This program is a vector graphics editor. Cost-free vector graphics editors. Analogues of CorelDRAW, Adobe Illustrator. The concept of trivial graphics. Editors who are involved in creating trivial images

Do you want to create clear images of majestic proportions? Use vector graphics and fill in the past with larger images.

Instead of raster graphics, where little things are created from pixels, vector graphics display pictures at the same point and line. Images of vector graphics can sacrifice raster detail, but retain their vibrancy even if increased. This miraculous power has become a vector of increasing popularity in architecture, design, large-format advertising and other applications where high precision is required.

If you need an image of a universal size, which can be placed either on an A4 sheet or on a billboard, then vector graphics will become an acceptable solution. Find out about the subject of creativity, and we will help you choose the ideal tool.

Tools for creating vector graphics

Today there are a lot of tools for creating vector images. The skin from them is unique in its own way and is suitable for the singing level of beginners.

To help you make the right choice, we have collected the most editors into one archive, where detailed descriptions, screenshots and video tutorials have been added. Here you can get acquainted with the profiles of the developers, level up the ratings and download a popular program for creating vector graphics via torrent or file sharing services (MEGA or Yandex.Disk).

The method of encoding information using a sequence of bytes is called a format. Graphic format is a way of recording graphic information. All graphic formats are divided into rastersі vector.

Raster format characterized by the fact that all images vertically and horizontally are divided into many fractional rectangles - so called image elements, or pixels (from English pixel - picture element).

The method of sub-color on a stock component is called color model. Computer graphics have three color models: RGB, CMYK and HSB.

The most extensive way of color coding is the RGB model. With this coding method, any color appears as a combination of three colors: red, green and blue, taken at different intensities. The intensity of the skin from three colors is one byte (this is a number in the range from 0 to 255).

U vector format The babies appear to be a combination of simple geometric shapes - points, sections of straight lines and curves, circles, straight cutlets, etc. In this case, for a complete description of the baby, it is necessary to know the type and basic coordinates of the skin figure, for example, the coordinates of the two ends of the cut, the coordinates of the center and the diameter of the stake, etc.

This coding method is ideal for little ones, which can easily be seen as a combination of the simplest figures, for example, for technical chairs. U vector graphics a lot of excellence. It is economical in terms of disk space when it is necessary to save images: this is due to the fact that the images themselves are saved, apart from the main data, which is why the program immediately creates the images again.

In addition, the description of color parameters does not increase the size of the file. Vector graphics objects can be easily transformed and modified, so there is virtually no loss of image vibrancy. Scaling, rotation, curvature can be done by elementary transformations over vectors.

Graphic editors designed for working with raster images are called raster editors. The most popular editors are Adobe Photoshop and Microsoft Paint, which are included in Windows.

For robots with vector images, vector editors. The most popular among them are Corel Draw, Adobe Illustrator, 3-D Max and others.

Graphic file formats

Graphic formats	Name of the format	Description	Squeezing algorithm	Vikoristannya	Programs that can open files.
Raster	BMP - Windows Bitmap	The standard format for graphic files is supported by Windows. High transmission intensity. Great file obsyag		It is recommended to save and exchange data with other programs.	Paint, CorelDraw, Adobe Photoshop, ACDSee Photo Manager, Microsoft Windows Photo Gallery Viewer
GIF - Graphic Interchange Format	The format for exchanging images is supported by add-ons for various operating systems.	Includes a compression algorithm without losing information, which allows you to change the file several times.	Vikorist is used to place graphic and animated images on web pages on the Internet.	Paint, CorelDraw, Adobe Photoshop, Microsoft Windows Photo Gallery Viewer, web browser.
TIFF – Tagged Image File Format	Graphic files are supported by all major graphic editors and computer platforms.	Includes compression algorithm without wasting information.	Used to exchange documents between different programs. Recommended for daily work with existing systems.
JPEG - Joint Photographic Expert Group	The format is supported by programs for various operating systems.	An effective algorithm is constrained to change the file dozens of times, which will lead to the irreversible loss of pieces of information.	Vikorist is used for posting graphic images on web sites on the Internet, for scanning photographs and illustrations	CorelDraw, Adobe Photoshop, ACDSee Photo Manager Microsoft Windows Photo Gallery Viewer.
vector	WMF-Windows MetaFile	Universal format of vector graphics files for Windows programs.		Used to save graphic images Microsoft Clip Gallery. This format is used to convert vector images when transferred via the Clipboard clipboard	There is no need for special programs to edit this format. Of course, practically all Windows programs
SVG - Scalable Vector Graphics	Scaled vector graphics format		Uses for describing two-dimensional vector and mixed vector/raster graphics in XML format. It supports both animated and interactive graphics.	Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Photoshop, Corel Draw, WebDraw, Inkscape
CDR - CorelDRaw files.	Original format of vector graphic files		Vikorized by the vector graphics processing system CorelDraw	CorelDraw
Mixed	EPS - Encapsulated PostScript	Mixed formats of vector graphics files are supported by programs for various operating systems.		Recommended for other purposes such as illustrations in desktop display systems	Adobe Illustrator, CorelDraw, Inkscape, ACDSee Photo Manager.
PDF -Portable Document Format	Universal format of electronic documents	Supports RGB, CMYK, Grayscale, Lab, Duotone, Bitmap, and several types of raster information compression.	Allows you to save the exact external appearance – fonts, formatting, colors, pictures. The most stagnant format has been taken away from industrial printing products.	Adobe Acrobat Reader

FOOD TESTS UP TO 15

1. The images of some graphics show high accuracy of color and tone transfer:

Raster
Vector
Trivimirna
Fractal

2. The images of any graphics are made up of similar elements:

Raster
Vector
Trivimirna
Fractal

3. Images of some graphics can be displayed around the element for further editing:

Raster
Vector
Trivimirna
Fractal

4. The images of any graphics are composed of points (pixels):

Raster
Vector
Trivimirna
Fractal

5. When displaying any graphics with larger or smaller sizes, the baby loses image quality:

Raster
Vector
Trivimirna
Fractal

6. The type of graphics that comes from the method of creating volumetric models of objects.

Raster
Vector
Trivimirna
Fractal

7. Files of some graphics are of great size:

Raster
Vector
Trivimirna
Fractal

8. To which graphics you will add the following images:

Raster
Vector
Trivimirna
Fractal

9. Select the desired computer graphics

A. The field of computer science, which includes methods that are created and processed using additional software and hardware computing systems.

