Computer hard drive. Hard disk – what’s that? Features of hard disks. Why not waste your hard drive?

Good morning, my dear friends and readers. I once learned that if I worked at a video salon, I came to my grandmother's 70-80s. She went to a friend and said that she needed “HADEDE”. Friend, as if he hadn’t understood at once and had overfed, spoken, haded? Vona repeated again, but if she asked her friend not to smoke, then she took out a papier and said that she had told her to buy HADEDE.

On that paper it said HDD 160 GB. Well, a friend laughed and said that it was a hard drive for a computer and directed them to another store. Ale is more amazed than this. How did he get the urge to send his grandmother to hell? Well, what was your name from the oak tree?

Why am I healing? Let me tell you what a computer has a HDD. Then you definitely won’t have food if you want to buy something of your own.

HDD (Hard Disk Drive) – hard drive of a computer. You can almost use alternative names for this device, for example Winchester, Vint, Hard, Hard, etc. The device is required to save your information, in addition, the operating system you are using is installed on it. Tobto. Without a hard drive, you won't be able to do anything special on your computer.

The hard disk has a long-line memory device and after turning off the life, all information is lost to a new one, replaced by the hard disk RAM. So you can save your files, photos, music, etc. on a new one from now on. If this device is important, you shouldn’t forget about it for greater safety.

The theory is called "Winchester"

I can already smell the food: “Why call him a Winchester? This is a Streletska zbroya!” Honestly, what can be done to save information and save information? On the right, in 1973, IBM released the hard drive model 3340, which was simply called “30-30,” which meant two modules of 30 megabytes each.

Kerivnik Kenneth Haughton knows the song 30-30 from the famous Guentinian. On the right is that the cartridges for this rifle are small and marked 30-30, where the first number meant the size of the caliber in inches (0.30 - 7.62 cm), and the other number meant the amount of gunpowder in grains (not the Drukarsky pomilka, but the world vagi), such a sizzling cartridge (30 grains - approximately 1.94 grams).

For clarity, it was decided to use this name as slang. It’s true that Americans have not used this slang for a long time, and we have not yet gotten around to it, although more often than not it can be called “Vint”.

Hard disk drive

This thing looks like a small rectangular box, but it contains a number of magnetic disks on one spindle, which are similar to a CD. And there is a very present head that reads and runs along these magnetic plates, reading all the information. Well, naturally, these are different warehouses, but I think that it’s all just details.

And the work is similar to the work of a programmer, only it reads without a head and does not stick magnetic disks, although the space between them is simply meager.

Main characteristics of the hard drive

About us

The size of your hard drive determines how much information you can save on your new one. Over the years, the size of the memory of new hard ones will increase, as long as there is a real need for it. If on my first computer the volume was 40 GB and I lost my mind, now I have 2000 GB on my computer and I’ve already filled half of it. Most of the part can be removed without tears).

But there is one trick. Virologists write the size, for example, 500 GB, but if you connect the hard drive to the computer, you will get a much smaller volume, 476 GB. Where did those 24 GB go? But everything is very simple.

Virologists round up the size of values, saying 1 GB is equal to 1000 MB, 1 MB is equal to 1000 KB, etc. It turns out that if you sell a disk with a volume of 500 million bytes and divide it by 1000, and then by 1000, then you get 500 GB.

But in 1 GB there are actually not 1000, but 1024 MB, just like in 1 MB there are not 1000, but 1024 KB. The result turns out that we divide 500 million by 1024, and then by 1024 and subtract our 476 GB from copies. My 2 Terrabyte disk consumes about 140 GB. Not bad, right? You know Zagalom now.

Liquidity of wrapping

The productivity of a hard drive is also determined by the spindle wrapping speed. And the greater the fluidity, the greater the productivity of the disk, and therefore the greater the required energy consumption and the greater the productivity of the computer.

For laptops and modern mobile systems, a speed of 5400 rpm is most often used, as this is more effective for these devices. The fluidity of information exchange is less, but there is less confidence in getting out of harmony.

On stationary computers, it is better to install Hardy with a speed of 7200 rpm. It’s very clear here, because in hospital work you have to be more careful and work hard with such fluidity. Plus, every computer is constantly connected to an outlet, which means there will be no shortage of energy.

