributes and admissible criteria. Cy spectrophotometry functions and is ok from a computer. Їх equip kutoviy, spherical or richly kutovі geometrієyu vimіryuvan.
Table. Operations and calibration of spectrophotometers and infrared sensors according to GOST 8.657-2009.
| naming operations | Item number to standard | Naymenuvannya і type of the main or ancillary for cooking; the stipulated normative document, which will establish technical parameters and (or) metrological and basic technical characteristics for the calibration |
|---|---|---|
| Zovnishniy oglyad | 7.1 | - |
| viprobud | 7.2 | Plating polystyrene with a thickness of 0.025 ... 0.070 mm in accordance with GOST 20282 |
| Designation of individual buildings | 7.3 | A gas cuvette, filled with an amiak with a grip of 4 × 10 3 Pa, with a 100 mm ball with a set of adjustments for infrared spectrophotometers NPS-IKS; bet drive in the atmosphere |
| The value of the adjustment of the gradation of the Hwillow number scale | 7.4 | For the recommendation (standard samples): pour polystyrene with a thickness of 0.025 ... 0.070 mm or cuvette, filled with Inden, with a clay ball with a size of 0.1 and 0.025 mm, or 4 cuvette 3 Pa, with a green clay ball 100 mm, for carbon dioxide and water vapor in the atmosphere (characteristics of the target spectra in additions A and B). Magnifier with ten-fold increments in accordance with GOST 25706 |
| Viznachennya rіvnya vipromіnyuvannya | 7.5 | Photometric sectoral disk with a transmission rate of 10% from the standard sample for the Vimiryuvan PKS-731. Filters with a set of adjustments for the NPS-ІKS infrared spectrophotometers behind the add-on B |
| The value of the absolute basic adjustment of the spectrophotometer | 7.6 | Photometric sectoral disks with transmission rates of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% and 90% from the reference standard for the Vimiryuvan PKS-731. Defective rates vimіryuvan kofіtsієntіv throughput - not more than 0.3% |
When vibrating the spectrophotometer, besides the other technical parameters, it is necessary to respect the geometry of the visualization (the first meaning is the illumination of the image, the other meaning is the visualization of the light). Geometry vimіryuvannya viznachaє, as an introduction to illumination and as a posteriori. There is a lot of geometries of illumination, so that the spectrum of the signal received by the signal was installed on the last committee for illumination, by members of the faunas from the Russian regions.
Є kіlkka vimіryuvalnyh geometries:
- 45/0 - at times of illumination with beams of light (single beam), the axis from the normal to the visible surface is set at 45 degrees. Straight from the normal and normal to the visible surface, the cut is set at 10 degrees. And on the other hand, the statements of the illumination of the beam and in one prominence, the road is 5 degrees. Tsi parameters are greeted in the beam of caution.
- 0/45 - at a glance of illumination with a beam of light; At a glance, speed up from the cut at 45 degrees to the normal. And on the other hand, the statements of the whole bundle of illumination and one of the first promises, up to 5 degrees. Tsi parameters are greeted in the beam of caution.
- D / 0 - diffusely integrated sphere (be diameter). The normal to the visible surface and the height of the beam with the caution open the cube, equal to 10 degrees. Coot, of the approval of a steep bunch and one of the th prominchiks, up to 5 degrees.
- 0 / D - at a glance of illumination with a beam of light, from the normal to the visible surface, the edge is 10 degrees. Svitlovy push to fight and climb in an integrated sphere. Kut, the statements of the beam will be illuminated in one prominence, up to 5 degrees.
Infected models of spectrophotometers, which may not be geometrically correct, is denoted 45/0 and D / 0.
Attachment, which is designated by 45/0, є cheap and portable. Їх stagnation, controllable color and change the scale of the test (stem of ICC profiles). A bit of stench came in one light djerel, and then spectrophotometry appeared with symmetrical light djherels (two).
Fakhivtsi were remembered, in the colorahs of images, illuminated from the other sides, and in the greats of prominence.
In order to average the mind, we thought we could use the spectrophotometry with the light gadgets at the eyes of the children (geometriya vimіryuvannya 45/0: c). However, it is not possible to pick up for metalized and glossy images (the light is reflected in a mirror, it looks like a great gibberish).