B. The area of computer science that includes methods for the creation and processing of text documents using additional software and hardware computing systems.

C. The area of computer science that includes methods for the creation and processing of electronic tables using additional software and hardware computing systems.

D. The field of computer science, which includes methods for the creation and processing of large amounts of data using software and hardware computing systems.

10. Fractal is...

A. Structure, consisting of several parts. The main element of the image is line.

B. Minimum image size , The color of each is determined by an independent order.

C. A structure that is made up of different parts.

D. A structure that is made up of parts that are similar to the whole. His main power is self-similarity.

Overflows of food for preparation before the 2nd milestone control

Text editors
See the MS Word menu
Standard MS Word panel.
MS Word format panel.
Vіkno Word. Creation and preservation of documents
Formatting Word Documents
Creation of the little ones in Word
Other documents in the Word editor
Wikoristannya Command Table AutoFormat
Running title
Winoska
Hyperpower
Hypertext
overflow
OLE object field
Macro.
Creation of a macro
Create, view tables in Word
Adding, selecting rows and table options in MS Word
Formula editor
MS Word template
Types of templates in MS Word
What is paragraph style in MS Word
Basic understanding of electronic tables.
Basic concepts (book, sheet, middle)
The panel is standard MS Excel
Format panel MS Excel
Formula row panel
Middle range
Legend
Vikoristanny master of functions
Entering, editing and formatting data in electronic tables.
Types of addressing
Victorial addressing sign?
Does the symbol with a numeric value translate into the size of the box?
Types of functions. Vikoristannya standard functions.
Calculation in electronic tables.
Pobudova diagrams and graphs.
See the diagram
Formulas in Excel
Excel functions
Diagram in Excel
Sorting the tributes.
Filter wiki
Table entries.

46. Graphic editors.

47. Database management system.

48. Database structures

49. Functional improvements of the DBMS.

Main objects of the database
Basic concepts of database objects
Links between database tables
Types of fields.
Tipi tributes
Creating tables as constructors
The creation will be washed down
Creation of forms
Work on the Internet.
Internet. Internet services
Computer measurements.
See the edge
Types of topology
Electronic mail.
Basic understanding of the domain, protocol
Types of protocols
Standard programs
Multimedia programs
Graphic editors.
Raster graphics editors.
Vector graphic editors.

1.1. Materials for classroom and out-of-class work

For the disciplines of the department of humanities and natural sciences, materials for classroom work are separated from the understanding that all activities in the credit system are carried out from the stagnation of traditional and interactive forms of learning. They are responsible for regulating the conduct of various types of activities and vykonannya rating tasks from discipline.

A short course (thesis) of lectures includes materials from the initial program (syllabus) in order to provide optimal coverage of the necessary information that will ensure both a reasonable discipline in general and information about the objects in hope. Instead of a lecture course, it is possible to present current scientific achievements and prospects for the development of science.

When developing methodological teachings, it is necessary to take seminar (practical) materials, laboratory, various types of handout materials from the disciplines of the department, so that practical and seminar materials are taken directly to repeat and reinforce the lecture material this course, as well as the addition of additional knowledge from the branches of the discipline, which is not went to review the lecture course.

The student’s independent work within the credit system is divided into two types: (SRSP) - the classroom work of payment, which begins under the care system, is included in the schedule and is included in the pedagogical importance of the payment and SRS - the student’s independent work, then. student's classroom work in the library, online class, etc. Independent work is an important factor in increasing the level of awareness, which brings to the fore the importance of students’ infused knowledge, skills, and competence. Vaughn embraces vibration in those who begin to seek self-illumination and self-development.

Materials for independent work of students include nutrition, which replaces the government component of the standard basic plan, which is recommended for independent review by students. Nutrition for independent work (SRSP) (SRS) must be supplemented and replaced by the exchange rate that is being calculated. The task is to include basic nutrition in order for students to independently master the designated forms and terms of control.

The development of a number of tasks must be carried out in accordance with the development of standards for the development of the years of pedagogical emphasis on credit technology, approved by the Vchena Rada of the VNZ, as well as the recovery of a number of loans seen in the chicks.

1.2. Materials control knowledge

Materials for monitoring students' knowledge are broken down into uniform principles and rules for monitoring knowledge. The tasks for in-line control, which can be carried out within the framework of practical tasks, may include writing and writing, testing, etc.

Examination material (nutrition, tests) is similar to the standard and work programs of the discipline and reflects its main place, including the material of the SRS assignment. Examination materials are reviewed by the lecturer, discussed and confirmed by the decisions of the department.

The UMK includes a list of literature (main and supplementary), which reflects the nutrition necessary for the student to prepare and submit online and sub-forms of knowledge control, as well as completing the task of the SRS. A list of literature, recommendations for all types of work for students, and the necessary optimal number of names that will ensure the continuation of the discipline on the current scientific and methodological levels.

In credit technology, interactive technology is especially important. In the classroom, however, the lecture as well as the seminar activity, SRSP is obliged to use traditional methods and interactive forms of teaching. Interactive learning develops students’ abilities:

· Formulate your thoughts and express them;

· Respect someone else's thought;

· carefully learn the basic material;

· Innovate a creative approach to the design of the material;

· Appear before a large audience and argue your point;

· Analyze captured information;

· Develop skills in independent and independent work; Please show your individuality;

· Gain knowledge of life by staging various situations.

A look at interactive forms and learning methods

Debate is a constant exchange of thoughts between those who begin by searching for the right evidence and conclusions.

Discussion (discussion) - exchange of thoughts between students on the topic being studied. The participation of students in the discussion is the key to mastering and preserving knowledge. Discussion is an effective way to engage students before the process begins.

Role play is a rich way of learning that ensures active participation, learning, experimentation and encouragement in the learning process.

