What is the dosimeter vibrating? Dosimetry. Features of the device and choice of daily dosimeters
Currently, many people are worried about the threat of radioactive contamination. It’s a pity, but this fight is not without cause. After revealing the production of uranium during division, one can see a great amount of energy and the beginning of work on atomic bombs. a number of series were tested and frozen against Japan, as well as the accident at the Chernobil Nuclear Power Plant and the repeated accident at the Japanese Nuclear Power Plant Fukushima-1, which led to the fact that not so much was lost on the territory of the Earth a place with a safe radiation background.
The source of natural radiation (cosmic propagation and solar radiation, gamma propagation from earth rocks, disintegration of Radon and Thorium in the world) cannot be turned off. stinks are created natural radiation background of the Earth, Whoever is normally not guilty of oversensing 0.07 mSv/year.
For finishing zevert- This is an international systemic unit used to estimate the value of the equivalent dose of administration. The equivalent dose means the biological effect that is expected on the body of ionizing stimulation and is interpreted as the addition of a clay dose of radiation to the coefficient that lies in the form of stimulation . The dose is absorbed - the amount of energy produced that has passed through one unit of body mass. Millisievert (mSv) It is often referred to as the world of dosage.
Set the value to 0.07 mSv/year- this is the optimal value of the natural radiation background, which is preserved until the beginning of human activity with radioactive isotopes, which are man-made sources that impede dowkill radiation.
Before piece dzherel obstruction appear X-ray and gamma installations in medicine and industry, AES, Wikipedia of radioactive wastes and others. Most of all, everything is divided into medical(X-ray diagnostics, priming of differentials) i virobnychi(Nuclear energy, professional development, nuclear protection). Therefore, due to the impact on human activity of a technogenic nature, the maximum permissible background radiation level according to regulatory documents is 0.57 μSv / year, which, according to simple tricks, is 8 times higher than the normal, safe radiation level.
Technogenic activity of people has created the environment in which we find radioactive isotopes, now releasing part of their atomic energy. It’s good to think about devices that will allow you to reduce the level of radioactive background that harms you.
Understanding about dosimetry
dosimetry- come by meaning of physical quantities What characterizes the flow Ionizing agents.
All methods for recording ionizing vibrations can be divided into the following groups:
- Ionization- the ionization effect is registered;
- registration methods secondary effects:
- photographic;
- chemical;
- exoemission;
- biological.
types of dosimeters
dosimeter- adjust what it allows adjust the dose of effective administrationі / or її tightness.
Most dosimeters are based on the ionization method. All dosimeters are listed below:
- for celebration radiation reconnaissance- DP-64, DP-5 (modifications A, B, C);
- Individual dosimetry DKP-50A, ID-1;
- radiometric laboratory DP-100 ADM.
How to select an individual dosimeter
We will discuss in more detail the principles of selection and operation of individual dosimeters that may be involved in everyday life.
Pobutov dosimeters handy for use for non-professional purposes. Stinks, as a rule, are characterized by compact sizes, ergonomic design and relatively low volatility. Such adjustments are important directly demonstrative(Information about the level of radiation is shown directly on the display; there is no need for additional special equipment to decrypt the data that has been removed). Varto means that the device show the figure of the excessive middle class and objects without resolving the kolosti viprominyuvaniya, clayed before the people.
Register individual dosimeters, as a rule, inclusive of beta and/or gamma promeni. It is explained that the need to register alpha changes is daily ( alpha particles represent a flow of helium atom nuclei, which in biological tissues penetrate to a depth of less than 0.1 mm, can touch yourself with a sheet of paper. Are themselves I'm seriously concerned especially when hit in the middle of the body). Beta particles(Electron flow) penetrates into the depths 1-2 cm of biological fabrics. Gamma-viprominuvannya(Flow of gamma quanta energy - photons) pass through a person's body without interruption. Importantly, the remaining two types of variation are of interest for dosimetry, because they can cause unpleasant effects on people.