Give me the geometry of the D / 0, letting go of such shallowness, and at the same time, the more diffuse illumination. They have a mirror warehouse vyklyuchayut, razmіschuyuyuyuyuyuyuyuyuyu svitla pіd kutom, equal to 8 degrees, up to normal, and razmіschuy pasta blisky (vona includes abo vimikє mirror component) on the other.
If the light does not fall on the visible surface down to 8 degrees through the blister pastes, then the light will not appear mirrored, but there will be no diffuse light from the flow. Go to vimіryuvalnaya geometriya, as it is accepted to mean D / 8. Mirror paste in a closed view (included in the mirror component) means yak D / 8: i. A mirror paste in an open view (vignatus of the mirror component) means yak D / 8: e.
Find objects that were made in a special color (impregnated with metal or perlinny pigments), and the stench was seen on similar objects. It is important to give a visual assessment of such a subject for an additional spectrophotometer from a cut or spherical geometry. To that vikoristovuyut attach with a lot of geometries (the object goes down to 45 degrees, and vimir appears from the non-mirrored cuts of 15 degrees, 25 degrees, 45 degrees, 110 degrees).
Spectrophotometry razrіznyayut in accuracy, measurement and technical capabilities. Typical spectrophotometers are based on color management. For example, if it is necessary to visualize a fluorescent colorant or an optical colorant, then it is necessary to fix it, the geometry of the image is spherical, the spectroscopic illumination of the ultrasonic warehouse is necessary.
If you want to see how to pass the light (ridina or plyvochka), you need to set it up, the geometries of the way you like it are spherical and the ability to go through the light (in the back or it is straight).
If the spectrophotometer is required only for the control of the color (not required for the prescription of the quotations), then it is possible to use the set of geometries (45/0 or 0/45). Ale, if it is important to control the color and form the color recipe, then the attachment is required, the geometry of the color is spherical (D / 8).
Fakhіvtsі marketing zasosovuyut spectrophotometry, to assess the quality of the color of the goods and packaging, as well as to describe in the most equivalent hostility of people, as z'yavlyayutsya organs zoru. Spectrophotometry for vikoristovoyt, schob vimіryuvati numerical vіdminnostі in kolorі etalona і zrazka goods, і schob storyuvati recipes farb.
Vikoristovuyt spectrophotometry when preparing food products, to start the color of the finished virob, if you want to live in the house.
Give the necessary items at the factories to produce plastics, textiles, lacquer materials, cosmetic products.
In such a rank, it is possible to create customizations for those who: spectrophotometry can be modified by configuration and variable geometries. From the oblast, it is possible to deposit a vibration type.
materials on topics
Lawrenceville, NJ - International leader in the development of the Datacolor® color and technology community for the days of promoting the launch of the Datacolor 20D portable spectrophotometer, specially designed for retail goods for retail stores. The combination with the new software product Datacolor PAINT v. 2.x, Datacolor 20D I will improve the accuracy of the color equivalence in the collection of farbs and pokritiv. The even more accurate spectrophotometer is even more beautiful in color from the first time to the market, increasing productivity, cost savings and customer satisfaction.
spectrophotometer- a valuable instrument, which will increase the intensity of the vip promotion or the number of photons on the occasion of the new age. A whole range of scientific instruments can also be used for pre-adolescent purposes in molecular biology to improve the growth of bacteria.The spectrophotometer identifies the transmission of the singing speech by way of the path of the spared color. The tool is called up to pick up to increase the concentration of RNA i. In addition, the enzymatic and chemical reactions change the color in an hour, and the spectrophotometer is brown for the change in the color.
How to use spectrophotometry?
The spectrophotometer vikoristovuє dzherelo light for the opening of the window of the visible light; Diffraction lattice and filtering light on the edge of the wine, directing a small range of energy through the pressure of the eye. A photodetector for converting the light, turning it off through the eye, into the current, sending it to the signal processor. In addition, as a signal processor in reworking the strum, the meaning of the concentration, the clay building and the transmission performance are displayed on the digital display.pristіy spectrophotometer
What are the components of the spectrophotometer?The spectrophotometer is small enough to include a filter, a photodetector, a light switch and a signal processor. However, the two main components are stored from the photometer and spectrometer. The photometer changes the intensity of the light, at that time the spectrometer is vimiryu, viroblya and rosciyu light. The components are united by setting up two different types of spectrophotometer.
types of spectrophotometers
- one-permenevium;
- dympenevium;
Yak vikoristovuvati spectrophotometry?