Apparently there are a lot of revolutions, maybe 15,000, otherwise I won’t look at them here.

Connection interface

And, of course, hard drives are constantly being upgraded and their connection sockets are changing. Let's marvel at how the roses bloom.

IDE (ATA/PATA) – so called parallel interface with possible data transfer speed up to 133 MB per second. But today this interface is old and hard with such a connector no longer vibrates.

SATA - Serial interface, now new, which has come to replace IDE. The standard currently has three different revisions with different data transfer speeds: SATA 1 - up to 150 MB/sec, SATA 2 - up to 300 MB/sec, SATA 3, up to 600 MB/sec.

USB - This standard applies to modern portable hard drives that are connected to a computer via USB and can be safely used. The advantage of this device is that you can delete it without turning on the computer itself.

Other interfaces, such as SCSI and SAS, are not required for simple customization of the standard.

Form factor

I was recently hospitalized here, but what is the form factor of hard drives? Everything is simple here. It's no bigger than its size. Divide 2.5 and 3.5 inches. And they are absolutely different, but no one bothers about them in everyday life, but they have long since become obsolete.

For laptops, insert a 2.5" cable, and for stationary computers, 3.5". I think that you are not confusing anything)

Well, that’s it and that’s all I want to tell you about this statistic. But I can already smell: “Why didn’t you tell me about the SSD?” My friends, I need to write a detailed article about SSDs, especially since it is a type of Swedish solid-state storage device. I’ll write about him with zagalo obov’yazkovo).

With respect, Dmitro Kostin.

Computer hard drive It is important to save information carefully. The computer's characteristics are designated as HDD (Hard Disk Drive). In computer slang, a yogo is called a “Winchester” or “gwent”. You can also call it “hard”. I chose the name Winchester for its analogy with the popular Winchester carbine, which was chambered for the 30-30 Winchester cartridge. The first hard drive for a personal computer was marked with 30 tracks, each with 30 sectors, and was called a hard drive. A hard drive is an essential component of a computer, that is. When live recording (saving) is enabled, the data is not erased.

Vlashtuvannya hard drive.

Data is stored on one or many aluminum or glass round plates (disks) coated with a magnetic ball. The disks are on a spindle and are wrapped with great fluidity, and a block of rotating magnetic heads reads or writes data on the surface of the plates.

The disk(s) with the block of heads are placed in a metal housing for protection from the saw and mechanical injections. On the case there is an electronic board that operates the hard drive – that’s what the controller is called. The entire device is a single unit, which is installed in a specially designated area and connects to the motherboard with a special cable.

Basic characteristics of the hard drive.

Let's look at the main characteristics of a hard drive that you need to know.

About usHDD. Of course, this is the most important characteristic, which means the maximum possible effort to save information. Displayed in gigabytes (GB) and terabytes (TB). Current hard drives range in capacity from 320 GB to 4 TB.

Once you figure out what kind of HDD service you need? When you choose a computer, it depends on your needs. If only for office work (typing texts, texting, internet, saving and editing photos), then a hard drive with a capacity of 320-500 GB is sufficient. For gaming, watching movies, listening to music, a larger volume is required - up to 500 GB to the maximum. A movie in Blu-Ray format can take up to 45 GB, and daily games become less demanding, for example, GTA 5 takes up 65 GB of disk space.

The fluidity of the wrapper. Another important characteristic that affects the productivity of a hard drive. The faster the plates are wrapped, the faster the access and recording of data on them. The fluidity of the wrapper varies in wrappers per quill (rpm or rpm in English rotate per minute). For hard drives in personal computers, hard disks with 5400 rpm and 7200 rpm are rotated. Hard disks that produce faster speed at 7200 rpm, but lower disks at 5400 rpm are more expensive and noisier.

Cache size or cache memory. Hard disk cache is a special type of random access memory (buffer memory) that stores data that is often accessed. Due to the fact that data is taken from an electronic cache with high speed code, and not from a permanently large mechanical device, the productivity of the HDD increases. The larger the cache size, the smaller the disk space required. The size of the buffer memory varies in megabytes and current hard drives are 16-128 MB.

All the listed characteristics are indicated in the price lists of computers in the store, and now you can easily navigate when choosing.