When choosing a Varto dosimeter, pay attention to the following details:
- Different types of detection block(Gas discharge treatment unit or treatment unit with scintillation crystal). The widest wide design gas discharge treatment unit and Geiger-Muller treatment unit. The wine itself is most often used in everyday dosimeters. Scintillation crystals in the water detection unit have greater accuracy, but the devices that accommodate them are of great size and high quality;
- bath time Most fixtures fluctuate from 3 to 60 seconds. The hour of preparation before extinction can last approximately 4 hours. If necessary, the Swedish robot should give priority to the bistro-counting dosimeters;
- range of measured values(the lowest and highest permissible values);
- stage of death. With a high indicator, there may be inaccurate information when working in folding minds (frost, increased humidity);
- obviousness sound indicator;
- grow up;
- price.
When choosing a device for everyday needs, it is not good to chase its versatility. The price for daily dosimeters varies between from 5,000 to 20,000 non-compliant minimum income of citizens. yakscho make it clear for what purposes you need this device, Then your purchase can be completely protected. The best recommendations for the sale of devices were given by the company “Kvarta-radiy”, which traces its history back to 1990. Scientists at MIFI (Moscow Engineering and Physics Institute) have registered the trademark “Radex”, which has become the world's leading brand of radiation control technology.
Most individual dosimeters are easy to use and use. The classic model of the radioactivity indicator “RADEX RD1503 +” is equipped with a Geiger-Muller doctor, information from which is processed by special algorithms embedded in the program. Registration of skin radioactive parts in this model is accompanied by an audio signal that increases as the radiation level increases. An hour of fading adds up to 40 seconds. Recommended price - 5200 rubles.
Radiation dosimeter “RADEX RD1008” based on two Geiger-Muller clinics. This design solution allows you to increase the speed of the speed code, increasing the time of the delay to 10 seconds. Allows, in addition to assessing the background radiation of the excess food, to approximately measure the level of radiation contamination of grub products. The level of theft will be adjusted 2 times lower, equal to its analogues. An hour of operation without recharging reaches 950 years. Discount price - 17,900 rubles.
One of the most compact models on the dosimeter market - “RADEX RD1212-VT” – is distinguished by its high functionality. The freeze-up hour fluctuates within 10 seconds. You can select several notification options (sound, visual, vibration). The advantage is the obvious possibility of droneless Bluetooth communication. In this way, it is possible to remotely save data on the devices intended for use.
All models display the dose in μSv/year (microsievert per year).
These dosimeter models may offer the most favorable price/brightness parameters and, at the moment, have no competitors on the Russian market.
I would like to point out that some of the capabilities of the devices may be protected by the virus. Thus, the great reality of the dying state of ionizing production of food products emerges, at least the stench is not sniffed by a radioactive saw.
And, for example, it is possible and necessary to reliably verify the safety of household materials with such devices.
Basic principles of work with a dosimeter
Having selected the dosimeter, it is necessary to correctly select it from the background. The natural radiation background for the great city is close to 10-30 μR / year (0.1-0.2 μSv / year). For more accurate calculations, it is recommended to count three measurements and take the arithmetic mean of the result. Having confirmed the background, you can begin to immerse yourself in your objects. If any of them emits radiation with a frequency of more than 5-7 μR / year (0.05-0.07 μSv / year) of the general indicator of background radiation, then think about the duration of its presence in your apartments i.
Below is a video of the work with a custom individual dosimeter
What is a dosimeter, radiometer?
dosimeter- this is a device for varying the dose or the intensity of the dose of ionizing vibration, removed by the device (and the person using it) over a period of time, for example, during the period of stay in a certain territory or during work inu. The measurement of described quantities is called dosimetry.
Sometimes they are not exactly named radiometer- a device for vibrating the activity of a radionuclide in a dzherel or a sample (in connection with liquid, gas, aerosol, on contaminated surfaces) or the intensity of the flow of ionizing agents to test for suspected radioactivity x objects and assessment of the radiation situation in a given place at a given moment. The measurement of highly described quantities is called radiometry. X-ray meter is a type of radiometer for gamma-vibration measurement.
Each device, as a rule, is combined, there are operating modes with switching “dosimeter” - “radiometer”, light and (or) sound alarm and display for continuous dimming. The weight of everyday beans ranges from 400 to several dozen grams, the size allows them to be placed in a casserole. These current models can be put on your hand like an anniversary. An hour of continuous operation on one battery for up to several months.