“Aquarium” is a way to change the behavior of a group into teams. One of the teams deals with the negotiations and decisions of the task, while the other team monitors and records the process. The results are discussed before the rules are established.

Group briefing - the summary provides key facts and “main points” from which nutrition and activity options are further formed.

Group discussion - after the lecture, the audience is divided into groups to discuss and exchange thoughts, views, ideas and insights through the group leaders with the entire audience.

Case - method- an illuminating method that helps students think effectively. The group is provided with factual information that is based on the real situation, is encouraged to discuss problems, analyze the situation and make recommendations. Caseys can be expressed in many different ways. They can be long and thoroughly describe the situation, or they can be short and clever, in any case their meta becomes permanent - serve as a drive for students to make certain conclusions based on the facts .

Presentation- a learning method in which a student can choose a topic for his presentation and determine his understanding and incomprehension of any aspect of the problem. Presentation hour – 8-10 hours. The presentation is assessed based on the following criteria: how well the topic has been covered, how much the problem has raised the interest of others, how professionally advanced the student is to this problem.

Processing a critical situation- the critical situation method is one of the forms of the follow-up method. The method of directing the simulation of a larger real situation, if a group of students is given basic information before a critical situation and then is given the ability to independently supply and retrieve information that is important to take care of the need. The method is effectively evaluated for the necessity of solving the problem.

Method of revealing pardons- students will finish their homework and familiarize themselves with the upcoming lecture ahead of time. The depository processes the initial material, makes changes, and additional data. In the process of giving lectures and lectures, students are responsible for making concessions. This method allows students to develop critical listening skills and concentrate their attention through various activities.

"Brain Assault"- the simplest and most effective method of interactive learning, which develops creative thinking, begins the skill of identifying problems, and building teams. This is a way of concentrating a group of the most creative ideas, and participants will learn how to further implement them.

"Round table method"- There is a verbal reversal, which allows a person to say something, for example, “I learned three speeches today,” “I learned about the subject...”, etc.

Quiet reflection - start with written comments, perhaps with meals on your home or paper.

Group reflection - ask small groups to take stock of what they have learned and shared with everyone else.

To display the conversation - open it or with the nutrition and structure laid out in the beginning in pairs.

Sheet folding - a method of directing to the acquisition of song material, where the keyword is visible and from this a sheet is formed in the form of a diagram that reveals the essence of the selected keyword.

o Formula of any kind, writing a short essay - 1 - 1.5 sides.

o Review on the topic - write a short literary review(s) on the topic that is recommended from obtaining additional material from other sources and information resources on the Internet.

o Written glossary - a short explanation of terms and understanding on a given topic, you can use the crossword puzzle.

o Presentation - the student chooses a song for presentation and expression of his/her understanding, reasonable or unreasonable, in any aspect that is seen in the presentation. An hour of presentation is 8-10 minutes, the presentation is assessed according to the criterion of the level of interest, level of interest, aroused among listeners, professionalism.

o Business game - role-playing or team-based, which develops memory and skills for future professional activities.

o Group project – a group has more than 4-5 people, each group splits its project, protects it.

A look at traditional methods

established by the department of humanitarian and natural sciences disciplines

Essay This is a short contribution in written form and in the form of public evidence on the basis of scientific practice and a number of scientists on this topic, a look at the literature of the popular direction. Such an overview is required to provide a clear understanding of the current state of development of this and other scientific problems, including pointing out the view of the Fachists, and accompanied by a strong assessment of their reliability and variability.

The purpose of the abstract is to highlight the reach of others, to independently present the problem with the understanding of the facts gleaned from the literature.

As can be seen from what has been said, the abstract is not a simple retelling of what has been read, but a serious work that requires the basic preparation of the author. It is clear that in order to be aware of the work of the students, the abstract sets no less important initial and methodological goals, the authorities and scientific work. This is a reflection on the selection of topics, bibliographic research, selection and analysis of facts, positions and principles that are located in scientific literature, their grouping, a logical conclusion consistent with the plan and power author's notes to the abstract, folding of the pre-video apparatus (wine and list of wikilists) and design all the text. While working on an essay, the student loses the opportunity to learn the basics of analyzing scientific literature, learn the methods of scientific research and the basics of writing. Writing an abstract on a scientific topic, madly, with a deep knowledge of the materials that lies before a significant historical period, embraces the whole low brownish beginnings, closes one’s head, works on one’s own With a book, it helps to show interest and identify a number of possible scientific subjects.

Cover the abstract with 20-30 pages.

Abstract– a systematic, logical recording of the material that combines the plan, abstracts, abstracts, or even two of these types of recording.

In addition to the notes, this summary reveals the place in this sequence of the report in which it appears in the dzherel that is being read.

To compile a summary, the most important relevant information is selected.

The main provisions are visible, the important words are reinforced. Every new thought begins with a new series. The notes include the name of the author, the name of the place, the place, the hour of the visit, the pages.

Robot with feathers:

Strengthen one thought after another, write them down;

Write down a number of main categories and understand broadly

Vykoristovana in pedagogy, explain how they are vikorist in other sciences;

When you finish the work, write down all your data.

Graphic editors Designed for processing graphic images on a computer. Methods of image editing are fundamentally dependent on the methods of image encoding on a computer.

The method of encoding information using a sequence of bytes is called a format. Graphic format is a way of recording graphic information. All graphic formats are divided into rastersі vector.

In addition to the size of the image, information about the number of colors encoded in the file is also important. The color of a skin pixel is coded by the number of bits. Depending on how many colors are entered for the color of a skin pixel, you can code different numbers of colors. If you enter only one bit of code, each pixel can be either white (value 1) or black (value 0). This image is called monochrome. If you enter four bits for coding, you can encode 2 4 = 16 different colors, corresponding to combinations of bits from 0000 to 1111. If you enter 8 bits, such a little thing can accommodate 2 8 = 256 different colors. 16 bits - 2 16 = 65536 different colors (so called High Color). And if you decide that if you enter 24 bits, then potentially the babies can be placed 2 24 = 16777216 different colors and shades ( True Color).

