Information heuristics. Moscow State University Druku What is information heuristics
BRANCH OF THE RUSSIAN STATE HUMANITIES UNIVERSITY IN VELIKY NOVGOROD
INFORMATION HEURISTICS
Chief Pos_bnik
Velikiy Novgorod
Information heuristics
Chief Pos_bnik
doctor philol. Sciences, Associate Professor
Reviewer:
Doctor of Philological Sciences
(Literary Institute named after M. Gorky)
Garicheva, heuristics: Navchalnyi pos_bnik / . Veliky Novgorod, 2010 rock.
The guide offers a look at the problems of information society and helps those accustomed to information culture and the writing and execution of initial work. Intended for students, as well as those who are interested in information culture.
Chapter 1. Information and marriage
Section 2. Information resources
Chapter 4. DOCUMENT YAK DZHERELO INFORMATION. DOCUMENT STRUCTURE (ON THE BOOK ATTACHMENT). Chapter 5. HISTORY OF THE BOOK, REFERENCES AND ANNOTATIONS
Chapter 6. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION OF THE THINGS
Section 7. INFORMATION SEARCH
Chapter 1. INFORMATION AND MUPILITY
LITERATURE:
1. Bilovitskaya, book knowledge / Alisa Oleksandrivna Bilovitskaya. M.: Book, 1987. - 255 p.
2. Kopilov, law / Volodimir Oleksandrovich Kopilov; Committee for the President of the Russian Federation on Information Policy. M.: Lawyer, 1997. - 470 p.
3. Morgenstern, that book world. Bibliography / Isaac Grigorovich Morgenstern. - St. Petersburg: Profesiya, 2007. - 440 p.
4. Rokitov, computer revolution / Anatoly Illich Rokitov. M.: Politvidav, 1991. - 286 p.
5. Author of the bibliographer/Science. ed. , . St. Petersburg: Profesiya, 2003. - 560 p.
6. Khramtsov, Internet. A practical guide. M.: Elektroninform, 1996. - 256 p.
1. How can you explain the words of the President of the American Information Science Partnership, D. Penniman, who affirmed that there is still no information society in the United States, and the time has come for information services? (RJ "Informatics". 1989. No. 5. Ref. No. 9).
2. What is information society, information culture, information way of life?
3. How can one approach the development of informatization? What stages of informatization can be named?
4. What is an information crisis, information barriers? What kind of paths are there to match their hems?
5. When does information become known?
The word “heuristics” is similar to the Greek “heurēka” – I know. Based on a long-standing legend, the word itself is “Eureka!” (“Know!”) after the famous ancient Greek mathematician and mechanic Archimedes (287-212 BC) with his recognition of the fundamental law of hydrostatics, known to every scholar. From this word, the name of the science formed in ancient philosophy about the “mystery of finding truth” – heuristics – was created.
The word “information” is known in Russian from the time of Peter the Great, as synonyms “vidomosti”, “news” were used earlier. The term “information” comes from the Latin word “informatio”, which means “information”, “explanation”, “explanation”. what flows in new." From the middle of XX For centuries, information has been transformed into a fundamental scientific concept related to cybernetics. In cybernetics, information includes that part of the knowledge that is used for orientation, active action, and management. I am using the method of saving, perfecting, and developing the system (M. Wiener).
Not all information becomes known to people. Let's take, for example, tribute, which is the result of a universal fixation of a single caution, experiment, fact and situation. In order for the data to replace objective information, know, they must be included in the system of three-fold inputs - semantic (meaningful), syntactic and pragmatic, so they must be included in the input of constructiveness, which leads to the creation of new meanings and serves as the basis for practical action hundred people. Zannanya- information that has undergone a series of transformations and is expressed, recorded and functions in special symbolic sign systems - movs.
Got it " Information partnership” was first heard in 1966. This concept was developed by the Japanese sociologist Masuda in 1945. We have identified the idea that unified information networks and data banks will allow humanity to develop in a single direction, which will ensure the progress of civilization as a whole. From that moment on, it became extremely popular. Today, many people respect that the 21st century is the hour of informational prosperity, because the amount of information that is being shared, its completeness and accuracy lie like a great virtue. people, so will kindred people.
American sociologist Elvin Tofler in 1980 came up with the idea that human development goes through three stages of technological revolution – agricultural, industrial and post-industrial. As a result, agrarian-craft and industrial, urban civilizations emerge. The only thing that is visible before our eyes is the information-computer revolution, which may cause the creation of information prosperity. For whom information is considered a particularly valuable resource and product, as it will ensure life and historically important areas of human activity.
Main features of information partnership (Morgenstern):
1. More than half of the practitioners are engaged in roseum practice.
2. The chaotic attitude towards information is being replaced by information culture.
3. Thanks to information technologies and economical resources, the partnership will provide all citizens with information at any time.
4. The power has legislated that freedom of speech and freedom of expression, production and distribution of information is implemented.
5. In the case of married people, secret human values are important.
In such a manner information and matrimony, the level of development of which is largely determined by the quantity and vigor of accumulated and curated information, freedom, accessibility and constructiveness. Information culture conveys not only the obviousness of an individual’s information needs and the effort to implement them, but also the increase in positive information that brings about the thoroughness of people and the reduction of the gaps between them, the development of science, technology and cultures and.
In the 20th century, the results of mass deception and self-deception in Germany, Italy, and the USSR were the death of tens of millions of people, thousands of cultural monuments, spiritual ruin and desolation of particularities. As Karl Marx said, an idea becomes a material force if it transforms masses. The heroes of the German writer Hannie Seghers “The Dead Are Lost Young” (1949), having survived the nightmare of fascism, confess: “We knew well that an idea becomes a material force if it is infused with masses. They didn’t tell Ale that this greedy deception could be done by force.” In the novel by the Russian writer Mark Aldanov “Vitoki” (1950), Dostoevsky prophesies “great forgiveness” and speaks about those revolutionaries who are obsessed with terrorism, but do not know what they can do for the people: “So, I think about the revolution, about the revolutionaries. Yak Is it worth it to be so rightful? If you want to kill a person, you need even better nobles, you need Mustache about new nobility, huh? And then maybe you won’t?
It is necessary to develop information channels to expand the ideas of kindness and mercy. A person who carries a relevant information culture, but does not possess information with a ruinous method, will be able to create a basis for ruinous information. Her knowledge may have formed a hierarchy of values in order to allow the peculiarities of her interests to please her from the outside, to help her make the right moral choice. An informational way of life, informational awareness is transmitted to pre-historic cultures of the creation, the exchange and related information.
The term “informatization” was first adopted by American scientists in 1978. I lost the Russian language. Vin expressed this significant concept: “ Informatization Production is a process of progressively increasing use of information technologies for production, processing, saving and expanding information and especially knowledge. The result of this is the rise of the information revolution, which marks a radical transformation in the sphere of industrial structures and technology, and most importantly in the sphere of social and economic contributions to culture, spiritual life, and life.” It is obvious that the primary criterion of informatization is the growth of information technologies through the improvement of people’s lives.
Proposes another meaning: “Informatization is an organizational socio-economic and scientific-technical process of creating optimal minds to satisfy information needs and implement the rights of citizens.” For this reason, the most important thing is the satisfaction of the population and the legal aspect. combines two approaches: “ Informatization means a multifaceted process of creating optimal minds to satisfy the information needs of communities on the basis of information resources, the main rank of modern electronic technology and communication technologies.”
The ideas of information partnership are gaining international recognition. On June 22, 2000, on the Japanese island of Okinawa, the heads of eight major countries signed the Charter of Global Information Partnership. The United Nations Nutrition, Science and Culture Organization (UNESCO) implements the international program “Information for All”.
Before the rediscovery of the information society, there must be a decline in writing. The work “A Bunch of Thoughts about the Typology of Cultures” proposes to classify culture into written and non-literate. A non-literate culture, in my opinion, has a low value (for example, solid collective memory), while the decline of a written culture is associated with instability, the dynamism of life and interaction with other cultures. The reign of the ruler in 1445 by Johannes Guttenberg allowed for the expansion of knowledge in a large number of documents, not compromised by translators. Then the planet's population reached 450 million people. Until the middle of the 19th century, when 1.2 billion people were on earth, the electric telegraph was widely used, which made it possible to transmit the most important news. In 1895 and 1898, when the world's population reached 1.6 billion people, radio and cinema were discovered. The offensive revolutionary wine - television - entered widely into everyday life since the 50s. XX century, when 2.5 billion people lived on the planet. Since the 1980s, when there were 4.5 billion people on our planet, electronic means of information transfer have expanded, and personal computers have been produced on a massive scale.
The first EOMs were created in the 30s of the 20th century, independently of each other, by the American physicist D. Atanasov and the German engineer Do. Zuse. In 1951, the first commercial computing machine appeared. In the Radyansky Union, the creation of first-generation computers began with the initiative of Lebedev in 1947 and ended with the everyday first EOM in the mid-50s. The Internet information network began to take shape in the early 1960s in the United States, and in 1989 the administration and technical coordination of the network began to take shape across Europe.
The general obligation of information is growing on the table of the shvidko, which is likened to a bulge. In 1956, D. Price proposed a model of accelerated growth of information flow with sub-war numbers of publications every 10-15 years. However, until the beginning of the 60s, D. Price realized that the information flow cannot grow to the point of inconsistency, but there are factors that limit its growth: completion of investigation, change of spouses interests that lead to changes in financing.
Information flow should be brought to information crisis, which is characterized by a rapid increase in scientific publications, a large portion of working hours spent on searching for information, differentiation of science (across disciplines) and knowledge of information bar'eriv. In 1900 it was less than 10 thousand. scientific and technical journals, then the 1970s - already 35 thousand. Since 1910, 13 thousand were published. magazine articles and books, then in 1975 – 413 thousand.
Information bars They transfer restrictions on access to information for various reasons – ideological, financial and economic, social, technological, legal, social.
The information space is especially controlled by totalitarian powers. Thus, during the time of the Third Reich in 1930, Germany lost from 25 to 75 million books. In the USSR in the 1970s, the rocks were suppressed, obtained from the libraries of books by V. Nekrasov (“In the Trenches of Stalingrad”), A. Solzhenitsyn (“One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”) and others.
Just as in 1909 it was enough for people to know French, German and English language in order to read 92% of all world literature on chemistry, then close to 50% of all world literature comes out with these languages. Famous literature.