The extinction range of commercial radiometers is typically from 10 micro-roentgen per year to 9.999 milli-roentgen per year (0.1-99.99 microsievert per year), extinction reduction up to ± 30%
detector(A sensitive element of a dosimeter or radiometer, a service for transforming objects that respond to ionization and transmission into an electrical or other signal that is easily accessible for vibration) can be an ionization chamber, a Geiger scintillator, , conductor diode and in.
Ionization chambers
The ionization chamber is a gas-filling sensor used for measuring the level of ionizing vibration.
The level of ionization of the gas in the working volume of the chamber, which is located between the two electrodes, is achieved by varying the level of ionization of the gas. A potential difference is created between the electrodes. If ions are detected in the gas between the electrodes, an ion stream occurs, which can lead to values. Strum in other equal minds is proportional to the liquidity of the ions and, apparently, the severity of the dose of administration.
In a wide sense, ionization chambers are also used with proportional and Geiger-Müller treatments. In these devices, there is a phenomenon of the so-called gas enhancement due to secondary ionization - in a strong electric field, the electrons that were released when the ionizing part was shed are accelerated to an energy sufficient to use your blood to ionize gas molecules. The narrow sensor has an ionization chamber - a gas-enhanced ionization detector that operates in a gas-enhanced mode.
The gas that fills the ionization chamber is an inert gas (or a dry gas) with the addition of an easily ionizing compound (a carbohydrate, such as methane or acetylene). Opened ionization chambers (for example, ionization smoke detectors) are completely filled.
Ionization chambers can be either stream (integrating) or pulse. In the end, electrons rapidly collapse onto the anode of the chamber (about 1 μs per hour), and since important positive ions drift freely, they do not reach the cathode during this hour. This allows you to record impulses from the skin area. In such a chamber, a third electrode is inserted - a mesh, placed near the anode and screens its view of positive ions.
Geiger-Muller clinic
The Geiger dispenser, the Geiger-Müller dispenser - this gas-discharge device for hydration was consumed in new ionizing particles. It is a gas-filled condenser that breaks through when an ionizing part flows through a volume of gas. The additional electronic circuit provides a liquid discharge to the living population (as a rule, no less than 300V), provides, if necessary, discharge extinction and maintains the number of discharges through the medical device.
Geiger cures are divided into non-self-extinguishing and self-extinguishing (which do not require external discharge circuits). The sensitivity of the physician is determined by the gas storage, its volume and the material (and thickness) of its walls.
In the radiometers of the SRSR and Russia, 400-volt medical devices will be used:
- “SBM-20” (the size is small), SBM-21 (like a cigarette filter, with a steel body, suitable for heavy gamma and beta vibration);
- “SI-8B” (with a mica window in the body, suitable for dimming soft beta vibration).
The widespread use of the Geiger-Müller treatment is explained by its high sensitivity, the ability to detect various types of disturbances, the relative simplicity and low cost of installation. The doctor was found in 1908 by Geiger and further developed by Müller.
A cylindrical Geiger-Muller dispenser is made up of a metal tube or a glass tube metalized in the middle and a thin metal thread stretched along the axis of the cylinder. The thread serves as the anode, the tube as the cathode. The tube is filled with rarefied gas, mainly the noble gases argon and neon. A voltage of approximately 1500 V is created between the cathode and anode.
The work of a doctor is based on impact ionization. Gamma quanta, which are released by a radioactive isotope, are absorbed onto the walls of the hospital, knocked out of the electron. Electrons collapsing in the gas and colliding with gas atoms knock out electrons from atoms and create positive ions and free electrons. The electric field between the cathode and anode accelerates the electrons to an energy at which impact ionization begins. An avalanche of ions begins, and the flow through the doctor grows sharply. When this occurs, a voltage pulse is created on support R, which is supplied to the registering device. In order for the healer to register the attack in a new area, the avalanche charge must be extinguished. This will appear automatically. At the moment the impulse appears on the support R, a large drop in voltage occurs, so the voltage between the anode and cathode changes sharply and the discharge is applied, and the doctor is again ready to work.