The method of sub-color on a stock component is called color model. Computer graphics have three color models: RGB, CMYK and HSB.

The most extensive way of color coding is the RGB model. With this coding method, any color appears as a combination of three colors: red, green and blue, taken at different intensities. The intensity of the skin in three colors is one byte (this is a number in the range from 0 to 255).

U vector format The babies appear to be a combination of simple geometric shapes - points, sections of straight lines and curves, circles, rectangles, etc. etc.

Graphic editors designed for working with raster images are called raster editors. The most popular editors are Adobe Photoshop and Microsoft Paint, which are included in Windows.

For robots with vector images, vector editors. The most popular among them are Corel Draw, Adobe Illustrator, 3-D Max and others.

Most of the graphics editors installed on Adobe's tool kit cost a pittance. There are also cost-free and completely valid alternatives, which have the most potential. The event for photographers and designers Creative Bloq has received Best free graphic design software The best among similar programs and services.

Free vector editors

Designed for creating and editing logos, interfaces and other scaled graphics.

Gravit Designer – formerly known as Gravit – is a full-featured vector editor. It is suitable for any task: from the design of interfaces and icons to the work with presentations, illustrations and animation.

Gravit Designer's neat and intuitive interface can be customized to suit your needs. The editor uses a variety of tools to create beautifully detailed vector images. Among them are functions that do not change (they can be scaled) for working with Boolean operations, the “Nizh” and “Path Graph” tools, plus non-linear filling and mixing modes, as well as a powerful text engine.

If you need access to work on the go, the great Gravit Cloud service allows you to access your project on any device.

2. Vectr

Platforms: Internet, Windows, MacOS, Linux.

Vectr provides all the functions you might need to create vector graphics, plus a free option for variable filters, shadows, and . What should I do to get rid of the majority of everyday designer tasks? Particularly important are the possibilities of rapid editing and synchronization, which can be used whenever and wherever possible in tandem with other people.

Platforms: Internet.

If you need to quickly create or edit a simple SVG file, which is suitable for this task no better than Adobe Illustrator. Among the largest of them is SVG-Edit.

This editor uses HTML5, CSS3 and JavaScript and does not have a wiki server for data processing. SVG-Edit code is hidden. So you can use it and modify it to create your own version of the editor.

SVG-Edit has all the basic tools of a vector editor in place. It only supports the SVG format.

This advanced editor offers many tools and functions that are often not available in other programs. Among them are alpha mixing, object cloning and markers.

There is a continued encouragement of different color models to use Inkscape as the perfect Adobe Illustrator for both web design and printing. Despite the simplicity of the interface, complex work can be created in this program.

We are grateful for such capabilities as converting raster images from vector ones, creating outlines with variable widths and supporting Illustrator files.

Cost-free raster editors

Intended for the creation and editing of any unscaled pictures or photographs.

1. GIMP

Platforms: Windows, MacOS, .

A no-cost graphic editor with open-source code. GIMP comes with a rich set of functions for painting, color correction, cloning, vision, enhancement and other actions. The GIMP interface is similar to the popular Photoshop, but you won’t have a chance to find the necessary tools.

The GIMP team talked about how clever it is, so you can work with all popular image formats without any problems. In addition, GIMP has a file manager similar to Bridge, a program from Adobe.

Platform: Windows.

If you work on Windows and don't require as many tools as GIMP, Photo Pos Pro may be your ideal editor. The rest of the creations are aimed at image editing and miraculously cope with typical tasks for adjusting contrast, highlighting and saturation. Ale Photo Pos Pro is suitable for complex manipulations.

This program boasts a very friendly interface and detailed information that helps beginners get started. How to make Photo Pos Pro even more functional, without any extensions and plugins.

3. Krita

Platforms: Windows, MacOS, Linux.

Another editor with open code. Krita has been around since 1999 and is constantly evolving to meet the needs of concept artists, illustrators, visual effects specialists, painters and texture artists.

The program includes a set of different plugins and supports non-core plugins: from advanced filters to additional tools for future-proof work.

Among the most important functions are pencil stabilizers to smooth out lines, a looping mode for creating seamless patterns and textures, as well as a palette that merges for a quick choice of colors.

4.Pixlr

Platforms: Internet, iOS, Android.

Pixlr offers over 600 effects, overlays and frames. With this service you can work with everything you want to check: change the size of images, crop them, remove the effect of red eyes, whiten teeth and much more.

If you are familiar with Photoshop, you will quickly master the web version of Pixlr. The interfaces of these editors are very similar.

Platform: Windows.

Paint.NET is an alternative to the Paint program, included in all versions of Windows. Please don’t let the similarity of the name throw you off guard: Paint.NET is a much more advanced and brown editor.

The development team builds on the simplicity of the design and enhances Paint.NET with more features for photo editing, as well as graphic design capabilities. First of all, Paint.NET allows you to change perspective, manipulate pixels on the canvas, bend zone views, and so on.

Due to the emphasis on balls, a wide selection of tools for viewing and adjusting the level of brightness/contrast and curves, Paint.NET can be considered as a good replacement for Photoshop.

Platforms: Internet.

Sumo Paint works easily on the Internet and handles tasks that desktop editors don't have to worry about. To get started you will need Adobe Flash Player. Also, Sumo Paint is not for iOS devices.

The arsenal of adjustments with the Sumo Paint function includes olives, pencils, text, gradients, cloning, shapes, and more. Everything is always visible on the panel that floats on the surface that you could get into.

Cost-free 3D graphics editors

Designed for working with 3D models, effects and animations.

Platforms: Internet.

SketchUp Free can be called the ideal entry point into the world of 3D graphics. This editor kindly introduces the newcomer to the course of justice and forgives him for all allowances. You can start by simply drawing lines and shapes, and then transform them into 3D objects.

If you need help, you can freely download models of various objects from the 3D Warehouse library through the search form on the SketchUp website.

Platforms: Windows, MacOS.

With the help of Daz Studio, you can customize, move and move 3D objects around the landscape into a mix of people, creatures, and objects.