People today, for example, physicist E. Fermi, prefer not to waste an hour searching for information, but to derive formulas themselves. Ale is not for everyone. In order to combat the information crisis and information barriers, UNESCO’s Information for All program has the following objectives:
to embrace a wide range of ideas in a verbal and creative way;
To ensure the conservation, multiplication and expansion of knowledge by the way of conservation and protection of the recorded knowledge of humanity, the integration of peoples in the sphere of exchange of other knowledge and so on. information materials;
Reduce the difference between the information rich and the poor to create information security for everyone;
Promote the richness and diversity of cultures in the cyberspace, and access to information and communication technologies, including the Internet.
The informatization of marriage conveys the development of an information culture of particularity. Information way of life people can be different. It is impossible to call such a way of life healthy, in which a person is completely immersed in the world of information and is exposed to other problems and joys of life, such as lively socializing with friends and family. This is the kind of insecurity experienced by rich amateurs who spend years surfing the Internet.
Information positions of three types of features:
Extreme
Extreme
“I know that I don’t know anything, and I don’t want to know anything.”
“I reveal the gaps in my knowledge and try to fill them up”
"What I know is enough"
How can these positions cause the development of specialness? What prevents the development of peculiarities in other types?
Having entered the directing department of VDIK, Mikhailo Romm, who learned from him, realized that he had read little. Then the film director put his mind to the upcoming student: if Shukshin wants to become a director, he can read the most famous works of classical literature. I Vasil Makarovich Shukshin Qiu Umovu Vikonav.
Self-analysis of the individual can be directly focused on it in detail, since the individual, having recognized his weaknesses and weaknesses, seeks information to make decisions and actions. However, self-analysis can degenerate into narcissism or self-flagellation. At this point, the current Oblomovs appear to be active and begin to worry about “information obsession.”
A high level of informational way of living is associated with critical objectivity and limited information. Information processes create the basis for the spiritual self-development of the individuality that is acquired in the course of activity, both initial and professional, which directly means the pace of growing knowledge and the formation of mastery in any life. and activity. The basis of the informational way of living is created by a system of knowledge and values. The thirst for truth and novelty, the flight of fantasy and creativity allow singularity not to become a passive acquisitive information, not to transfer all the information to computer programs, but to rush forward at one’s own development and embrace the development of marriage.
Section 2. INFORMATION RESOURCES
1. What does the term “resources” mean? What kind of resources are there?
2. What are information resources?
3. What kind of special power does information resources have in relation to any others?
4. What are the types of information resources?
5. Why are information resources considered strategic?
6. What should I do before providing information services? Look for a new type of information service.
7. What is the information market? How can we develop?
LITERATURE:
1. the same information resources for making decisions. / , . M: Business Book; Yekaterinburg: Academic project, 2002. - 558 p.
2. , Nikitin information search: Practical work. additional help / , ; Russian Academy of Natural Sciences. It’s time to start learning about the development of science. St. Petersburg: Profesiya, 2005. - 299 p.
3. Reference bibliographer/Science. ed. , . St. Petersburg: Profesiya, 2003. - 560 p.
4. Internet management. Problems, subjects, membranes / Jovan Kurbalia, Eduardo Gelbstein. M.: Center for Internet Policy of the Moscow State. Institute of International Relations (University) MHS of Russia, 2005.
Resources- the elements of economic potential that one’s ordered marriage has and that can be used to achieve specific goals of government and social development. Whether a marriage, a power, a company, or a private person, there are great resources necessary for its livelihood. Traditional types of common resources include material, raw (natural) resources, energy resources, labor resources, financial resources. In addition to this, one of the most important types of resources in a casual marriage is information resources. Over the years, the importance of information resources has been growing; One thing that suggests that they are becoming a commodity, the total value of which on the market can be equalized with the value of traditional resources.
Federal Law “On Information, Informatization and Protection of Information” (1995) says: Information resources – a range of documents and a range of documents in information systems (libraries, archives, funds, data banks, other information systems).” This value provides the legal basis for the pressing problem of protecting information resources.
At the same time, this is a significant understanding that most people understand more widely. With a broad approach to information resources, it is advisable to bring all scientific and technical knowledge, create literature and literature, without any other information of the sovereign-power significance, record given in any form, in any form of information.
Information resources– this is all accumulated information about extreme reality, which is recorded on material media or in any other form, which will ensure the transfer of information in time and space for the achievement of singing tasks.
The information resources of Nina's marriage are viewed as strategic resources, similar in importance to material, food, energy, labor and financial resources. However, between information resources and all other resources, there is one most important point: Every resource, other than information, becomes corrupted (the bedroom is burning, money is wasted, etc.), and the information resource becomes “unburnable”, it can be used in abundance, and it is copied without limitation.
A unique information resource is the clerk’s memory.
Staff– a class of information resources that includes fakhivts, who are equipped with a complex of special theoretical and practical skills acquired as a result of professional training and knowledge. Without staff, the information that can be found in other types of media turns into “nothing.” In due course, showing respect for the lack of scientific publications at the Institute of Flight Sciences, explaining at the same time and respecting: “When you take the skin from the AIDS, you will benefit from a number of people get sick on each skin. A school is being created, which is of even greater significance...”
The most qualified and powerful personnel are consistently seen as an information resource in the group experts and consultants, what happens to complete the most complex tasks. The INFOTERRA system for a designated information device includes a local accountant who can provide information on a specific problem problem, with 10,000 devices included before the system (as of 1983) approximately 45 % I will help you through the services of experts and recommendations.
According to UNESCO data, for the optimal development of minds of the scientific and technological revolution in the region, one thousand people may fall per million inhabitants.
The intensification and growth of the active recruitment for the minds of the scientific and technological revolution is leading to a shortage of highly qualified personnel. Until 1990, in the USSR there was no problem of “supplying mіzkiv” at all. Already in 1989, more than 70 thousand scientists had left the USSR. As of 1992, Russia lost nearly 316 thousand highly qualified scientists, which is about 10% of the total population in 1989. Close to 60-70% of university graduates, without losing their guaranteed rank, enter the “profession loss mode.” From 1992 to 1997, the number of post-graduate workers engaged in scientific work decreased by half. If this trend does not change, then in 10-15 years there will be no one preparing facists.
In addition to the staff, there are many types of information resources. The classification can be based on:
· Galuzev's principle (depending on the type of science, industry, social sphere, and to what extent the information is conveyed);
· Submission form (by type of nose, level of formalization, availability of additional description, etc.). In the middle of the skin class, an additional, detailed subsection can be carried out. For example, Internet resources can be divided into categories and forms of submission: service information, bibliographic information, teleconference materials, security software, video, etc.
One of the ways to classify national information resources of Malyunka representations 1.
The guilty countries have great information resources in libraries. National libraries of Russia and the Russian National Library named after Shchedrin (St. Petersburg) and the Russian State Library named after (Moscow). The Russian National Library preserves the most recent Russian book from the mid-11th century, “The Ostromir Gospel.” Novgorod has the largest library: the Novgorod Region Universal Scientific Library (Kremlin, 4), there is a library center for children and the Read-Misto youth group (Miru St., 1), and the Novgorod Library Sovereign United Museum-Reserve (Kremlin, 11 ). The Novgorod Museum preserves unique books: the first Russian book Psalter of the Ear of the 11th century, Meneas Service of the 11th century and many others.
Libraries are dominated by traditional (paper-based) forms of their presentation, but even more library resources are transferred to the digital (paperless) basis. Electronic virtual libraries, in which you can read fiction and scientific literature without cost, are the library of Maxim Moshkov, the library of Gumer and others.
Archives acquire rich materials related to the history and culture of the region. The volumes of archival materials are enormous and are being accumulated more and more often, but they cannot be processed. Near Novgorod there is the State Archives of the Novgorod Region (31 Dukhovska St.) and the State Archives of New History of the Novgorod Region (Desyatinna St., bld. 6). Despite the fact that during the Great Patriotic War, the archives were significantly damaged and often lost, unique documents are preserved. Thus, the GANO preserves the “Regulation of the representative support”, the metric book of the Degtyarivska Church with a record of the people and baptisms.
In all developed countries there are specialized systems of scientific and technical information. They include numerous special services, patent services, etc. This kind of information is often an expensive commodity.
A collection of laws, codes, regulations, and other types of legal information - without which every country cannot live. p align="justify"> The regulatory framework is the basis of the State system of scientific and technical information. Thus, the Federal Law “On Information, Information Technologies and Information Security” dated 01/01/01 makes it clear:
« information technologies- processes, methods of searching, collecting, storing, processing, giving, distributing information and methods of carrying out such processes and methods;
information system- the totality of information that is located in databases and ensures the processing of information technologies and technical features.” This law ensures the integrity of the information space, free access to information resources, and at the same time the protection of confidential information, for example, from electronic browsing.
Galuzev’s information resources are present in any social, industrial, agricultural and other spheres of marriage. Great information resources in the defense sector, lighting systems. Thus, on the website of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, you can see “One-time access to educational resources,” where, in an open appearance, there are handbooks from all subjects of secondary and high school. On the RDGU website there is access to information resources of the scientific library, where journals and other publications have open access. The Library of the RDGU Branch near Veliky Novgorod has its own electronic catalogue, which can be accessed through the VNZ website.
The same information may be recorded on different media. Tom integrity of information resources will be ensured in this and only way, since it maintains access to all classes of media on which information is recorded, necessary for the highest task to face it.
Information services- a special type of product on the information market. An application of the information service is the selection of literature on the topic of the study, which results in a rich library. Moreover, besides this literature, such as in the library, practitioners can make a wider search in order to provide the client with a comprehensive overview. Information services are available for the identification of databases on similar problems (in computer and non-computer versions).
Information services are available as much as the library. In many countries of the world (including in Russia) there are special institutes (VINITI, INION) that collect information from many areas of knowledge and prepare for it reviews, abstracts, short Information for facists. Without such services, it is important to recognize the activity of current and facists. The Center for Russian Stream Bibliography is the Russian Book Chamber (Moscow).
In the business sector, information services include the provision of business information, consultations on legal topics (computer legal systems under Russian legislation “Garant”, “Consultant Plus”, etc.) No information services are provided by operators, Internet providers (organizations that provide access to and services for users for a fee).
Certain forms of services with initial and advanced qualifications can also be considered as information services (for example, initial work at the local telecommunications network).
The development of the field of information services has many implications for the development of information services. The market for information goods and services has gone through several stages of development. This more active formation began with the appearance of the first EOMs, then with the beginning of the 50s of the twentieth century. This turned out to be a significant world, and the fragments of the first EOM were still creating information infrastructure. At that time, the rapid development of science and technology called for the creation of first-class professional information services for these areas, and a significant market for educational orientations for many other specialists.