The hard drive is the storage device on your PC where files and programs are stored. Moreover, by making electrical connections, we will correctly save your information and not forget anything. The same can’t be said about RAM memory devices that need to be used to run programs that, without power supply, cannot save current information.

The operating system is responsible for organizing the hard drive. She is responsible for maintenance and support of all other programs.

Most systems refer to either a file or an archive, and both terms mean the same thing. The file can be, for example, a song, a photograph, a film or a program. These files can be organized into folders, which, at your discretion, can place other deposits in subdirectories.

Because hard disks are divided one after the other.

The most important characteristic of a hard drive is its capacity. So it's in gigabytes, the rest is in terabytes. The greater the capacity (size) of the hard drive, the more files (movies, documents and programs) can be stored on it.

Another important point is the speed of transmission. This means easy access to data stored on your hard drive.

What are the types of hard drives?

Behind its internal technology.

Magnetic The stench can be found in a bunch of magnetized hard disks. These disks are wrapped, and the read information is provided by the read-write head. The work of the hard disk will probably predict the work of the audio disc burner.

Solid. Same as SSD. In this case, disks are used that do not wrap around, but arrays of transistors. The skin transistor is responsible for saving a single piece of information. Since they do not have quick access to information, parts that collapse, are naturally more resistant to impacts, have less energy and are less noisy. The only problem with SSDs is the high price.

Hard disk interface.

Interface – this type of connector for connecting a hard drive to other devices. The most commonly used interfaces on modern computers are IDE and SATA. IDE connections are already outdated technology. The current SATA standard provides greater connection speed.

The hard disks are being rebuilt.

Internal. As the name suggests, hard drives are located in the middle of the PC.

External. Connect to a PC via a USB connection or an external SATA connection. They are larger and more suitable for saving information that is not often accessed, such as archives.

Which hard drive would suit me?

This should be kept aside, as well as everything, depending on the type of growth and your financial capabilities. For the average user, the size of the hard drive is significantly smaller than the size of the type. Ale for professional developers, especially for those who are seriously engaged in video processing, rather than waste pennies and add an SSD.

What is the size of a hard drive?

The difference is with operational memory, the more, the better. Believe me, no matter what size you add, through a few rocks you will be refilled.

Accumulation on hard magnetic disks or HDD (English Hard (Magnetic) Disk Drive, HDD, HMDD), hard disk, hard drive, commonly known as “Gwent”, hard, hard disk - a device for storing information, based on the principle of magnetic recording. This is the main accumulation of data on most computers.

Instead of a flexible disk (floppy disk), information in the HDD is recorded on a hard (aluminum or ceramic) plate covered with a ball of ferromagnetic material, most often chromium dioxide. HDDs have one to many plates of one axis. In operating mode, the reading heads do not rest on the surface of the plates due to the flow of water that flows through the white surface with a loose wrap. There are a few nanometers between the head and the disk (current disks have about 10 nm), and the presence of mechanical contact will ensure the optimal service life of the device. If there is no wrapping of the head disks, the spindle or disk position is in the safe zone, unless there is any abnormal contact with the surface of the disks.

The principle of a robotic hard disk

Accumulate on your hard drive to the most complete and flexible devices of your daily personal computer. These disks can accommodate many megabytes of information that is transferred with great speed. At that time, as many elements of the computer operate silently, the hard drive grumbles and creaks, which allows it to communicate with these poor computer devices, both mechanical and electronic components.

The basic principles of hard disk operation have changed little since its creation. Owning a hard drive is very similar to a basic software programmer. There may be a number of plates under the body, mounted on the entire surface, and the heads can read information through the wound on the side of the skin plate. The elasticity of the plate wrapping (for some models it reaches 15,000 revolutions per spindle) is constant and is one of the main characteristics. The head moves from the plate to a fixed position on the surface. The less you stand, the greater the accuracy of reading information, and the greater the accuracy of recording information. Marveling at the accumulation on the hard drive, you will lose your precious metal case. It is completely sealed and protects the disk drive from saw particles, which, if they get into the narrow space between the head and the surface of the disk, can damage the sensitive magnetic ball and cause the disk to go out of order. In addition, the housing shields the storage device from electromagnetic interference. In the middle of the body there are all the mechanisms and electronic components. The mechanisms are the disks themselves, on which information is stored, the heads, which record and read information from the disks, as well as the engines that drive the whole thing. The disk is a round plate with a very even surface, often made of aluminum, sometimes ceramic or glass, coated with a thin ferromagnetic ball. The discs are ready. Many hard drives use a ball of oxide (which covers the original magnetic line), while newer models of hard drives use a ball of cobalt with a thickness of about ten microns. This coating is less expensive and, in addition, allows you to significantly increase the recording power. The technology of its application is close to that which is being developed during the development of integrated circuits.