You can create unique characters, lights, various design elements and much more. But Daz Studio has a wide range of modeling and texture capabilities, available in paid alternatives. A detailed table of editors' ranks can be found on the project's website.

Platforms: Windows, MacOS.

Hexagon is a tool for 3D modeling without tools. Now you have everything you need to create detailed models that are ready for final rendering.

Among the tools and functions of the program, you will find the ability to quickly import from Daz Studio, preparations for various objects, brushes for manual modeling, UV-shaping (applying flat textures to a tridimensional object), and painting and mitteve shading (instant ambient occlusion) .

The programs Daz Studio and Hexagon were created by one developer and added to one another. All at once we are putting together a new, cost-free kit for robots with 3D graphics.

Platforms: Windows, MacOS, .

Blender is a no-cost, open-code 3D graphics editor available for all major platforms.

Developers are steadily developing Blender. It supports all possible operations with 3D graphics: it allows modeling, texturing, animating, rendering and compositing.

Platforms: Windows, MacOS.

If you like the mystique of digital sculpting, try the Sculptris program from Pixologic retailer. However, it is good to approach any level of preparation. Beginners will find a good starting tool, and advanced digital artists will need a platform for quick and manual implementation of ideas.

Sculptris is based on the ZBrush editor from the same software, the most popular add-on for digital sculpting. When you're ready to move on to the next level, you can easily switch to ZBrush.

Platforms: Windows, MacOS, Linux.

Houdini is a tool for working with 3D animation and visual effects, which is often used when working on films, TV shows and other media content.

The editor's commission starts at 2000 dollars. Ale software developers – Side Effects Software – allow you to use the version of Houdini Apprentice free of charge. You can always remove access to all functions of the new version and explore the mastery on special projects. Houdini Apprentice is intended exclusively for non-commercial and educational purposes.

Question No. 1 Window of the graphic editor Paint. Raster and vector graphics. Graphic format. Color systems for the graphic editor: RGB, HSB.

Paint– the simplest graphic editor, used for creating and editing raster graphic images in the main Windows format (BMP) and Internet formats (GIF and JPEG). Suitable for creating simple graphic illustrations, mainly diagrams, diagrams and graphs that can be included in text documents; With Paint you can create advertisements, brochures, advertisements, requests, promotions, etc.

The graphic editor Paint focuses on the process of “painting” images and combining ready-made fragments, and not on processing (“finishing”) ready-made images, such as scanned photographs.

You have a variety of tools for “artistic” creativity - a palette of colors, a pencil, an aerosol can, erasing pads, “olives” for painting geometric shapes (lines, rectangles, , richkutnikiv). The editor allows you to enter texts and a rich set of fonts included with Windows allows you to add effective writing to pictures. And “knives” for editing fragments of the picture - the editing element can be moved, copied, changed, enlarged, expanded, etc.

Basic features of Paint

· Carrying out straight and curved lines of different patterns and colors.

· Various brushes of different shapes, widths and colors.

· Pobudova of different figures – straight cutlets, rich cutlets, ovals, ellipses – stuffed and not stuffed.

· Placement of text on baby.

· Vikoristannya re-creation - turns, vibration, stretching and bending

Revisiting the Paint window.

The Paint graphic editor window has a standard appearance. In the upper left corner the name of the baby file is displayed, and then the name of the Paint editor. The editor menu includes the commands “File”, “Edit”, “View”, “Malyunok”, “Options” and “?”. The tool palette includes buttons “View full area” and “View”, “Eraser” and “Fill”, “Select buttons” and “Scale”, “Olivets” and “Penzel”, “Rozpilyuvach” and “Write”, “Line” ” that “Curve”, “Recticutnik” and “Mnogokutnik”, “Elips” and “Rounded rectangular” (in order downwards). The lower left corner has a removable panel of valves. During any operations with the baby, other Panels will appear on the screen from time to time. You can perform robotic work in Paint using the additional menu and toolbar. There are commands that can be accessed either through the menu or through the toolbar.

The Paint graphics editor is comparable to raster graphics editors. Let's take a look at what types of graphics appear and what causes them.

Raster editors

A raster graphics editor is a tool for assigning, modifying, and editing ready-made images. This software guarantees the most accurate transmission of tones and tone. A raster image is made up of many dots called pixels. Raster images are rendered with maximum realism. In this case, the luminosity is determined by the number of pixels, as well as the color transmission rate. The more dots of different shades you place on the image, the clearer it is. Raster graphics editors are a bit short. It is impossible to scale images from their wikis without losing capacity. On the right is that the skin picture has a strictly fixed number of spots. Therefore, it is acceptable that as the image increases, the dots simply become larger. Then the picture loses its clarity. Most often, raster images are saved in jpeg format. However, most editors support such extended formats as bmp, gif, tif, etc.

Vector graphic editors

Vector graphic editor is a program for creating high-precision images. Tse can buti, for example, armchairs and schemes. Such pictures are displayed with greater clarity, lower raster. All elements of a vector image are described mathematically. Therefore, much of this little thing can be concluded absolutely without loss of clarity. However, a vector editor cannot ensure such realism of an image as a raster editor. Vector graphics editors allow you to manually compile images and recreate them on raster images. For whom this is called the transfer method. In this way, for example, the original photo can be turned into a stylish poster. Files in which vector files are saved are of small size compared to raster files.

Any image that is saved on a computer is in graphic format. The skin from graphic formats has its power and its significance. Today there is a lack of graphic formats. Otherwise, most of them stagnate in most important programs. As a rule, non-malicious formats produce files of raster, vector, trivial images, wanting to create formats that allow saving data of different classes. Many programs are oriented towards various “specific” formats, transferring their files to other programs interferes with the use of special filters or exporting images to a “standard” format.

BMP (Windows Device Independent Bitmap). The BMP format is a standard Windows format and is supported by all graphic editors that work with Windows. The BMP format is used by non-personal programs, since its support is integrated into the Windows and OS/2 operating systems. Files in the BMP format can have extensions of .bmp, .dib and .rle. In addition, this format is included in two RES resource files and PE files. In the BMP format, you can save images with a depth of color (the number of bits that describe one pixel of the image) 1, 4, 8 and 24 bits, which corresponds to the maximum number of colors 2, 16, 2 56 and 16777216. The file can contain a palette, which means color , valid as received from the system.