Market of information products and services (information market) – a system of economical, legal and organizational issues related to the trade of intellectual products on a commercial basis.
The main source of information for information services for the spouse is the database. You integrate with your clients and other information services, the connection and information between them, the procedure for the sale and purchase of information services.
Russia is rapidly developing a market for information goods and services, the most important components of which are:
- Technical and technological warehouse. This is the current information possession, advanced computers, computer systems and other information processing technologies have been developed.
At the present time in Russia there is an increase in the current technological advances of light:
the ability to work on the global computer network Internet to allow information resources to enter the Russian light market;
WWW (World Wide Web) technology for introducing hypertext media;
electronic mail in the RELCOM computer network, up to which nearly 300 thousand were received. koristuvachs, of which 20 thousand. Individuals.
- Regulatory warehouse. These are legal documents: laws, decrees, regulations that will ensure civilized news on the information market.
Law "On the legal protection of programs for EOM and databases."
- Information warehouse. These are scientific-navigation features and structures that help you find the information you need.
"Russian Encyclopedia of Information and Telecommunications", which contains information about the information structure of the market, including producers and distributors everywhere.
- Organizational warehouse. Elements of government regulation of the interaction between producers and all types of information products and services.
In fact, the market for information goods and services has flourished following the widespread use of microcomputers and their reliance on telecommunications systems. In addition, the most important for the formation of the market is the creation of databases on direct knowledge of human activity. This process became widespread in the 80s during the last century. At that time, the first signs of globalization of this market appeared, with the emergence of international exchange of goods and services. The leading edges of the market for information goods and services are the USA, Japan and the lower parts of Western Europe.
Creation of infrastructure for the market of information services is possible using global systems. Before them lies the INTERNET. Internet resources are distinguished by their peculiarities: the variety of their systematization, the independence and repetition of information that fits in rich resources, the need for more rigorous verification of repetition and The truth of the data, the instability, which is most disturbing, is carefully placed before sending on the materials found. At the same time, a great advantage of the Internet is the efficiency of the work, which can easily download large amounts of data and include them in both places.
One of the problems of working with Internet resources is the need to control the transfer of materials. France had a precedent when the court asked for the American company to deny French citizens access to parts of its portal where Nazi symbols and relics were sold. Germany also has a clear conviction for the court practice of websites that purport to contain materials of Nazi directness. Legislation in the state of Upper Rhine-Westphalia (FRW) requires Internet providers to filter the access of communists, especially to neo-Nazi sites (not just those before them). Control over Internet materials that take place during the Close Gathering in Asian countries is officially explained by the need to protect specific cultural values. Block this means blocking access to pornographic sites and sites related to gambling.
The most reliable and reliable information is that obtained from various types of information resources, it is important that they are archived to the best of their ability.
Chapter 3. STATE SYSTEM OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL INFORMATION
1. What is the national system of scientific and technical information (DSTI)?
2. What is the structure of the DSTI, the basic principle of its functioning and the regulatory framework?
3. What federal and international centers are included in the DSTI? What kind of stink do you see?
4. What are the largest libraries in Russia?
5. What is the library catalog system?
LITERATURE:
1. Morgenstern, that book world. Bibliography / Isaac Grigorovich Morgenstern. - St. Petersburg: Profesiya, 2007. - 440 p.
2. Reference bibliographer/Science. ed. , . St. Petersburg: Profesiya, 2003. - 560 p.
National system of scientific and technical information Russia (DSNTI RF) is a collection of scientific and technical libraries and information organizations that specialize in collecting and processing scientific information and interacting with each other. they have systemic goiters on themselves.
DSNTI of Russia was created by decree on 01/01/01. In fact, under its creation, the resources that were saved under the DSNTI of the USSR were destroyed, which ceased to function at the beginning of the 1990s.
Using the DSNTI method In Russia there is the formation and development of national NTI resources, their integration into the global information space and the development of the market for information products and services. Structure of DSNTI RF includes federal authorities and installations (more than 30 organizations), Galuzev and intergaluz centers, as well as regional centers. The basic principle of functioning of the DSNTI of the Russian Federation– one-time processing of the world information flow of documents has been centralized by federal STI bodies and scientific and technical libraries and rich knowledge of STI collaborators through the network of information organizations in Galusia and regions.
THEORETICAL NUTRITION OF BIBLIOGRAPHIC HEURISTICS
The main goals and types of information search
To make it easier to understand these nutritional principles, we will outline the principle diagram of the process of information-sounding activity (div. Fig.). Most importantly, she is an intermediary between the production and circulation of social information (literature, books) that functions in the marriage. The source of the generator and the use of social information, the subject of information and search activity is marriage, personified in a specific skin type in a particular type of science, scientific research. the head of the institute, the author and the reader. This personification also means the need to search for specific data in the literature and for certain facts. The ideologically objective nature of the study and the variety of different social information means highly interesting tasks and searches.
In reality, the diversity of such tasks can be reduced to three main purposes of information search:
Finding the necessary information about the device and establishing its presence in the system of other devices. The search for bibliographic information and bibliographic reference books (information publications) that are specially created for more effective search and retrieval of information (literature, books) is carried out.
The search of the information industry itself(documents and views), in which there is or may be required information.
Search for factual reports what is found in literature, books, for example, about historical facts and stories, about the technical characteristics of machines and processes, about the power of speeches and materials, about biographical data from the life and work of a writer, in something else.
These goals mean three main types of information search: bibliographic, documentary factual. It is necessary to remember that the smells are closely related to each other. For example, in order to know the body of information (document or publication), it is necessary to know the totality of bibliographic information (facts) that characterizes it, which differentiates it from the wealth of others: from writings by this very author, on that very topic, published by this very author , in the same speech, etc. Now, you need to start doing your bibliographic research right away. And, however, in order to carry out a factual search for any kind of knowledge and practice, it is necessary to immediately know those literary sources (documents, publications), in which facts may be useful to us. So now we need to do some bibliographical and documentary research.
When specifying the goals and, at the same time, the main types of information search, it is necessary to adhere to low criteria, consistent with the very objective varieties of book (information) reference. Therefore, the system of main types of information search, depending on various criteria, can be supplemented (div. Table 1).
Among them, the most basic types of information research (bibliographic, documentary, factual) create a complete set of varieties. Otherwise, it seems that for each person, the secret task (a type of sound) removes the singing system of boundaries, the importance of which and emphasizes the specificity of the solution to this sound task (div. Fig.). This plan has created a system of criteria that can serve as a kind of model for identifying the necessary characteristics and features of a given information search. For example, in the process of informational search on the topic of what we have seen, there were such boundaries, or search of minds:
Meta poshuk – documentary poshuk, that is. discover the main documents and data on the nutrition of bibliographic heuristics.
The subject of the joke is a thematic joke, that is. more than the nutrition of bibliographic heuristics.
Genre (type) of literature- Vivid poshuk, tobto. It is also important to publish books (monographs, collections, guides, bibliographical compendiums).
The search method is dialectical, that is. The entire possible set of search methods has been selected.
Chronological burial- a retrospective search from the beginning of the 19th century. at the present time.
Geographical habitation- a foreign joke, that is. Information sources from our country (in addition to translations from foreign countries).
Repeated search - vibirkovy search, that is. the most noteworthy sights were selected.
Sound intensity- develop, tobto. especially for reference work.
Such specification serves a greater purpose of directness, depth, comprehensiveness, methodical rationalization and the effectiveness of information search for each specific type of problem.
System of information search methods
At this time, bibliographic heuristics has the following system of methods: scientific, selective, intuitive, typological (recipe), inductive, deductive, method of bibliographical research, method of convergence from the abstract to the concrete. The first two methods of information search – scientific and selective – are the most traditional. The practice of their stagnation is widely described in the literature; they are often called the main methods of bibliographic heuristics.
For details of daily practice, please contact P.N. Berkov confirms that “the real method is deprived of any theoretical practicality and does not really stagnate.”
Vibirkovy method. The most rational and efficient way to search for literature is the selective method. "obmerzheno sutsilny". In literature this is often called the episodic method. The concept of “vibirkovy” is more indicative of the essence of this literature, as is confirmed by the interpretations of such descendants as E.I. Shamurin and P.M. Berkiv. The relationship between these two methods (sustainable and vibrational) can be viewed dialectically. I would like to traditionally share them based on the nature of the beast to certain other elements (genre-species criteria for searching): some authors recommend coming from the main element of the fact of literature, prominent scientific work, others - from obvious pre-video-bibls iographical companions, the third - from a singing combination, Mutual cooperation between the staff and the assistants. In other words, these methods extend beyond the level of input to the system of literature and its accumulation - either in the form of a single fact, a document (a document or a collection of documents), or a large number of documents (say, the collection of any library, a particular type of literature or literature zagalom). In both cases, everything comes down to the selection and development of the singing totality of literary elements. Such an interconnection of these methods, which in its entirety ensures optimal efficiency within its reasonableness and requires the completeness of the literature, is characteristic of N.V.’s methodology. Zdobnova, P.M. Berkova, M.A. Sadovy.
Nutrition, therefore, means that the price of input from literature is for every specific need. For example, N.V. Zdobnov considered the selective method as an additional method to the scientific one. On this stand, you should first begin with the kolo dzherel, as it is not necessary to twist. Ale yakscho in the process of searching for rapt with some kind of poslan, indirect additions, etc. It turns out that in this first selection of literature there is useful material for us, then we go to the sampling method. Otzhe, for N.V. This method is useful as a reserve one, so that you can only analyze it fragmentarily, sporadically, or even at the same time without interfering with what seems to be a single fact, a document. Other descendants recommend developing the literature from the selective method through the path of scientific cultivation of the simplest aids. So, M.A. Sadowa gives great importance to encyclopedic dictionaries as a leading position in the search for literature, P.M. Berkov recommends singing the sequence of the beast to the dzherel and the servants. Ale on the right is the character of the output dzherel chi fact. In the process of searching for literature, it is necessary to recognize the possible diversity of boundaries, then. at the same time, it is complex, completely meaningful, and concretizes the output of the search. It is important to introduce the use of such elementary methods as social and selective ones, it is necessary to firstly sing the creative, rozumov robot. This led to the development of the literature search process to methods of a rational nature - intuitive and typological (prescription).