The number of discs can be different - from one to five, the number of working surfaces is probably twice as large (two per skin disc). The remainder (as well as the material of the magnetic coating) determines the capacity of the hard drive. Some of the outer surfaces of the outer disks (or one of them) are not corrugated, which allows you to change the height of the accumulator, but in which case the number of working surfaces changes and may appear unpaired.

Magnetic heads read and write information to disks. The recording principle is similar to those used in a standard tape recorder. Digital information is converted into a variable electric stream that goes to the magnetic head, and then transferred to the magnetic disk, and then in the presence of a magnetic field, which can absorb the disk and “memorize”. The magnetic coating of the disk is without other areas of transient (spontaneous) magnetization. To be clear, the disk is covered with a ball that is narrower than the small compass needles, straight at different sides. Such parts of the arrow are called domains. Under the influx of the external magnetic field, the powerful magnetic fields of the domains are oriented in the same direction. After the application of an external field, zones of excess magnetization are created on the surface of the disk. This method saves information recorded on the disk. Pieces of excess magnetization, when wrapped around the disk opposite the gap of the magnetic head, induce an electrodestructive force in it, which changes in position depending on the magnitude of magnetization. The package of disks, mounted on the axis-spindle, is crushed by a special motor, compactly moved underneath it. The speed of disc wrapping is usually 7200 rpm. To speed up the time it takes for the accumulator to enter the working mill, the engine, when turned on, runs for an hour in the forced mode. Therefore, the vitality of the computer is due to the reserve of peak effort. Now about the robot heads. The smells move behind the help of a precision rock mover and seem to “float” a fraction of a micron above the surface of the disk, without sticking to it. On the surface of the disks, as a result of recording information, magnetizations are created in the form of concentric rings. The smells are called magnetic tracks. Moving, the heads protrude above the skin's foot. The set of paths, laid out one under the same surface on all surfaces, is called a cylinder. All accumulator heads move at the same time, allowing access to the same cylinders with the same numbers.

Pristriy

The hard disk is folded into a hermetic zone and an electronics unit.

Hermozone

The hermetic zone includes a metal alloy body, magnetic disks (plates) with magnetic coating, a head block with a positioning device, and an electric spindle drive.

The head block is a package of important parts made of spring steel (in pairs per leather disk). At one end it is fixed to the axis of the handle from the edge of the disk. The heads are fixed at the other ends (above the disks).

Disks (plates), as a rule, are made from a metal alloy. I wanted to try making them out of plastic and glass, but such plates turned out to be brittle and unsatisfactory. The surfaces of the plates, similar to those of a tape recorder, are covered with a very thin ferromagnet - oxides, manganese and other metals. The exact warehouse and application technology are kept secret. Most budget devices contain 1 or 2 plates, and there are also models with a large number of plates.

The disks are firmly fixed to the spindle. During the hour of operation, the spindle turns quickly, several thousand wraps per spindle (3600, 4200, 5400, 7200, 10,000, 15,000). Due to this fluidity, a strong vibration flow is created near the surface of the plate, which lifts the heads and moves their widths above the surface of the plate. The shape of the heads is shaped in such a way as to ensure optimal alignment with the plate during operation. Until the disks have warmed up to the speed necessary to remove the heads, the parking device removes the heads in the parking zone. This prevents damage to the heads and working surface of the plates.

The device for positioning the heads consists of a solid pair of strong permanent neodymium magnets or electromagnets, as well as coils on a solid block of heads.

Despite the widening of the Duma, there is no vacuum in the middle of the hermetic zone. Some containers should be sealed (indications and names) and filled with cleaned and dried air or neutral gases, sealed with nitrogen; and to tighten the vise, install a thin metal or plastic membrane. (At this time, a small packet of silica gel is transferred to the middle of the hard drive housing, which absorbs the water vapor that was lost from the middle of the housing after its sealing). Other filters press through a small opening with a filter, thereby trapping even smaller (a few micrometers) particles. However, in this type there is also moisture, and free gases can penetrate. It is necessary to inspect the vise in order to prevent deformation of the pressure zone body during changes in atmospheric pressure and temperature, as well as when the device is heated during an hour of operation.