TIFF(Tagged Image File Format). Destination format for saving high-quality raster images (file name extension.TIF). TIFF is a hardware-independent format that is supported by almost all programs on PC and Macintosh, as well as those otherwise associated with graphics. TIFF is the shortest choice when importing raster graphics from a vector graphics program. You have access to the entire range of color models from monochrome to RGB, CMYK and additional Pantone colors. TIFF can save balls, vertical outlines, alpha channels, and other additional data. TIFF comes in two versions: for Macintosh and PC. This means that Motorola processors read and write numbers to the right, while Intel processors do the opposite. Today's programs can easily accommodate format variations. The current program for this format, Photo-Styler, has now been taken out of production, but the format continues to develop and is updated with new capabilities. Letraset has released a shortened version of the TIFF format called RIFF (Raster Image File Format). The TIFF format can have LZW-, JPEG-, ZIP-compression. A number of older programs (for example, QuarkXPress 3.x, Adobe Streamline, a lot of text recognition programs) cannot read TIFF files, but if you use new software, there is no reason not to use compression. TIFF, regardless of all compression algorithms, is still the most “rich” raster format, so it is not suitable for use on the Internet.

PSD(PhotoShop Document). A powerful format in Adobe Photoshop (file name extension.PSD), one of the most powerful ways to save raster graphic information. Allows you to memorize the parameters of balls, channels, visibility levels, masks. Supports 48-bit color coding, color matching and different color models. The main problem is that the lack of an effective algorithm for compressing information leads to a great loss of files. Not all programs are supported.

PCX. The format appears as a format for saving raster data in the PC PaintBrush program from Z-Soft and is one of the most extended (file name extension. PCX). The lack of ability to save color images, the lack of color models and other restrictions led to the loss of popularity of the format. Nina respects the elderly.

JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group). Destination format for saving raster images (extension of the JPG file name). Allows you to adjust the relationship between the degree of file compression and image brightness. The methods of compression that are to be established are based on the collected “excessive” information, so the format is recommended to be used only for electronic publications. The JPEG file format was developed by C-Cube Microsystems as an effective method for preserving images with rich colors, for example, captured in scanned photographs with numerous ice-catchable colors. The greatest advantage of the JPEG format over other formats lies in the fact that JPEG uses a compression algorithm that reduces the loss of information. The wasteless compression algorithm preserves information about the image so that the image exactly matches the original. When squeezing at cost, some information about the images is sacrificed in order to achieve a higher compression ratio. Unpacked JPEG images rarely match the original exactly, and even more often than not, they are so insignificant that they can be identified. JPEG is a compression algorithm, which is not so important in terms of new elements, such as RLE and LZW, but also in the difference between pixels. Coding of data is obtained at a number of stages. First, the graphic data is converted into a color space of the LAB type, then half or three quarters of the color information is supplied (depending on the implementation of the algorithm). Next, blocks of 8x8 pixels are analyzed. A set of numbers is formed before the skin block. The first few numbers represent the color of the block, and then the next few numbers represent the smaller ones. The range of details is based on the keen understanding of the people, which is why great details are important. At the next stage, depending on the level of content you have selected, a small number of numbers are thrown out to form fine details. At the remaining stage, coding is used using the Huffman method to more effectively compress the end data. Updates to these data will be provided at the turnaround time. Thus, the higher the level of compression, the more data is thrown out, the lower the bitterness. With the help of JPEG, you can edit the file 1-500 times less, lower VMR! The format is hardware-independent, is always supported on PCs and Macintoshes, but is clearly new and cannot be understood by old programs (before 1995). JPEG does not support indexed color palettes. Since the specifications for the format did not include CMYK, Adobe added color correction, so CMYKJPEG may cause problems in many programs. The best solution is to use JPEG compression in Photoshop EPS files, as described below. Available in JPEG format. Baseline Optimized - files are compressed better and cannot be read by other programs. JPEG Baseline Optimized is designed specifically for the Internet, all major browsers support it. Progressive JPEG is also specially developed for Merezha, whose files are smaller than standard ones, and slightly larger than Baseline Optimized. The main feature of Progressive JPEG is that of its analogue through serial output.

From what has been said, you can gain the following insights. JPEG better compresses raster images of photographic clarity, lower logos and schemes - they have more monochromatic transitions, and in the middle of monochromatic fills there are unexpected transitions. Great images for the web are captured better and with less waste, either with a high resolution (200-300 or more dpi), or with a low resolution (72-150 dpi), because Each square of 8x8 pixels has the same size as the ones that have more squares in such files. It is not necessary to save any image with JPEG compression, since all the nuances of color transfer (reproduction) are important, since under time pressure there is a need to release this color information. With JPEG, you need to save only the final version of the process, so that over-saving can lead to new waste of data and the transformation of the output image into mush.