Intuitive method. Before the intuition of the process, the search for literature seems to have already appealed to N.Yu. Ulyaninsky, firmly, that the sound - on the right is complex and important, which will require great efficiency, energy, varied information and special, if not methods, then even a beginner. Based on the achievements of current bibliography, we doubt the creation of more “exact methods” than the two things we have looked at. And so it was put up before the search at that hour was not alone. For example, A.G. Fomin, trying to rationalize this process, at the same time noted: “The ability to know the material required for literary work is still the result of a bibliographical sensitivity that is excruciating.” In modern minds, such a collapse of the intuitive method of searching for literature before mysticism, before empire, the realm of “special”, “different” features cannot be respected in truth. It is necessary to recognize, first of all, the fact that the role of intuition in the creative activity of everyday people has grown enormously. In other words, modern science is faced with an alternative: either to master the logic of intuition, to understand the logical mechanism of intuition, or to surrender all logic to irrationalism.
Of course, it is impossible to absolutize the intuitive method, either applying or ignoring its meaning. Be it any creative process, one from one side, systematically, inevitably and consistently flowed from one logical flow, from the other - a happy escape from random discoveries, unconscious “aspirations” ", logical steps and transitions. In connection with this, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry wrote: “The theorist believes in logic. It seems that no one cares about darkness, intuition or poetry. He doesn’t notice that the stinkers, the three fairies, just changed their clothes to make him look like a shaggy lad. She doesn’t know what these fairies themselves are responsible for with their monstrous discoveries. There is a smell under the name of “working hypotheses”, “reasonable assumptions”, “analogies”, and a theorist can suspect that, listening to them, he changes the logic of logic and hears the sound of music.
The great book of M. Bunge made an attempt to systematize all possible variants of intuition. He sees four main classes: 1) intuition as perception; 2) intuition as if it were reality; 3) intuition as reason; 4) intuition as assessment. Also, “no mystical intuition is needed to develop intuition.” That same hour is “intuition - the unreliable germ of a thought.” And the connection with this may not be safe: first of all, because intellectual intuition does not have any evidentiary force; in another way, because intuition is, to a large extent, an objective, healthy mind, and it is conservative, in the third place, because intuition is never quite accurate.
In order to develop an information search, the intuitive method is still not enough for development, or rather, for the purpose of direct knowledge. Intuition is covered by this world, in which it is refined and processed by reason. Intuitive “sense” can become of interest, since the place in the mind of a person knows that it is purified and included, we know, in the totality of the ground judgments. Scientific research, as in our case, is an information search, the price is low “mostly” and judgement, which contributes to analysis and revision.
The creators of science truly have “natural revelations; or “osyayannya”, just a short time before the problem is revealed, formulated and solved.
Naturally, the intuitive method is important for factual searching. His role may be substantive and in some cases of documentary jokes. With particular respect in the process of information search, the next step is to kind of intuitive method.
Shvidke pulls away the object, then. of the written document, the fact of the entire totality of them. By and large, it is characterized by physical, sensory feelings, say, books, once washed and read. The effectiveness of such sensitive intuition lies heavily in the creative abilities of the bibliographer - his caution, acuity, memory, agility, information and information. Closely related to these similarities are other types of empathetic intuition - the meaning and validity of interpretation is clear.
A clearer understanding of the significance of the searched document and the fact allows one to formally see in the system other than these and other modern characteristics, for example, the name of the author, the title, the artistic and printing design of the book and other data, so as to become a bibliographic description. Anna. Once there is a clear understanding, it is more important to understand the possibility of an intuitive vision of the required view of a person who is not familiar with other views on the basis of the features of style and genre in writing, illustrations, etc. The logical apparatus then, as they “visualize” everything from our memory, stimulate our awakening.
Intuitive authenticity of interpretation as a different type of empathetic understanding allows you to search for mental signs, formal characteristics of literary elements in the process, let alone the mental signs and ambiguities, or real, substitutes. and the interconnections of these verses, the need to choose any song from them, and the greater variety of the type of this search . In this series of searches, a document or a fact appears for us as a piece or a natural signal that allows Shvidko and Stys to evaluate the significance of this or any other book among others in the same way as we evaluate real objects as much as possible and the actions behind their external appearance, posture, gestures and etc. bud. “These are the very same ones,” adds M. Bunge, “that we are afraid of immediately, formulating hostility about someone on the platform of a single ally.” Therefore, such intuitive methods are considered “impressionist”.
Reality of the phenomenon and geometric intuition. Here we begin the transition from intuition to the perception of intuition. According to the literature, geometric intuition takes place when the abstract image of a document (for example, creations using the methods of sensitive intuition) is concretized to the image of the model. Instead of empathetic intuition, where ready-made ways of depicting verbal text (illustrations in the book) are most often chosen, geometric intuition conveys the visibility of individual images that create are created specifically or formed spontaneously, in the process of working with literature, as well as piece images, for example, a symbolic index document assigned to it in the library or on the basis of any classification scheme.
The validity of creating metaphors as an intuitive method. As an initial image for a scientific literary piece, a metaphorical illustration is created, then. partial similarity or similarity of documents, for example: illustrated or unillustrated views. This intuition is also associated with the creation of emotional impressions, images from reading a book, facts, ideas, and most often through the creation of some part, structure, fragment.
The method of creative manifestation. In science, there is a process of forming a hypothesis, which often appears in the appearance of any visionary image, especially after a difficult process of searching and testing the truth of any idea. Classic butts here can be: “bachennya” in the dream of a searched decision from D.I. Mendelev’s creation of a periodic system of chemical elements, the famous “fallen apple,” which became the core of I.’s gravitational theory. Newton, etc. But in any case, such a “bowl”, “intuitive feeling” does not blame anything. It is possible to search for information in the process, if the tension has subsided, the sound of the sound is silent, and the sound of light appears after the painstaking processing of a large array of documents. Another ability of intuitive anticipation may be lost when you search in the process of searching for any aids, for example: indicators and lists of literature, additional indicators in the book, etc. However, in any case, such “perceptions” will require real re-verification, critical evaluation and other logical methods.
Accelerate your visnovok. Here there begins a transition from intuition to intuition, close to visible knowledge, then. knowledge derived from the logical processing of literature data, without a thoroughgoing transformation to experiment and practice. These types of intuitive methods are also called intellectual intuition. There will be a closer approach to bringing informational sound from the development of important empirical sound images to abstract and logical techniques. Thus, we are just before accelerating our speeds. This characterizes such a process of information search, if any clear cut is encountered, a quick search, the highest search task will come naturally. There is a feeling that the real sequence of a possible joke in this particular episode seems to have been “forgotten” by you. Let's use the butt of such intuition to reveal facts that are not our fault. According to the testimony of M. Bunge, “missed and forgotten orders and intermediate steps are so numerous that even without a high school mind one can come along such a path to plausible conclusions.” This quality of intuition may be due to the good excuses, supernaturally logical intelligences.
Intuitive synthesis. It emerges as a result of accelerated development and a noticeably greater scale of integrity, the consistency of vision from the hidden array of found documents and facts, identified earlier than the divisions in home in one, “harmonious” whole system. Moreover, it is important here to delimit the system from the central massif, and to determine the actual significance of the skin document and the fact of this system. Such a more obvious manifestation, the picture of the process of information search develops depending on the consequences, if the search for orientations is called the book core (literary, library), then. the melodious and optimal minimum of literary elements.
The intuition, which rests on a healthy heart, allows one to approach the process of information search with recent phenomena, with estimates that have already been formed by knowledge from another diet, those searches. But such evidence often leads to the fact that we give precedence to literary works that represent the level of our knowledge. This is due to the fact that the stage of intuition of any concept rises to the singing level of knowledge. This kind of intuition can be allowed to play its heuristic role, but it cannot be allowed to use difficult wealth and development of literature. In other words, the process of information search has particular respect for the search for documents and facts of a critical nature, which is superb to understand the intuition of a healthy mind, which has already emerged. In this case, it is necessary to take care of the dynamics of your intuition of a healthy deep, focusing on change, on the emergence of new intuitive manifestations, raising the intuition to a healthy constriction, phronesis.
Phronesis, as well as practical wisdom, means the ability to quickly and correctly evaluate and thus find documents and facts that largely support the purpose of this search. It is only possible to talk about such an intuition in the context where the evaluation of the judgment is formulated, the required document is selected, and the fact is, after quickly becoming aware of them, their novelty, value and usefulness are correctly assessed. There is an importance and reliability of your sound actions.
In principle, the intuitive method under various names - “guess”, “sensitivity”, “sensitivity” - is widely used in bibliographic heuristics. A bibliographical guess, says M.A. Sadova, - accompanies the librarian during the hour of work. Here various paths and inexhaustible possibilities are revealed, depending on the special powers of the bibliographer, his reliability, the speed of purification, etc.” For evaluation by P.M. Berkova, M.A. Sadova correctly chose a synonym for the word “zdogad” - “swedishness of darkness.” In the classification of M. Bung, this represents an intellectual intuition of the type of “accelerated recovery.” U Tsomu P.N. Berkov rightly recommends being aware of such terms as “intuition”, “feeling”, “guessing”, because they have a hint of belief in “miracle”, “unexpectedness”. And at this time, there are also ligaments installed, only the ones that are distant, that do not lie on the surface, but also the prote, ligaments, that actually appear, and not those that are guessed.
Before this type of intuitive methods is decided, there is also a great deal of “fluctuation” in the literature search process. Evidence shows that the so-called capriciousness is actually the result of some kind of thinking. Zokrema, P.M. Berkov to aim such a butt. Who came to the head of the library of the Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkin House) by the prominent academician I.Yu. Krachkovsky, at the hour of rose, took from the table a volume of the magazine of Pushkin's hour and mechanically began to utter his throat, continuing to conduct business with Rose.
Raptom, he screamed with joy and excitement: he found out, as he explained his sports history, that he had been searching for a few decades. At first glance, what’s wrong here? Not the ones that I.V. Krachkovsky had a lot of fatal memories and made his old joke, and those who found confirmation were unconvinced.
Therefore, it is necessary to constantly develop in yourself the insight to make the most optimal choice in the search for information, upgrading itself to those literary elements that, with the greatest complacency, will address the necessary facts and. The mastery and rational development of various methods of intuition come as a result of the vigorous cultivation of literature. This mutual transition from intuitive to rational methods is also largely responsible for the further development of bibliographic heuristics in the development of more rational methods of information retrieval.
Typological or recipe method. The first evidence of this development came from A.G. Fomina, based on the typification of all possible information search tasks. As a result, all their diversity was documented in the entirety of typical orders. Vikoristannya їх allowed each person for a specific informational search to hint at the singing path and documentary cats (companions, dzherela) solutions, then. date a kind of model, a recipe for the ultimate search task.