The sawdust, which has become dry when folded in the hermetic zone and was washed on the surface of the disk, when wrapped, is worn on another filter - a sawdust filter.

Electronics unit

In early hard drives, the control logic was placed on the computer's MFM or RLL controller, and the electronics board housed the analog processing module and control of the spindle motor, positioner, and head commutator. Increased data transmission speeds have made it necessary for manufacturers to change the analog path between the two, and in modern hard drives the electronics unit must include: a hardware unit, a permanent memory device (ROM), a buffer memory, an interface unit and digital signal processing block.

The interface unit provides a pair of electronics between the hard drive and another system.

The control unit is a control system that receives electrical signals for positioning the heads, and vibrates the ceramic infusion with a “sound coil” type drive, commutating information flows from different heads, controlling the robot all other nodes (for example, spindle speed control), receiving and processing signals from the sensors of the device (the sensor system can include a single-weight accelerometer, which is used as a shock sensor, a tri-weight accelerometer, which is used as a fall sensor, a vice sensor, a helical acceleration sensor, a temperature sensor).

The ROM block stores hardware programs for digital signal processing and digital signal processing units, as well as service information of the hard drive.

Buffer memory smoothes out the difference in the speed of the interface part and storage (the static memory that runs smoothly is saved). Increasing the size of the buffer memory in certain situations allows increasing the storage fluidity.

The digital signal processing unit performs purification of the treated analog signal and decoding (digital information). For digital processing, various methods are used, for example, the PRML (Partial Response Maximum Likelihood) method. There is a balance between the received signal and the expressions. In this case, the symbol most similar in form and time characteristics to the signal that is being decoded is selected.

Low-quality bathroom format

At the final stage of the folded device, the surfaces of the plates are formatted - tracks and sectors are formed on them. The specific method is determined by the manufacturer and/or standard, and, at a minimum, a magnetic mark is applied to the skin, which means the cob.

There are utilities that test the physical sectors of the disk, and can look at and edit their service data. The specific capabilities of such utilities depend heavily on the disk model and technical details known to the author for the respective family of models.

Obsyag, shvidkіst and hour access

The main tasks of generators from now on have been to increase the information stored on disks and to work more quickly with that information. How to increase disk volume? The most obvious solution is to increase the number of platters in the hard drive housing. Similarly, the models vary within the same model range. This method is the simplest and allows you to hold disks of different capacities on the same elemental base. This is a way to realize natural interchange: the number of disks can be infinite. As the pressure on the motor increases, the temperature and noise characteristics of the disk change, the reliability of the disk increases proportionally to the number of plates, which means it is more important to ensure reliability. Among the industrially damaged disks, the largest number of platters is the SCSI drive Seagate Barracuda 180 - whose hard drive has as many as 12 platters! And they are record holders in the field of simplified drive installations - for example, we looked at the Maxtor 513DX and 541DX, which have one drive that can be installed on one side.

A technologically advanced (and promising) method of increasing the complexity - increasing the power of recording information. Low technological problems are to blame here. The current plates are made from aluminum or from glass (similar IBM models). The magnetic coating creates a foldable multi-ball structure and cover the animal with a special dry ball. The size of the particles of the magnetic coating changes, and their sensitivity increases. In addition to reducing the parameters of the plates themselves, the information reading system can be further developed. It is necessary to change the gap between the head and the surface of the plate, increasing the sensitivity of the head. And then the laws of physics impose their natural boundaries between the conditions of similar technologies. Even the dimensions of magnetic particles cannot change indefinitely.

The simplest way to increase reading speed is to increase the speed of plate wrapping. This way the designers went. Since the plates are wrapped with greater fluidity, more information passes under the head in one hour. The increased speed of reading also means the increased power of recording information. For these very reasons, SCSI drives tend to have a more flexible wrapper. However, on such a flexible device it is more difficult to precisely position the read head, which means that the recording density there is less than on older IDE drives, and such drives stand longer. Since the head, when searching for information, moves only across the disk, it is forced to “check” until the disk rotates and the sector with the data to be queried becomes available for reading. This hour of lying in the liquid wrapping of the disk is called the hour of information acquisition (latency). Please note that the minimum time to access information is determined by searching for the required track on the disk and positioning it in the middle of that track. The increased fluidity of the disc wrapping changes the remaining value. To change the timing of the required track, complete the head drive, which means... changing the diameter of the disk plates. Most modern hard drives are produced from plates with a diameter of 2.5 inches.