An important characteristic of a physician is his effectiveness. Not all gamma photons that were spent in the clinic will produce secondary electrons and will be registered, since the interactions of gamma exchanges with speech are quite rare, and some of the secondary electrons are lost You can eat in the walls of the kitchen without reaching the gas supply.
The effectiveness of the treatment unit depends on the thickness of the treatment unit walls, their material and gamma energy. The greatest efficiency is found in water treatment agents whose walls are made of material with a high atomic number Z, since this increases the formation of secondary electrons. In addition, the walls of the hospital will inevitably become toxic. The thickness of the wall of the treatment unit is selected in consideration of the high flow of secondary electrons in the wall material. If the walls are too thin, the secondary electrons will not pass into the working volume of the doctor and the impulse will not be generated. Since gamma vibration weakly interacts with speech, then the effectiveness of gamma-healing agents is also small and amounts to only 1-2%. Another drawback of the Geiger-Müller treatment is that it does not provide the ability to identify particles and determine their energy. These are small amounts per day in scintillation treatments.
SCINTYLATORY
Scintillators are substances that can produce light when ionizing and disproducing (gamma quanta, electrons, alpha particles, etc.). As a rule, the number of photons for this type of propagation is approximately proportional to the energy contained, which makes it possible to select the energy spectra of the propagation. Scintillation detectors of nuclear vibrations are mainly the stagnation of scintillators. In a scintillation detector, the light produced during scintillation is collected at a photodetector (usually the photocathode of a photoelectron multiplier - PEP, which means that photodiodes and other photodetectors are reconstituted). into the pulse stream, amplified and recorded by another system.
You can buy a dosimeter from the Brom company with delivery, consultation support and service.
Dosimeter and its functions
A dosimeter is a device for vibrating radiation (radioactive vibration) in a particular place or image. Bathing can be carried out in closed areas or in the open air. Today, there is an increasing number of radiation sources, they can be products purchased at the market or various items, including those brought from abroad.
In addition, there is a growing need for everyday dosimeters, which are available to the general public and do not ask for help from the vicoristan. Before purchasing, there is a lot of information on how to choose a radiation dosimeter correctly. And in this regard, we will try to figure out which methods are most suitable for everyday use, find the most reliable information, and provide the most reliable information.
Well, any buyer is always guilty of losing respect at the next moment:
- Handling and ease of use;
- The effectiveness of sensors that are used in the equipment;
- The power to show reliable data on extinction;
- Functionality and visibility of additional capabilities.
Radiation sensors and their types
The main storage part of any dosimeter is radioactivity sensor, Which help to carry out operational monitoring of the radiation situation. Based on the strength and effectiveness of the radiation sensor in the dosimeter, determine the data extraction speed and the amount of loss. In all cases, when it comes to nutrition about which dosimeter to choose, you must first pay respect to radiation sensor, Which is in the pronunciation of ownership.
Radiation sensors, based on their design and characteristics, are divided into two types:
- Cylindrical, as you can guess from a tube-cylinder near the cylinder;
- The end surfaces are equipped with an ionization chamber of round or rectangular shape and a significant working end surface.
Sensors can be supplied to cover a wide spectrum of vibrations (alpha, beta, gamma) or be interconnected with each other in order to meet the specified requirements. The first type of dosimeters is with a cylindrical sensor, suitable for recording and detecting gamma and beta vibration. This type of vibration has sufficient energy and high penetrating properties, so the ionization chamber of the sensor can record them. The most advanced sensors SBM-20, as well as various types of their modifications SBM-10 and others, are suitable for this type of radiation. The SBM-20 sensor is characterized by the latest technical characteristics:
- The working area of the sensitive element has a back area of 8 cm²;
- With radiation sensitivity to gamma vibration 60 ÷ 75 imp/mR;
- The power background will be applied no more than 1 imp/s.
Also, the SBM-20 sensor can be turned on and off to determine gamma changes, but for this it is necessary to install a steel or lead screen on top of it, so that the possibility of significant alpha and beta changes is turned off. The SBM-20 sensor is not difficult to operate and will successfully fit into professional use.
For more effective gamma-vipromination, end sensors are installed, metal filters are installed at the input window, which provide alpha-beta vibration and increase the cathode area. Such designs make it possible to more accurately determine the level of radiation pollution by gamma-ray vibration. Beta-1M, Beta-2M and other sensors can be added to them.