The optimal standard model for developing various “recipes” for information search is a bibliographic description. According to the official GOST 7.1-76, it is “a set of information about another or another document (its part or group of documents), which makes it possible to identify a document, as well as to remove statements about its change, as stated above, syg prenatal apparatus, etc. d. ." Most importantly, the main purpose of a bibliographic description is to identify data from a system of others. It is important to translate the Russian word “identification” into the Latin word “identification”, which reflects the process of identification, recognition of a document (document) by the way of similarity, differentiation, equalization of it with others from the settlement of other people. our signs (characteristics). The rest is to create a bibliographic description. These characteristics of bibliography are called elements that share their functions in the bibliographic description of the field. In its own way, the elements are divided into obligatory and optional. All elements of a bibliographic description (first of all) provide a starting point for the establishment and selection of various further fixation schemes (recipes) in the process of information search. The main ones that are most often discussed from them are indicated in Table 2. Apparently, prescription methods are characterized by simplicity, but also require good knowledge of the suppliers, which are already being produced in our time in our region and beyond the cordon.
In any case, the typological (recipe) method is intended to bring a new rationality and orderliness to the information search process. This very hour shows the importance of the right, exit point of this complex process. It can be selected either from an understanding of intuition or from a knowledgeable, deliberately direct, working hypothesis or recipe.
And here we should highlight the interrelationships between the methods of heuristics and such basic methods of logic as inductive and deductive.
Inductive method of information search. Vzagali induction (inductive method) in the sense of the word is a form of thought, with which a thought is induced (from the Latin inductio - induction) as a secret rule, a secret formation, power over all individual objects of a certain class. p align="justify"> The process of learning from vicious induction proceeds from individual judgments and facts to hidden rules and secrets, in which the hidden regularity is reflected.
In our field of information research, we can talk about a special type of inductive method. In fact, in the process of information search on the topic of what we have seen, we could formulate the following series of private judgments:
1) in our region, publications are published dedicated to the nutrition of information search, there may be a publication that specializes in their publication, such publications are displayed in the release plans or in the catalogs of this type. This type of publication is seen in the form of “Book”;
2) in the DSNT of our region there is an organ (center) that informs us about the type of nutrition that we need, such information is published in the form of abstract journals. Its organ is VINITI, as reported by the Russian Journal of Informatics.
3) The All-Union Book Chamber registers all publications published in our region, information about which is published in relevant bibliographic publications.
However, we can reject the hidden data from the nutrition of information search: the publication plans and catalogs of the publication “Book”, RZh VINITI “Informatics”, and the publications of the state bibliography (“Book Chronicle”, etc.). As a result of the way of training these beneficiaries for the required period of time, we can compile a searched list of nutritional literature to tell us. In other words, after identifying and searching for a number of facts, supported by the inductive method, we move on to compiling a comprehensive, larger list (singing array of dzherel) on this topic.
In applications, we have used this type of inductive method as non-continuous induction. The final design, the sub-bag result, does not burn at all and is primed on all possible single dzherel.
Another type of inductive method is repeated induction. A final note about the appearance of the searched jerels (factual facts) from nutrition in this case to work on the basis of the implantation of all single jerels. Such maximalism, naturally, gives more authenticity and greater clarity in the process of information search. However, the method of repeated induction, as a scientific method, has no practical informational value.
As a matter of fact, the induction method is closely related to those characterized by the scientific method (repeated induction) and the sampling method (non-repeated induction), as well as with other types of intuitive method (for example, swede abstraction). ennya dzherela, accelerations, creation to synthesis). Through the use of the inductive method of information search, we obtain our own “recipe” for solving the specific task at hand. The importance and advantage of the inductive method over the inductive method lies in the fact that, first of all, the inductive method is more rational, logical; in other words, it is closely related to the facts, to practice, and to the effective situation in information activity. Nevypadkovo, the founder of this new scientific hour, F. Bacon, emphasized: “As we can at a glance penetrate into the nature of speeches, they everywhere proceed to induction... We respect that induction is the correct form of proof, which is It seems like a strong kind of mercy that closely follow nature, what is between and what may be angry with practice.”
Deductive method of information search. A positive picture will emerge if we search using the deductive method. Deduction (from the Latin deductio - deduction) in the sense word is such a form of thought, if a new idea is derived in a completely logical way (that is, according to the laws of logic) from previous thoughts. In other words, instead of deduction as a method of recognition, there is a discovery of hidden positions for specific phenomena. Moreover, the directness of thought from the hidden to the private can be found not only in the immediate act of cognition, which is the result. Such directness of thought can be the result of the investigation of the phenomena, the creation of an inflamed scientific theory, etc.
A special type of deductive method is used in the process of information search. Returning to our standard butt of searching for literature on the topic of reality, we, using the deductive method, can state the same. First of all, the process of searching for literature and theory (bibliographic heuristics) as a final step (topic) is included before replacing book reference and bibliography and their theories (book studies, bibliographic studies), as well as computer science - a kind of theory of such a hidden part of bibliography as scientific -Additional bibliography. Also, in the publications (information publications) that depict the place, these spheres of active activity and science, we can find some information on the topic of search. In other words, there are information bodies of the DSNT, which are engaged in information services in these areas of public activity (bibliography, scientific information activities). We establish that these are: VINITI, Information Center for Problems of Culture and Mystery. Thirdly, it is our responsibility to recognize which supporters of these organizations can provide useful literature for us. These are: RJ VINITI “Informatics”, a bibliographic indicator for the Information Center on problems of culture and mysticism “New Radian and foreign literature from library science and bibliography”. Find out, fourthly, by the way of the social and vibirkovy (vicoristic changes, additional indicators, etc.) by studying the meaning of the auxiliaries, we can form a list of literature from the nutritional information search.
The already pointed example is sufficient to confirm the presence of a close relationship between inductive and deductive methods. At the same time, the process of absolutization of the inductive method began with F. Bacon, wanting to ensure that we do not become like the goosebump empiricist, and not be like the spider-rationalist, who from the powerful mind is more cunning. ilosophical web. According to F. Bacon, the philosopher is guilty of being similar to the devil, who collects tribute in fields and onions and then extracts honey from it. It is characteristic that in ancient times scribes competed with bjola. Please note, the process of information search cannot be reduced to either induction - learning literature from isolated facts (dzherel) to their unification (collection), or to deduction - learning literature from unknown facts (s leading dzherel, pos_bnikiv) to single. Induction and deduction are closely related, complementary to each other. As the inductive adaptation transmits the vicoristic oscillator of the outer positions, outer edges (supporters), then. includes the moment of deduction, and, however, deduction is impossible without reference and conclusions based on the inductive method.
A dialectical understanding of the role and interconnections of the methods of induction and deduction is given in the Marxist-Leninist tradition. Thus, F. Engels wrote: “Induction and deduction are related to each other in a very necessary manner, like synthesis and analysis. Instead, in order to simply increase one of them to the skies for the size of the other, you need to be able to tighten the skin in your place, and which can only be reached if you do not forget about their connections with each other , They are mutually complementary to each other.” This impossibility, inconsistency of strengthened deduction through induction characterizes V.I. Lenin emphasized that “the simplest truth, in the simplest, inductive way, has been rejected, it is never true, because the proof is always over.” V.I. Lenin also points out the interconnections between induction and deduction with other forms of thought. Zokrema, he emphasizes the “connection of induction with analogy - with assumptions (scientific providences) ...”, then. Intuitive methods Thus, the effectiveness of information search largely depends on the correct, rational integration of inductive and deductive methods, as well as, in turn, their connection with other common methods. Bliographic heuristics.
Method of information search for bibliographic messages. The feasibility of this approach lies in the very nature of literature, which is formed from the precise interconnection of facts, works, documents and appearances. With a variety of rational and intuitive methods of information research, we are encouraged to use a very obvious, hypothetical way to identify these interconnections and establish the facts and facts. . The main peculiarity of the method of information search for bibliographical data is that it is not a hypothetical, but a real interconnection of literature in the process of natural-historical development. Skin new literary work - a chain of analysis, evaluation and reference to social information that is already in the literature. A specific form of representation of the designated interconnection, the advent of literary development, is a bibliographic message (wine). The bibliographical message is written with a variety of bibliographical descriptions of a vikorist, quoted or guessed literary work (published), one part, the entirety of the seen. Such a bibliographic message (description) can be made either in the (main) text of the literary work (internal text message), or in the subtext (at the bottom of the page of the sub-text message) and in the extra-textual note (for example, in the main text - subtext ove posilannya), or partly in the main text, and often in the sub-textual (beyond-text) list, and in the sub-book (article-by-article) list of selected (recommended) literature. The basic rules for the design of bibliographic documents are outlined in GOST 7.1-76.
It is important for us that in the process of information search, the clarity of bibliographic messages gives at the first stage of the onset of possibility. First of all, share one thing with each other or find something to eat for us. Vikorist's system of guidance in new bibliographical plans, we can install a song row of dzherel. This series, as we know, may already be in the first place of registration in the library list view (display, look). Now, consistently including the system of bibliographical messages to each person from the meanings of the list of products, we retrospectively identify the literature of nutrition. The main goal is to search the process as far as possible without a new look. Alternatively, you can compare yourself with one well-known list (indicator) of the searched nutrition literature that is published in the critical-bibliographical sections of periodicals, in informational, scientific-encyclopedic and Other stories that appear in libraries too. Decide, thirdly, you can get out of the bibliographical message (list) in the first place, as well as from other relevant elements. For example, the famous author of a book on nutrition, what to tell us. So, containing an alphabetical catalog of any universal library, additional information indicators (for example, state bibliography), other books, bibliographical dictionaries, In the encyclopedia, we also install other works of this author. Then, behind the system of bibliographic sediments of these data, we find the data of other authors from nutrition, which is what we need to know, etc.
Information search for bibliographical messages was vikorized at the time of writing this work.
In the minds of the current hectic flow of information, the importance of searching for bibliographic records is especially growing. To make this search easier, a special type of bibliographical aids has been released - an indicator of cited literature. Our extreme function of such an indicator until the end of the day is the end of the book “Bibliography of Radian Bibliography”. In addition to information about the local library displays (lists, views), bibliographic periodicals, there is also information about the largest grandchildren of the book and internal journals Library displays (lists, look), book and article lists. Staying with the help of the named indicator of the shorthand can be used when searching for the indicator of cited literature. At any time, the method of searching literature for bibliographical messages is one of the most practical and accessible for every bibliographer.