For the microscope spectrophotometer, clean the cuvette. It is important to put on mittens, so as if you could put on your fingers or bruises, you can fit into the results. Then let the check and set the spectrophotometer to check the correct amount. Put the empty cuvette in the middle of the tool and press the button "set zero", then calibrate the attachment to the bazhan for a little while. Give me a solution for rozrahunka poglinannya.Beer-Lambert's Law in Spectrophotometry
For the victorian spectrophotometer, it is important to understand the "spectrum of light" and the nobility Beer-Lambert law... The spectrum is stored from a variety of colors, but it is set up, if a composite light, such as a light color, is distributed to a number of component kits. Spectrophotometry vikoristovuє dzherelo lights, colimator, monochromator, breakout and detector.Complying with the Beer-Lambert law, it shows the lineage of fallowness between the doctors and the concentration of education. The reason for this is that it’s important that the building is directly proportional to the way of the ditch, as well as whether it’s a shortcut. Reactions are affected by the change in color, the odds are in the back of the color. Science machines, such as spectrophotometry or spectrophotometry, also help to polish the training in chemistry, biology and biochemistry laboratories.
Does the spectrophotometer get stuck? All that we are guilty of the nobility
As already said, the spectrophotometer is one of the scientific instruments, widely extended in pre-Slavic and industrial laboratories. Spectrophotometry is used for research in the laboratory of physics, molecular biology, chemistry and biochemistry. As a rule, the name refers to ultraviolet visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy.The energy of light is to be found in the form of a lambda. If I want the electro-magnetic spectrum to expand in the majestic range of dovzhin hvil, more laboratories can be reduced to a small part. UV-Vis Spectroscopy from 200 to 400 nanometers (nm) for ultraviolet light up to about 750 nm in visible spectrum.
For UV-visible spectroscopy, the images can be displayed in small containers, which are called cuvettes. The stench can be plastic, as it turns out to be visible in the spectrum, albeit it is quartz or melted quartz, it can be used to pick it up in ultraviolet interchanges. Є doyaki machines, which can vykorovuvaty vyklyanі vials.
Visible spectroscopy is often used in industry for colorimetry. The victorious method is used to visualize the decile dyes from 400 to 700 nm, and their profiles should be adjusted to the standard. The cei method is often vikoristyvtsya vyrobniki textiles and blacks. The most commercially available UV-Vis Spectroscopy for ship medical laboratory printers.
In biological and chemical preschool agendas, it is often the case that the path of lightning the steps of the light on the singing age is changing. The meaning, called the conference of the extinction, is victorious for the development of the concentration of spoluca. For example, laboratory molecular biology and spectrophotometry for measuring the concentration of DNA and RNA samples. In some cases, they have a device, the title of a spectrophotometer NanoDrop ™, which is a vicious part of a lot of eyes in some places, which can be victorious with traditional spectrophotometers.
Schob k_lk_sna assessment of the bullet is valid, at the same time is guilty of the Beer-Lambert law. Tse vimagaє, schob chasing bulo is directly proportional to the path of the cuvette and the chasing spoluky. Є tables of performance data, available for bagatyokh, but not for all people.
A lot of chemistry and enzymatic reactions change the color in an hour, and spectrophotometry is even closer to reducing the amount of changes. For example, polyphenoloxidase, which produces a brown color of the fruit, oxidizes the range of phenolic spoluks, re-transforming the breakdowns in those, which may be visible to the barn. Such reactions can be analyzed by the nobility during the change of color. In the ideals, the speed of the change will be linear, and for the given data it is possible to develop indicators. A large spectrophotometer is inserted into a holder for thermostatting with cuvette holder for carrying out reactions at exact temperatures, ideal for the enzyme.
Microbiological and molecular biological laboratories are often used as a spectrophotometer for stimulating the growth of bacterial cultures. Experiments with cloning DNA are often carried out on bacteria, and those who have been preoccupied with the stage of growing culture, the nobility, if they carry out singing procedures. Smell of the odor, like the optical density (OD), on the spectrophotometer. For OD you can judge, actively read the bacteria or fix the stench and die.