GIF (Graphics Interchange Format). The independent hardware-based GIF format was developed in 1987 (GIF87a) by CompuServe to transmit raster images along edges. In 1989, the format was modified (GIF89a), with added clarity and animation. GIF uses LZW compression, which allows you to compress files with a lot of similar fills (logos, inscriptions, diagrams). GIF allows you to record images “in a row” (Interlaced), however, by recording only a part of the file, you can save the entire image, rather than in smaller sections. This is done by entering the entry, and then adding numbers 1, 5, 10, etc. Rows of pixels and stretching data between them, another pass follows 2, 6, 11 rows, the separation of the image in the Internet browser increases. In this way, long before the file is completed, the user can figure out what is in the middle and check if the entire file is up. Recording a few times in a row increases the size of the file, but as a rule, it is true that the authorities are buying. GIFs can have one or more colors visible and become invisible in Internet browsers and other programs. Visibility is provided for the storage of the additional Alpha channel, which is saved simultaneously with the file. In addition, a GIF file can contain not one, but many raster images, which browsers can upsample one by one at the frequency assigned to the file. This is how the illusion of the roc is achieved (GIF animation). The relevance of the concepts implemented in the GIF format was especially obvious in connection with the expansion of electronic media (in the form of Web pages or Web sites). Regardless of the increasing bandwidth of network hardware and modems, the power supply of graphic elements of electronic devices is rapidly growing. On the one hand, the accuracy and efficiency of electronic imaging lies largely in the strength of graphic elements, and, first of all, in the depth and color of the image pixels. This is due to the fact that the distributors of electronic publications are victorious because of their rich graphic images. On the other hand, the compactness of files that are transmitted via edge channels is still possible. Large graphics files are downloaded for a long time in order to import the images into the browser. Therefore, one of the main tasks of professionals in the field of Web design is to find the right balance between artistry, information content of the Web site and other services. GIF is one of the few formats that uses an effective compression algorithm that is not compromised by archiving programs. In other words, GIF files do not need to be archived, which is why they rarely provide a great benefit. Therefore, the GIF format, whose main advantage is the minimal file size, retains its significance to the main graphic format of the World Wide Web. The main difference with the GIF format is that color images can be recorded in addition to the 256 color mode. This is clearly not enough for printing. There are two GIF specifications. The first one is to convert to the GIF87a format, in which a record of multiple images is transferred, and GIF89a, which is oriented towards saving both text and graphic data in one file.

GIF87a by passing the following options to the GIF file:

Cherguvannya (interlacing). Initially, only the “bones” of the image are attracted, then, as the world becomes more interested, it becomes detailed. This allows you not to drag and drop the entire graphic file on certain lines in order to remove information about it.

Compression behind the LZW algorithm. This characteristic of GIF files ranks among the leaders in terms of the smallest file size.

Place several images in one file.

Reshaping the image on a logical screen. This format allows you to select a logical on-screen area for displaying images, and place them appropriately in that area.

This standard has been extended by the GIF89a specification, which adds the following capabilities:

Increased size of the graphic file of comments (they are not displayed on the screen, but can be read by a program that supports GIF89a).

Controlling the delay before changing frames (set in 1/100 seconds or after the operator input).

Keruvannya is seen in the front image. The front image may be deleted, replaced by the color of the background or those that were in front of it.

The meaning of the clear-sighted color.

Viewed to the text.

Creation of control blocks for application programs (application-specific extensions). You can create a block in the middle of the GIF file that can be ignored by all programs, including those for any purpose.

PNG (Portable Network Graphics). PNG is a recently developed format for Merezha, clicks will replace the old GIF. Vikorist's waste-free compression Deflate, similar to LZW (itself through the patenting in 1995 of the LZW algorithm of PNG). Indexed PNG files are usually smaller than similar GIFs, RGB PNGs are less similar to a TIFF file. The color depth of PNG files can be up to 48 bits. , and stovptsіv ), which, like in GIF, slightly increases the file size. In contrast to GIF, which has either or no clarity, PNG also supports the same pixels (in the visibility range of 0 to 99%) to match the 256-gray alpha channel. The PNG file contains information about gamma correction. Gamma is a number that characterizes the level of brightness of the light on your monitor screen and the voltage on the kinescope electrodes. This number, read from the file, allows you to enter the brightness correction when displayed. It is necessary for the image created on Mac to look the same on PC and Silicon Graphics. Thus, this feature contributes to the implementation of the main idea of WWW - however, the display of information independent of the computer equipment. PNG is supported in Microsoft Internet Explorer starting with version 4 for Windows and version 4.5 on Macintosh. Netscape has added PNG support for its browser in versions starting with 4.0.4 for both platforms. However, support for such important format functions as smooth transition clarity and gamma correction has not yet been implemented.

PNG and GIF89a loom the following authorities:

· Format of organizations in view of data flow

· "Squeeze without waste"

· Allows you to save indexed images with a palette of up to 256 colors

· Progressive display of superordinate data

· Encouragement of “sighted color”

· Possibility to save data for legal and restricted access

· Do not lie near the “climb” or platform

Advantages of PNG over GIF:

· More progressive vibration of inter-row circuits

· Expanded ability to save personal data

Possibilities of PNG daily in GIF format:

· Preserve multi-color 48-bit images

· Save 16-bit black and white images

· New Alpha channel

· Contrast indicator

· CRC - a method for detecting damages in current data

· Standard tools for developing PNG read-write programs

· Standard set of test images for checking these programs

Possibilities of GIF, available in PNG version 1.0:

· Ability to save multiple images in one file

· Animation

WMF (Windows MetaFile). Format for saving vector images of the Windows operating system (WMF file name extension). The following are followed by all programs of this system. However, there are a lot of features for working with standardized color palettes accepted in printing, and there are still some differences between it (WMF supports color, you cannot save a number of parameters that can be assigned and objects in various vector editors).