And yet, regardless of the relevance and importance of the skin disease of the characterized methods of information search, choosing only one of them is not enough. It is optimal to respect the stability of the song totality of them. But for whom it is necessary to know a universal methodological strategy, a kind of model, such a model itself, in which all possible methods of bibliographic heuristics are dialectically interconnected, and the method (method) is similar from the abstract to the concrete.
Information search method of convergence from the abstract to the concrete. Based on the meanings of K. Marx, in general, the method of convergence from the abstract to the concrete (and finally) is understood as a method, “with the help of some kind of thought, it acquires itself in a concrete way, creating it as a spiritually concrete one. It is also noteworthy that Marx characterized this method as “correct for scientific understanding.” Moreover, all other scientific methods are included in this universal dialectical-logical method as a subsidiary.
The main focus remains on the methods of bibliographic heuristics. It must be said that the most widely characterized methods of information search are separated by only one primary problem of thought; abstract (information about the subject of the joke is enclosed) – realistically concrete (literature is a real body of documents, apparently). Blame can be caused by inductive and deductive methods of information search. Once again, my relationship between the stench and the singing world is approaching the method of convergence from the abstract to the concrete, ranging from a rich variety of knowledge from the private to the secret and from the secret to the private. All these methods of information search are important to consider elementary. Their skin is one-sided, insufficient for a thorough investigation of the literature, so an effective search is only achievable from a different totality of them. But the very knowledge of the essence of information search in the way of convergence from the abstract to the concrete gives this necessary significance.
About the superiority of this vikoristan, one can bear in mind the complexity of literature itself as a concrete, real object of informational search. One thing is true, my friend, the fact is that in the literature there is a diversity of ligaments and joints. It is very important for everyone to quench the stench. It’s enough just to overthink these transformations, which is a must-have to go through the skin literary body (book) in the current information system, successful activity in general:
As a matter of fact, only a few (16 - and not all!) of the numerous possible options for the presentation of any subject or companion in the literature vary greatly in their place, form of presentation, systematization of materials There are also other signs that all become of interest, and may have meaning in Processes of information search To explain the peculiarities of such search, we turn to a diagram (div. Fig. 3), which simply shows all the main stages of this complex process of convergence from the abstract to the concrete. First of all, this approach requires the establishment of a clear relationship between the main initial moments of information search (see table 1). We are in front of the meta, the task of the search and the role of the intelligible whole (abstract) in relation to other similarities: literature is really concrete ("vikhidna peredumova"), removing the results of the search. The very preoccupation in our age with the need for low abstraction about specific literature, replacing it with different reference books, distributing it into different aspects, fragments, sides (analysis), or else giving us shukani dzherel or factual statements (synthesis). In Fig. 3 abstract levels of the skin stage of showing the animal (above the literature), possible specific levels – below.
The process of such a search consists of several main stages. The first one aims at direct comparison and further concretization of the information about the subject, in addition to the search for bibliographical companions, who may be able to obtain information about the device. Well, at what stage is bibliographic research conducted? Sources may include bibliographic publications, information center publications, scientific-encyclopedic publications, and various catalogs of universal libraries. In order to establish the specific totality of the searchers on the subject of the search, we must first identify this totality in their possible place. Necessary abstractions for the research task at this stage are various bibliographic facts - the author's nickname, the names of the data and other facts that create the bibliographic description ate. Variations of the “prescription” method of searching can be used to solve specific problems at this stage (see Table 2). The process seems to stagnate all possible diversity of methods. As a result, we can see the totality of bibliographical reference books that may have information about the things we need.
This is the beginning of another stage of convergence from the abstract - the totality of bibliographical reference books to the concrete - the searched literature of nutrition, the bibliographic list on the topic of search.
The task of the third stage is to identify those literary elements that necessarily contain information to inform us. Well, now there is a version of a documentary search. The role of abstractions, and of poetic images, here is defined as bibliographical descriptions (abstracts, abstracts) of various literary objects (books, articles, etc.), and the elements themselves. The need for their acquisition is apparent to us immediately before the process of acquiring the preparatory apparatus: previous instructions, substitution, relocation, post-production, and so on. As a result, a search for an array of necessary documents on the topic of the search is formed (in the list, as well as in the documents themselves).
The task of the fourth stage is to determine the totality of factual information on a given topic, then. Nowadays, a factual search is carried out by reading and taking notes of literary works. Through the war, a searched body of factual information is formed, which is the output material for library services.
In this way, even though there is little convergence from the abstract to the concrete (literature - companions - literature - literary facts), the specific information search is implemented using this method.
It’s easy to send your money to the robot to the base. Vikorist the form below
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1. What is information heuristics?
This is the science of discovering creativity and creativity in the complex subject matter that is history. How to read, write and speak publicly, today in the minds of the information society, it is necessary to competently perform professional duties - the skill of a fakhivtsa is indispensable.
2. Concepts of information and types
The concept of “information” has a different meaning, similar to this point, where this concept can be seen in: science, technology, basic life, etc. Please be respectful of any information or information you provide (information about any kind of activity, etc.).
VIDI: text, babies, armchairs, photographs; Light and sound signals; radiokhvili; electrical and nerve impulses; magnetic recordings; gestures and facial expressions; the smells and savoriness are noticeable; chromosomes, which transmit signs and power of organisms, etc.
3. Social information and features
Social information is information created and transmitted by people that reflects personal knowledge, emotions, volitional inputs, included in the communication process.
4. Information bars
Information barrier - this is the super-precision between information sources of marriage (marriage) and obvious technical possibilities of their satisfaction. The first information barrier: the confinement of the human brain as a reservoir of necessary knowledge. At first glance, information barriers are divided into objective ones. These are both subjective and subjective. Based on their characteristics, the rest can be divided into: a) barriers created by jerel, and b) barriers that are responsible for receiving information.
In previous literature, up to 10 or more information bars are visible. The most significant ones are:
1) Spacious (geographical) bars. The stench comes from the distant past and the reception of information in one place in the open air.
2) Timely (historical) bar'iers. Connected with the bottom of the dzherel and receiving information from the hour. Whenever there is a larger value, this is an information bar and, as a rule, it is more important.
3) Power-political bariers - galvanize the process of forming a single light information space, subsequently the founding of the Earth over hundreds of independent powers, separated by cordons, there may be different political regimes, different legislations, variously regulating information and documentation processes.
4) Mode barriers – limit access to documented information. Some information that is kept secret or is confidential in nature is inaccessible to the general public.
5) Household and bureaucratic bariers. The smell is due to the disorganized, hierarchical structure of the management system and self-government (including the state, the local government, the internal firm etc.), which is a constant process of document processing, including the legacy of insufficient competence. inconsistency of state, municipal and other services.
6) Economical barriers - related to the shortage and shortage of resources for the production, transmission, and maintenance of information.
7) Technical barriers - result from shortages and technical inconsistencies of installation, and from technical problems, software, etc., necessary optimization of information processes iv.
8) Semantic (terminological) barriers - appear as a legacy of different interpretations of words, terms, symbols by different people. Apart from this or that term, different concepts are sometimes assigned and different meanings are given to understand.
9) Movni (national-movni) bar'eri - knowledge of ignorance and weak knowledge of mov. Nowadays, behind the shadows of the Fahivites, there are approximately 3,000 different prayers, which the peoples of the Earth pray.
10) Ideological barriers - they arise between neighboring people and social groups, due to the fact that they obviously have different systems of views on the effectiveness of their actions, different religions, etc. Ideological barriers can become (and have repeatedly become) the cause of acute social conflicts.
11) Psychological barriers - associated with the peculiarities of processing information by a particular person, with the peculiarities of their memory; From the power of human peculiarities, from the peculiarities of a person’s character (isolation, sobriety, etc.); with the psychological state of people in a specific period (second, rotten mood); find out about the psychophysical capabilities of people.
social library information archives
5. Concepts and features of scientific information
Scientific information is complete logical information, obtained from the process of knowledge, and adequately matches the patterns of objective light and historical historical practice. Basic signs of scientific information:
It arises from the process of learning the patterns of objective activity, the basis of which is practice, which is presented in a similar form;
This is documented or publicly disclosed information about foreign and foreign achievements of science, technology, production, captured in the process of scientific research, research and design, manufacturing and huge activities i.
6. Scientific information and scientific knowledge
Scientific knowledge is an objective type of knowledge that satisfies current needs: significance, completeness, systematicity, re-verification, coarseness, reflexivity, methodologicality, openness to criticism, creation to change and reduction . Knowledge (information), which satisfies these criteria, has no right to exist between the system of scientific knowledge and non-scientific ones.
Types of scientific knowledge – sensitive, empirical, theoretical, metatheoretical; analytical and synthetic; change your mind and see; attributive and valuable; object-descriptive and normative-methodological; Ideographic and nomothetic; discursive and intuitive; explicitly and implicitly; especially and terribly significant.
The levels of scientific knowledge are sensory (data from science and experimentation), empirical, theoretical and metatheoretical knowledge (background science and philosophy).
Units of scientific knowledge – protocols, graphs, classifications, facts, laws, theories, models, proofs, principles, scientific research programs, paradigms, disciplines, etc.
The main goals of scientific knowledge are systematization and thoroughness. For the scientific systematization of knowledge (classification) it is characteristic that it is carried out to the fullest, clear statements about the components of systematization and its non-superversity. What is important here is the specific scientific method - the procedure for obtaining knowledge that allows it to be created, verified and passed on to others. The elements of scientific knowledge are facts, patterns, theories, scientific pictures of the world. Grounding, evidence of acquired knowledge are characteristic signs of science.
7. Document as a form of information submission
A document is a material object with information recorded in any form, visual text, sound recording, image or their signature, which may contain details that allow its identification, and meanings for transmission at the hour and at the expanse using the method of a huge vikoristan that saving.
An important type of documents is various evidence that confirms the identity of the person whose affiliation with any organization allows them to engage in singing activities.
The totality of documents dedicated to any food, event, process, person, etc. is called documentation.