Spectrophotometry vicoristovuyut dzherelo lights for illumination of the array of dozhin hwil through a monochromator. By reducing the light flow to the university, the spectrophotometer will adjust the intensity of the light, pass through the eye, with the intensity of the light, and pass through the control. For example, if there is a difference in ethanol, ethanol will be ethanol. The result is displayed as the steps of chasing the differences between them. Tse vkazu on a poglinannya zrazka z'єdnannya.
The reason for such a chase is those who are ultraviolet, so we can see enough energy for the development of chemical words to more high levels of energy. It’s worth it to produce to a large amount of damage, as it can be seen, if the clay is applied to the graph in the fallow area as a result of the damage. Rizni molecules or inorganic spoluyuyuyu energy on new dyzhinykh hvil. You can see it with a human eye because of the maximum wading in the visible area.
Rozchini with a half can be insightful, ale glimpse in the UV range. Such half-rings will ring the bells of the subtle sounds or aromatic rings. It is only one thing, if you see a step, if you see it as a fallow, it appears in a fallow tree. As well, it is possible to help in identifying people from the outside by means of a graphic form with the form of their control charts.
There are two types of ultraviolet spectrophotometers: one-type and two-type. The stench comes from the tim, as the stench increases the intensity of the light from the standard and test light. Two-sided machines run the standard and test warehouse one hour, at that hour, like one-sided machines, the test warehouse is ready for delivery. 
Spectrophotometry is a whole method, with the help of a chemical warehouse of a prelude to speech. The spectrophotometer is passed through the window through the light changes, whether it is in the range or in the range.
At a glance in the given vypadku view of the differences of the preliminarily speech in the ridin, of the change in the clear for the vyprominuvannya of the cuvette. Moreover, spectrophotometry is used as a manifestation of UV-changes, infrared exchanges, as well as in the optical range, which is visible to people.
For the additional help, we will be able to see the two streams of optical vypromyuvannya. One tip falls on the sensation of the eye, and the last tip of the eye be - like interacting with the given eye. The spectrophotometer should be used to measure optical quality for children. As a result of these operations, a spectrum of single streams is entered. Give a visor to be involved in medical and industrial processes to control technological processes. For the additional spectrophotometer, there is a warehouse and the appearance of houses in small places, such as medical products, water, products of naphtha and chemical industry, products of lacoparb fiber.
Yak winding spectrophotometer
The optical diagram of the simplest spectrophotometer is shown on a small one. In yakosti dzherel vippromіnyuvannya gas-discharge water lamps and tungsten lamps are widely used in the most popular equipment.
The gas-discharge water lamp will ensure the suction spectrum in the ultraviolet region and is especially useful for the range from 200 to 350 nm.
The tungsten lamp is roasted for robots in the near ultraviolet region, apparently and in the near infrared region, i.e., in the range from 320 to 3000 nm. Mercury lamps provide even higher intensity in ultraviolet and visible areas, giving an intensive line of mercury spectrum and suction. Mercury lamps need to be heated with a stretch of 15 chilines, the first to smell the stench, give it a permanent viprominuvannya.
The temperature is short, as the mercury lamp is swelled during the robot.
Xenon discharge lamps will be stuck in the row of attachments for vimiryuvan in the range from 200 to 900 nm.
monochromator
- attachment for izolyuvannya duzhe vuzkoy smog viprominuvannya s dzherela light. The change in vyprominuvannya pass through the slit into the monochromator, in which case it is distributed to the spectrum behind additional prisms or diffraction grates. The whole spectrum is focused on the direction of the line. Wrap-around with prisms, or diffraction grates, you can see the part of the spectrum, like through the slit to be straight into the cuvette, if there is a difference between the pre-juvenile speech.
Classification of spectrophotometers
I will look at the design and construction of spectrophotometers, which can be divided into three groups: simple, double-edged, attach with photodiode burrs.
This can be fixed (most popular -). These are only used in laboratories for carrying out new technological processes.
Another type of spectrophotometer is portable, which is used for robots in Polish minds and in other people. A portable attachment can be used for a small high-volume cola of the used methods of vimiryuvan.
Suchasny market of laboratory possession of a great range of spectrophotometers. The stench comes from one form of optical systems, functional capabilities and, obviously,.
Vibrating such an attachment is necessary for the price and the model, as it is additionally provided by the manufacturer.