Let's take a look at the Beta-2M sensor, which has a round-shaped working window with an area of about 14 cm². Radiation sensitivity becomes close to 240 imp/mR. This sensor is designed to achieve low levels of light background, such as no more than 1 imp/s. This became possible through the thick walls of the cell. The Beta-2 sensor allows you to measure alpha, beta and gamma vibration.
You can read more about radiation sensors in our article -
Most people didn’t think about what radiation was until the disaster at the Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant occurred in 1986. Since then, Radyansk communities have begun to develop radiation dosimeters. The recent accident at Fukushima once again confirmed that mortal danger is not so far away from us, and no one is insured against its unfortunate influx.
Radiation is the effect it has on the human body edge negative infusion, Do not lead to a lethal result. The peculiarity of such a change lies in the fact that it is absolutely impossible to reveal it with the naked eye. This is what awaits people in any place. Russians are worried about buying dosimeters that record radiation.
Dosimetry is divided into two types:
- pobutovi;
- professional
The grievances and shortcomings seem to loom.
Pobutov dosimeters Handy because they have a compact size and ergonomic design, they can be placed in a bag or hand luggage. Their main advantage is their lack of skill.
Everyday dosimeters are also handy because they can quickly provide information about the movement of the permissible level of radiation in a particular place. Signaling about insecurity, it allows people to leave this place.
However, for the most part, such devices mean that until the end of the world, dowcilla is infected. And the main point is that the dose of radiation that a person has accumulated does not stink, because the principle of operation of everyday dosimeters is based on the removal of a number of ionizing particles that have been used in the modern environment. Pobutov will adjust:
- thresholds;
- without threshold.
Professional radiation dosimeters clearly differ from everyday ones, which can accurately determine the dose of radiation a person has accumulated. Moreover, the stench has high sensitivity and accuracy of extinction. These tend to be fought mainly by high school fahivts, as well as people who are on duty in an unsafe zone.
professional dosimeters They do not resemble the original design and are not compact. However, due to its characteristics, it is important to outperform the most advanced models, but their versatility is high.
How to select a radiation dosimeter
Fahivtsi rejoice: it’s not good to choose an appliance that has a lot of functions. Its existence in everyday minds is absolutely obvious, since it is unlikely that anyone will be killed directly by gamma, alpha and beta vibrations. You can, of course, choose a device that is dying out neutron vibration, the protection of which is very high. The best way to buy a portable one is to use it dosimeter type “Rad Ex”. There are new challenges ahead:
- ease of use;
- small size;
- reliability;
- high accuracy of the dimming.
Particular attention should be paid to the ease of operation and simplicity, since there are still no difficult tricks for carrying out simulation, and the decision must be taken safely. A portable consumer dosimeter can detect radiation in 45 seconds. Moreover, it clearly shows how the radiation of an object is transferred over the natural fund.
Slide also deserves respect to stage of death. This indicator is especially important for low-level backgrounds, as well as for people who are used to testing in cold or fresh wind, since at low temperatures the dosimeter often shows inaccurate data.
The principle of the robotic dosimeter
It’s really easy to get caught up in the process. You can decorate your apartment, country house, office, pick berries and mushrooms, etc. You should know that the natural gamma background is 10 - 30 microroentgens per year. If these indicators have been transferred, you need to immediately call the Ministry of Taxes and Taxation so that they send the necessary agent.
To obtain the most accurate indications of background radiation in the surrounding area, follow at least three vimirs at one point. After this, it is necessary to walk through every place, observing the radioactive background of various objects.
If any object exceeds the normal radiation background by 1 - 2 microroentgen per year, it is necessary to avoid this without harm, since such an additional device is unlikely to be happy afterward. Such a small dose, therefore, will not cause serious harm, because the doses of radiation that people absorb throughout life can accumulate in the body, threatening health with serious problems.
visnovok
Radiation is not visible, it is impossible to see it, but the traces after radiation contamination appear practically mittevo. If you suspect that in any singing place you may Radiation background has been moved, It is necessary to add a radiation dosimeter. Wines can be tested for lining containers, household materials, and food products for contamination with radioactive elements.