The documents are divided into:
· For recognition:
· Organizational documents (Statute, City Instructions, Regulations, Staff list, Structure and staff numbers);
· Order documents (Order, Vytyag with order, Order, Vkazivka, Decree, Resolution);
· Information and evidence documents (Act, Protocol, Additional Note, Explanatory Note, Service Note, Sheet, Evidence);
· Accounting-related (accounting) documents (Payment agreement, Invoice, Invoice, Act);
· Regulatory documents from the position of legal norms regulate fundamental principles, rules and characteristics. They like such concepts as Standards, Norms, Rules, Rules, Regulations and other documents;
· By the hour creation - primary and secondary (abstract, annotation, review, etc.);
· For the method of preparation - black, white, electronic, image-creating, handwritten document, typewritten, drukaniy (brochure, book, magazine);
· The payment method is electronic, on paper noses;
· Behind the scene - internal, external;
· For direct dispatch - input, output;
· For technical needs - human readers, machine readers;
· At the same level of secrecy - unclassified, secret, with varying levels of secrecy, confidential, etc.
8. Structure of the document (book), its internal and external elements
Document structure is a remarkably stable way to organize the background system
Since the system takes care of the very warehouses of each other object: its structure, warehouse, method of storage, form of development, then the structure is enhanced by such components as durability, stability of each object, no matter what. does not retain its acidity when changing external ones and inner minds.
The external structure of a document is the entire external structure of a document, which allows it to be identified as a different type
The main task of the new appearance of the document (except electronic) is to give it such a form as would be required for the correspondents to be stuck in the extracted information
For a service document - this form as a carrier of information, depending on the size of the form and the size of its preparation, decisions are made about further work with it
For cartographic documents, the main elements of external design are the nose, title, pencil case, etc.
Film documents can contain the following storage of external elements: box, reel, film stitch, label under the name, etc.
A book edition contains a stock of external elements: a burner, a superburner, a palette, a book block, a flyleaf, a border, a case, etc.
A musical document is divided into a warehouse of external elements. This can, for example, be enclosed in a package or disc and packaging: an outer envelope or box, an inner envelope or a polyethylene package; insert sheets with superb text material etc.
The internal structure of a document is its internal structure, the totality of interconnected elements and parts that allow for more effective understanding of search activity, acceptance and curation of information, as in I have to take revenge. This information unites the document into one whole and arranges its internal components one by one.
The storage of internal structural elements and parts of a larger document is designated by its type
For example, organizational and administrative documents have the following internal structure:
Name of the document (including official sheets);
Text with supplements;
Signatures;
Badges, etc.
The following elements and parts can be included:
Weekend reports;
Peredmova;
Enter the article;
Main text;
Pislyamova;
Program
9. Important bibliography
Bibliography is a specific area of information activity, in essence information management; Information infrastructure that will ensure the preparation, expansion and retrieval of bibliographic information.
The most important tasks of bibliography are the standardization of bibliographic activities, including the library inventory; compilation of bibliographic indicators and citation indexes; classification of documents
10. Bibliographic information in this form
Bibliographic information: this is “information about documents that is necessary for their identification and identification
Bibliographic information is the result of human activity by obtaining information about a document from the document itself, recording and organizing these records by combining the implementation of this type of information. I also get along with the document.
The actual functioning of bibliographic information takes place in specific forms, which are the most rational from the point of view of processing and their further development.
In a coarse, elementary form, the foundation of B is a bibliographic description of D.
A bibliographic description is a collection of information about documents (data) necessary and sufficient for its identification. Before these information, information about the author, title, place and hour of appearance, etc. is provided.
11. Bibliographic record and elements
Bibliographic record – a form of bibliographic information; The smallest item in the bibliographic list. Includes title, bibliography, subject headings, annotations, proof-reading apparatus, date of completion of document processing and service records.
After selecting the first element in the bibliographic record, place the record in catalogs, etc. The first element of stench is divided into:
1. Entry under the title
The title of the entries before the bibliographical description and the purpose for searching the record. Under the heading, as the first element, enter: the name of the individual, the purpose of the document, the unified name;
2. Record under the name
As the first element, the main name of the document is selected. The title describes the author's publications, publications in which the author's name is indicated, anthologies, dictionaries, and guides.
12. Bibliographical description of your vision, GUESTS, that regulate your composition
Scope of application This standard establishes the basic rules for creating a bibliographic description of a document, part or group of documents: a set of areas and elements of a bibliographic description, the sequence of their arrangement, and the method of submission. elements, stagnation of the designated punctuation and quickly. The standard is expanded to cover the description of documents compiled by libraries, scientific and technical information bodies, government bibliography centers, publishers, and other institutions that produce bibliography. The standard is not applied everywhere to bibliographical submissions.
A bibliographical description contains bibliographical information about a document, following simple rules that establish a new order of passage of areas and elements that are used for identifying and fundamental characteristics of a document.
The bibliographic description is the main part of the bibliographic record. A bibliographic record may also include a title, indexing terms (classification indices and subject headings), abstract (abstract), document storage cipher, statements about additional bibliographic records, processing completion date documents of a service nature. The formation of the title of a bibliographic record is regulated by GOST 7.80. Formation of classification indices and subject headings - GOST 7.59. The abstract (abstract) is compiled according to GOST 7.9. 4.2 The objects of the compiled bibliographic description include all types of published (including deposited) and unpublished documents on any media - books, serials and other resources that are continued, music, cartographic i, audiovisual, creative, regulatory and technical documents, microforms , electronic resources, trivial pieces and natural objects; warehouse documents; groups of similar and dissimilar documents.
13. Search for information on the Internet
Three ways to search on the Internet.
The Internet and the World Wide Web, for example, give the subscriber access to thousands of servers and millions of Web sites, which store the confidential information. How not to get lost in this “information ocean”? For this purpose, you need to learn how to joke and find the necessary information at a glance.
As has already been said, there are three main ways to search for information on the Internet.
1. Inserting the address of the page. This is the best way to search, but you can only vikorist in this case, as if you were looking at the address of the document.
2. Overloading with hyper-strength. This is the simplest way, using fragments you can use to find documents that are only close to the document. Since the exact document of dedications, for example, music, then, vikorista and the hyper-powerful nature of this document, can hardly be used on the site of dedications to sports.
3. Upgrading to a joke server (poke system). Searching search servers is the most convenient way to find information. Currently, the following sound servers are popular in the Russian part of the Internet: Yandex; Rambler; Aport.
14. Look for information from the librarian
Libraries maintain significant costs of storing information in different formats and in different media. Searching for such diversity of materials often requires the participation of a specialist. The search for necessary materials becomes even more complex, since it is important for the writer to formulate a clear sentence, and only describe the topic.
Traditionally, libraries provide the ability to search with an electronic catalog and subscription electronic resources. In some cases, you have access to digitized electronic funds, which are not subject to copyright restrictions. The difficulty of searching for information is that the skin's electronic resource has its own search system.
ELAR Corporation is promoting the solution “Intelligent Search System” to ensure a quick and effective search of information searches for all different materials - both in the traditional way (for classifiers, rubricators and attributes), and with a variety of analytical tools.
An intelligent search system, implemented on the basis of specialized software “Index”, ensures increased satisfaction of users (reader libraries) for the following:
1. Renewal of library content. The search is for all electronic resources - catalogues, digitized funds, full-text collections, media resources, electronic subscriptions, dissertations, as well as descriptions, annotations and other electronic content.
2. new set of sound instruments.
3. a wide range of filter systems and analytical tools. Interactive sound search for the additional richness filtration system, combined with various graphic filters. Analysis of queries (semantic, morphological, taxonomic, cluster, etc.) to provide an adequate result.
4. Providing the requested information with limited access to the content is subject to the rights of the owners. The result is obtained from the view of documents from a possible perspective, since they are not subject to copyright restrictions, and from the view of quotations with information, which appears to be the intended purpose, since access to the documents is provided.
5. System integration into the structure of the web portal
The intelligent search system can be integrated into the library web portal, ensuring the ability of remote robots.
15. See libraries in Russia
Library collection (Greek: ???????, book + ????, container, receptacle, box) - a facility that collects and saves seals and writings for the public collection, as well as related pre-bibliographical work. At the present time, microfiches, microfilms, slides, audio and video cassettes are becoming more and more widespread, and electronic media (CD-ROM, DVD-ROM) are also becoming more widespread.
Libraries are booming:
· Powers
· Budgetary
· Municipal
· Private
· Individuals (family)
· Basics
Social types of universal libraries:
· Public
· For blind people
· Dityacha
· Yunatska
· Vuzovska
· Academic
· Galuzevi
· and other
There are special Galuzev libraries:
· Medical
· Silskyspodarskiy
· Technical
· Artists
· and other
20. System of catalogs and library cards.
The system of catalogs and library card files is a set of organizations that complement one of the mutually interconnected library cards, which opens up the library's warehouse and collection in various aspects. The system of catalogs and file cabinets of the library is a single integral organization.
The system of catalogs and card files of the library is a storage part of the pre-video-library apparatus.
The system of catalogs and file cabinets of the library will be based on the principles of science, accessibility, planning, and economy.
The formation and functioning of the catalog and filing system is determined by the following factors:
·warehouse and library fund structure
· Readers' library maintenance system.
Organization of the library fund
Parts of the library fund are housed in the fund house and structural parts of the library through the manual maintenance of readers and conservation.
The first priority of a sub-fund is its affiliation with a structural department of the library (for example, a reading room fund, a subscription fund, a library of mysteries, etc.). Then the fund is expanded into documents (subfund of magazines, etc.) and the final stage is the placement of documents at library stations.
There are a number of types of placement of the library fund. The widest range is systematic – alphabetical, then. All types of documents are organized systematically at the fund. Please refer to the library classification table included in this library. Before classification, the fund must be divided into divisions and subdivisions: (for example: 5 divisions of Natural Sciences are divided into subdivisions: Mathematics, 52. Astronomy, 53. Physics, 54.X Name, etc.), in the middle of which documents are arranged in alphabetical order by the names of the authors , and since the author of the book does not contain instructions, but the book was written by more than three authors, then - according to the alphabet of headings.
The procedure for distributing books at the police station helps to preserve the author's mark, which is the mental meaning of the cobweb of the letters of the author's name or the name of the document, which consists of the first letter of the title of the bibliographic record and a two-digit or three-digit serial number ( for example: B 64 Voznesensky; B 66 Voishchev, etc. d.)
Explore other types of library collections. Thematic and substantive arrangements are the most frequently discussed.
In the case of a subject arrangement, documents are grouped into subjects (aspects, views, manifestations, etc.) that can be seen in them, for example, the subject complex “300 Rocks to St. Petersburg” has removed all literature from the library’s collections, so that information this about this . It is more common to use formal arrangements in libraries (format, chronological, geographical, language).
The format of the placement is determined by the main rank for placing magazines, newspapers, cinema - photos - photographic documents.