The positioning of the head is associated with a non-trivial problem. Suffice it to say that due to the current intensity of the recording, thermal expansion must occur! Thus, the increased fluidity of the disc wrapping greatly improves the precise positioning of the head. And in attempts to increase the speed of a disk and anode, it is necessary to sacrifice volume, vikoryst plates with less recording density. It is not surprising that the most expensive Swedish hard drives, which offer high wrapping fluidity, do not support the maximum technologically available recording power at the moment. You have to pay for the benefits.

So which disk should give priority? However, with great respect, models with a large number of recording capacities deserve equal treatment with models with a large number of disks, even if they have a higher linear read/write speed (large files are read in swedish manner). The fluidity of access to information depends on the fluidity of the plate wrapping (working with a large number of different files). If increased fluidity leads to higher prices for the germs, if you have to sacrifice the density of the recording.

Instructions

The main elements of the hard drive are aluminum (from glass) plates, which are coated with a ball of special material, and heads, which are read. Create a series of plates rotated on a single axis. This allows you to increase the capacity of your hard drive. As a rule, the heads that are being read do not stick to the surface of the plates. This is covered by the trivial term Disk Services.

Hard drives are classified according to interfaces. Interfaces such as SATA, IDE and eSATA have become increasingly widespread. The interface pays attention to the presence of different channels and technical features that ensure the exchange of information between the disk and the computer’s motherboard.

Enter the hard drive capacity in the interface. For example, for IDE hard drives a record memory capacity of approximately 182 GB was achieved. The capacity of current hard drives can exceed 4 terabytes or 4,000 gigabytes.

Another characteristic that distinguishes hard drives is their form factor. In order for any hard disk of a small form factor to be installed in a standard system unit or case, hard drives of a small size can be created. It depends on the width of the disk. Today's desktop computers have 3.5-inch wide disks. Laptops are characterized by the presence of a 2.5-inch hard drive.

Of course, there are no other indicators by which hard drives can be classified. These include the following characteristics of these devices: energy storage, noise level, speed of data recording and reading. Warto note that the housings of hard drives are usually sealed. This ensures their reliability by avoiding the penetration of water and waste gases.

Video on the topic

Hard drive – hard disk (HDD – Hard Disk Drive) – the place where all information on the computer is saved – from the operating system to various programs and various data. Necessary information at the right time is read by the processor from the hard drive and processed and then, if necessary, can be written to the hard drive.

Instructions

The design of the hard drive consists of a block of metal disks with special coatings that will memory and save the influx of the magnetic field. Modern designs are made up of 1–3 discs, which are perfectly balanced and form a perfectly even surface, so that the wrapping fluidity is high and reaches 7200 to 10000 rpm, and the position accuracy The bath of the heads is high.

To write and read information on the disk, special magnetic heads are used. Most often there are two per disk - on both sides. When injecting strum pulses, the heads form a magnetic field and magnetize the disk section with a magnetic moment of a given straightness (logical “one” or logical “zero”). The recording process is carried out by supplying a stream pulse at the required time, the magnetic head is positioned in the required place. When reading information from the disk, the heads react to changes in the magnetic field through excitation or flow. An analog signal of this type is read and converted into a digital one. This view is transmitted to the computer system.

Information on a magnetic disk is placed and saved on tracks that look like concentrated cells. All magnetic heads of the Winchester are installed in one firing block. Move from one disc track to another instantly. One head serves one disk drive. Then the heads are located on the same track above the different disks at any time. In this way, the totality of tracks creates a cylinder. The remaining time to move the magnetic heads is to use the solenoid drive. The stench collapses on its own axis. The coil, fixed to the turning side of the head, moves it above the surface of the disk behind an additional electromagnet. Tapping the heads to the disk is not allowed; at the moment the electricity is turned on, the smell is discharged from the surface sideways.