Chronological arrangement - documents are ordered according to the hour of their release.
Geographical arrangement - documents are grouped according to countries, towns, regions.
Movna - for the movs that the world has seen.
Find the necessary literature from among millions of people using the research-library apparatus, which is the basis of the library’s activities.
16. Intended functions of the catalog and filing system
1. The system of catalogs and file cabinets of the library will ensure the implementation of all functions of the library: acquisition, ensuring the conservation and efficiency of collection of funds, bibliographic, information and methodological work.
The main functions of the catalog and file system are: information, humanitarian and educational.
The humanitarian-educational function is determined by the policy of the state, harmonizing the moral, labor and aesthetic education, as well as ensuring the initial process, promoting the cultural and cultural level of library readers.
The information function is determined by the library's mission to expand the reach of culture, science and technology.
17. RDGU Library. Warehouse of funds, catalogs and filing cabinets
The information complex “Scientific Library” (hereinafter referred to as the Scientific Library) of the Russian State Humanitarian University is a structural subdivision of the RDGU, which provides information resources for the initial process, fundamental and applied scientific research and methodical work at the university. The Russian State Humanitarian University finances the activities of the Scientific Library and maintains current control over the activities of the order and on the minds established by the official legislation, the Statute of the RDGU and these Regulations.
The procedure for access to funds, transfer of basic services and their knowledge by the Library is specified in the “Rules for the use of the Information Complex “Scientific Library” of RDSU”. The provision of additional paid services to the students is indicated by the “Regulations on paid services of the RDGU library” and “The transfer and variety of paid services to be completed by the library”, approved by the rector of RDGU.
Organizes library and information-bibliographic services for readers (readers) using modern information technologies. Conduct sociological research with the aim of increasing the interests of library users and increasing the capacity and comfort of library and information services.
18. Searching for information in the archives
To effectively search for retrospective information in archives, it is necessary to know the basics of their organization. Similar to the Federal Law “On Archival Law in the Russian Federation” (2004), there are three forms of authority over documents: the state (federal and sub-federal), municipal and private. The skins from them represent their own types of archives. The very archival preservation of documents of the RF AF can be seen here. However, in accordance with the norms of the given legislative act, federal museums and libraries also have the right to permanently preserve documents of the Russian Federation. For the preservation of documents, special sections are created, the work methods of which may correspond to established uniform rules.
The current basis of the state and municipal archives of Russia is based on scientific ambushes (or signs) of organizing complexes of documents that establish logical and historical connections between them.
The organization of documents of the AF RF operates at three levels:
At the borders of the Archival Fund of the Region, archives are created;
At the boundaries of the archive - at this stage the formation of archival funds and collections is carried out;
At the borders of the archival fund - that’s it. organization of documents in journals (or saving units).
It is important to know these basics in order to prompt the algorithm to search for information in the archives.
The most important sources for pre-students are: archival travel guides and archival descriptions, as supplements for thematic searches to follow the vikory system of archival catalogs (systematic, named, etc.), as well as surveys of funds .
In the Russian practice of archival work, several types of archival travel documents are adopted, which at different levels of detail inform about the warehouse and replacement of funds. Tse:
A short summary of the funds in the archive of unannotated documents; (See the following information: name of the fund, number of the fund, obligation to the fund (number of units saved); deadlines for documents).
A short summary of the funds in the archive of annotations (include information about the name of the fund, number of the fund, obligations to the fund, a short summary about the fund creator; a short summary of the storage and replacement of documents in the fund).
A guide to the funds of the archive (information about the fund number, the name of the fund, all changes to the fund, obligations to the fund, deadlines for documents, information about the history of the fund holder, the internal structure of the fund, instructions for the warehouse and changes documents).
19. Views of Russian archives
The warehouse of the Archive Fund of the Russian Federation includes archival documents that are located on the territory of Russia, regardless of their origin, time and method of creation, type of wear, forms of power and place of preservation, in including legal acts, management documentation, documents to correct results research, design and technological works, local documentation, film, photo, video, phonological documents, electronic and telemetric documents, censuses, little ones, armchairs, diagrams, drawings, leafing, memoirs, copies of the archive of these documents as originals, as well as archival documents of state organizations held by foreign powers.
The Archival Fund of the Russian Federation is divided into two parts:
· State;
· Unpowerful.
The preservation of the sovereign part of the Archival Fund of Ukraine is maintained by archives:
· Sovereign;
· Federal
· Subjects of the federation.
· Housekeepers.
· archives of the organization;
· Central Archives;
· Central Galuzevy Archives;
· Information keeper of archives;
· Communication of interdepartmental archives.
The Federal Archives is in charge of preserving documents of the same type as the archive profile and lists of equipment for completion.
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State pledge for greater professional education
Russian State Humanitarian University
Branch near metro station Elektrostal
Department of Humanitarian and Socio-Economic Disciplines
Information heuristics
Basic methodological complex
For specialty 032001 – Documentation and additional additional training
Elektrostal 2009
INFORMATION HEURISTICS
Work program
Commander: art. Vikladach R.B. Kozakov.
Department of Historical Studies and Additional Historical Disciplines, RDGU, 2004.
The course program was adapted by the author E.A. Trofimova.
The work program was examined and praised at the meeting of the Department of Humanitarian and Socio-Economic Disciplines of the branch of the RDGU at the Elektrostal metro station 09/10/2009 protocol No. 3.
© Branch of RDGU near Elektrostal, 2009
I. Explanatory note
The course “Information Heuristics” presents an interrelated complex of knowledge and necessary practical skills for identifying, selecting and obtaining information from the field of social and human sciences. This course of study to live the daily strategy of the great illumination that is taking shape in the minds, as long as all the latest methodologies become relevant, will lead to the creation of a humanitarian knowledge, systematized, verified and graded for We value precision. The real sociocultural situation is characterized by the need to master all the different types of sociocultural information - from traditional forms of publication and literature to the clear exchange of information, removed from additional resources for remote access.
The subject of the course is the peculiarities of the formation and functioning of information as a socio-cultural phenomenon, the patterns of formation of the information system in the field of social and human sciences, the peculiarities of the identification and subsequent information in use and scientific research.
Purpose of the course:
master the methods of searching, selecting and obtaining relevant information in the field of social and human sciences.
Course instructions:
The formwati of the Rosuminnya of the laws of the Epi-forman processes in suspension, and the orientivas in the іnformata spacious at the virishenny hoglovice of the science-doslid Zavdan;
formulate statements about effective strategies for searching information from the student-accessible information system;
perform analysis and evaluation of information about a document, based on the possibilities of operating information about a document;
learn how to work with the bodies of bibliographic information, their complexes that have historically developed, which are driven by the peculiarities of the approach and recording of records in them.
The course “Information Heuristics” is included in the system of introductory courses at RDGU, formed in the minds when scientific partnership is being re-established and nutrition is being developed for those who can possibly represent the unity of the sciences about nature, the sciences about life and the science about people well, virobiti method of otrimannya new, reliable information adequate to reality, which can be obtained due to the systemic structural and functional deposits that are revealed by the authorities of cultural objects. In this sense, the course “Information Heuristics” formulates an approach to the body of information in the field of social and human sciences, as to the body of cultural works that have developed in science as a specific sphere of activity and people aimed at creating new scientific knowledge, which will provide heuristic capabilities for compilation and analysis already acquired scientific knowledge.
The course consists of several sections. Rozdil “INFORMASIA Yak Istoriko-Cultural Phenomenon” is tied up to the vivocal of the special units of the INFORMASIC Phenomenon of the Culture, INSTAPIV FUNCIVAVAINASHICHICHICHICH, Problems of VIVCHENNANYA YAK PHENOMENTION. The section “Universum of Information” is devoted to the development of the main characteristics of current processes in the sphere of information, information resources available to the student and the features of the current organization of information space. The section “Bibliographic constant for the universe of information” reveals the characteristics of a specific area of the information space that creates information about a document. bibliographic information, basic concepts and features of organization and operation. The section “Strategies for Information Search” characterizes the main possible ways of seizing information to conduct scientific research in the minds of the current information space. Find out, in the “Student in the Information Space” section, clicking on the date of the announcement of a new educational situation in which a student is emerging who is starting his studies at the university.
The course includes lectures on the main theoretical areas of this field of knowledge, practical activities, and the creation of heuristic methods in the field of social and humanitarian knowledge. As forms of intermediate control of knowledge can be stagnated by blitz-controls, practical exercises end with the implementation of sub-bag control robots. Subsumkov's assessment consists of practical tasks from the identification and evaluation of bibliographic information, as well as evidence for the application of key theoretical problems to the course and study.
The current course was developed at RDGU, starting in the mid-1990s. The created working versions of the programs took the fate of O.O. Astapovich, V.I. Gulchinsky, R.B. Kozakov, N.V. Maksimov, L.M. Prostovolosova (Project “Student in the World of Information” / Order: Gulchinsky V.I., Astapovich A.O., Kozakov R.B., Maksimov N.V., Prostovolosova L.M.; Russian State Humanitarian University -T.Scientific Library, Research with the coordination of scientific research, Cathedral Studies and Memory of Historical Disciplines M., 1998. 34 p.). The leaders of this program have received extensive evidence from the course, and extensive evidence from similar courses (“Historical Bibliography”, “Historical Heuristics”, “Technology of Historical Research”) by the department knowledge and additional historical disciplines of the Historical and Archival Institute of RDGU.
Born in 1957/58 at the Historical and Archival Institute V.A. The Dunayevskys first taught a course in historical bibliography, as a result of the plans for the institute in the 1965/66 academic year. m. Having dissected it and read it first, Professor of the Department of Additional Historical Disciplines E.A. Lutsky. However, the need for students to know the basics of bibliographical science, to become familiar with bibliographical heuristics and to understand the system of bibliographical aids from the social and human sciences was recognized MDIAI is still in its infancy. Back in 1942 It was found important to introduce practical lessons from historical bibliography in the first course. For more than thirty years, the department of historical studies and related historical disciplines has published a number of initial and methodological aids for the course. Huge organizations: Abstracts and reports of scientific conferences M., 1994. P. 174-175, Scientific and pedagogical school of scientific studies of the Historical and Archival Institute: Collection. Rumyantseva, Senior editor V. A. Muravyov, Russian State Humanitarian University History and Archives Institute. ).
In senior years, this introductory course includes more advanced courses in accordance with the specifics of the faculty and specialty. For historical specialties – through the department of historical studies and related historical disciplines, the course “Historical Bibliography”.