EPS (Encapsulated PostScript). The format describes both vector and raster images using PostScript from Adobe, the de facto standard in the field of digital printing processes (the extension of the .EPS file name). Since PostScript is universal, the file can simultaneously save vector and raster graphics, fonts, contours (masks), calibration parameters, color profiles. For display on the screen, the vector format is used instead of the vector one. W.M.F. and raster - TIFF. However, the screen copy only slightly reflects the real image, which is very imperfect. EPS. The same image can be viewed on the output device, using special viewing programs, or after converting the file to PDF format using Acrobat Reader, Acrobat Exchange. Images recorded in EPS format can be saved in different colors: Grayscale, RGB, CMYK, Lab, Multi-channel. The Encapsulated PostScript format can be called the most advanced and universal way to save data. This is a simplified version of PostScript: you cannot place more than one side in one file, and it does not save low printer settings. As with other PostScript files, the final version of the work is recorded in EPS, although programs such as Adobe Illustrator and Adobe Photoshop can be used to edit it as a working one. EPS functions for transferring vectors and rasters in video systems are created by all programs that work with graphics. Vikoristovaty may only feel the same if you are working on a PostScript device. EPS supports all the necessary color models, including Duotone, which can also record data in RGB, cross-sectional contour, raster information, and font changes. In the EPS format, data is saved in the clipboard (Clipboard) by Adobe programs for exchange among themselves. You can save a sketch (image header, preview) from the file. This is a low-quality copy of a separate work in PICT, TIFF, JPEG or WMF format, which is saved at once as an EPS file and allows you to edit in the middle, as long as you can open the file for editing in Photoshop and Illustrator. All others import the sketch, replacing it with the original information on a PostScript printer. On a printer that does not support PostScript, the sketch itself is destroyed. If you work on Photoshop for Macintosh, save your thumbnails in the JPEG format; other Mac programs save your thumbnails in the PICT format. These JPEG images cannot be used by Windows programs. If you are working on a computer or do not know where the file will be saved, save the sketch in TIFF format (if you choose). There are many varieties of EPS that can be found in the creator program. The most popular EPS are created using Adobe Systems software: Photoshop, Illustrator, InDesign. Since 1996, Adobe programs have used a PostScript interpreter, so they can open EPS and edit them. Other graphic editors cannot open EPS; moreover, the EPS files they create are sometimes, at least apparently, special. Among the most problematic are Quark EPS, which is created by the Save Page As EPS function, and FreeHand editable EPS, which is created by the Save As function. You should not particularly trust Corel EPS version 6 and lower EPS from CorelXARA. EPS files from CorelDraw 7 still have the problem of adding fields to the Bounding Box (a smart PostScript box that describes all the objects on the page). First, you can export from CorelDRAW, CorelXARA and, at least, from FreeHand EPS files to convert many program effects (such as fills, for example) into raster or simple vector objects. Thick outlines (more than 2 pt) can also be converted into objects, if the program allows such ability. You can check the EPS file with Adobe Illustrator, if it is correct, then everything is in order.

PDF (Portable Document Format). Format for describing documents produced by Adobe (file name extension.PDF). Although this format is primarily used for storing documents, its capabilities allow for effective presentation of the image. The format is hardware-independent, so the displayed image can be used on any device – from a monitor screen to a photo-exposure device. A tight algorithm for compressing the image into a separate bag will ensure the compactness of files with high luminosity of illustrations. This format can be used to convert either a document or a scanned image. However, in order to work, in most cases you will need a new Adobe Acrobat package, such as Adobe Acrobat Distiller and Adobe Acrobat Writer. PDF from 1 June 2008 is supported by the ISO 32000 standard. The PDF format allows you to produce the necessary fonts (linear text), vector and raster images, formats and multimedia inserts. Supports RGB, CMYK, Grayscale, Lab, Duotone, Bitmap, and several types of raster information compression. The current technical formats for printing are PDF/X-1, PDF/X-3. Includes an electronic signature mechanism for document security and authentication. This format expands the volume of related documentation. To review, you can use the official free Adobe Reader program and third-party programs. The traditional way to create PDF documents is with a virtual printer, so that such a document is prepared in your own specialized program - a graphic or text editor, CAD, etc., and then exported to PDF format for viewing in an electronic form i, transfer to other people etc.

CDR (CorelDRAW Document). The CDR file format is a vector of images or small creatures created using the additional CorelDRAW program. This file format has been developed by Corel for use in other software products. CDR files are not supported by many programs designed for image editing. However, the file can be exported using CorelDRAW to other, more advanced and popular image formats. The CDR file can also be opened using Corel Paint Shop Pro. The video format, due to its low stability and the filthy volume of files, is no less difficult to handle in CorelDRAW. The files of these versions have separate compression for vector and raster images, fonts can be modified, CDR files have a large working field of 45x45 meters, and rich originality is maintained.

AI (Adobe Illustror). Vector file of images, creations in the Adobe Illustrator program; instead of raster data, it consists of paths and lines connected by points; You can include objects, colors and text. AI documents can be opened in Photoshop, but the images will be “decrypted,” meaning they will be converted from a vector image to a raster. The AI format encapsulates and formalizes a structured file as a subset of the PostScript Line Description (PDL). Such files are suitable for display on a PostScript printer, but may include a raster version of the image, providing a forward view. PostScript in its new implementation has a powerful and foldable format and is designed to represent everything that can be displayed on a two-dimensional display device, AI adaptation format for saving traditional graphic data: baby chairs, and decorative writings. It is important, however, that AI files can be even more foldable. The strength of PostScript comes mainly from the ability to define sequences of operations and combine them in simple syntactic ways. This is why the complexity of Adobe Illustrator files is sometimes (but not always) reduced to a minimum.

Also, graphic editors select different image formats and different color systems. Let's take a look at their actions.

Color model RGB. This is the widest model of color display. It has any color that looks like a shade of the three main (or basic) colors: Red, Green and Blue. In this case, there are two types of this model: eight-bit display, where the color is specified by numbers from 0 to 255 (for example, the color will be blue and yellow), and sixteen-bit, as most often Available in graphic editors and html, where the color is specified by numbers starting from 0 to ff (green - #00ff00, blue - #0000ff, yellow - #ffff00).

The difference is that for the eight-bit color the color scale is added to the skin base color, while for the sixteen-bit color the color is already introduced. The peculiarity of this model is that the new color comes out by adding shades of the main colors, then. "zmishuvannya". This is the most widespread model among web designers and programmers. The only problem with this model is that it is stored in the hardware part, in other words, the same picture looks different on different monitors.

Three-dimensional implementation of HSV. HSV (or HSB) means Hue, Saturation, Value (also called Brightness), where:

Hue – colorful tone, that is. color match.

Saturation - saturation. The higher this parameter, the “purer” the color will be, and the lower the lower, the closer it will be to grey.

Value (Brightness) – meaning (brightness) of color. The greater the value, the brighter the color will be (if not the brighter). And what is lower is darker (0% - black)

HSL - Hue, Saturation, Lightness

Hue - You already know

Saturation – similar

Lightness is a light color (not to be confused with brightness). The higher the parameter, the lighter the color (100% – white), and the lower, the darker (0% – black).

The most extensive model is HSV, which is often compared with the RGB model, where HSV is shown visually, and the numerical values are specified by RGB.

This model is most often used in simple (or non-professional) images, because This will help you manually adjust the basic parameters of photographs. Few of these models also have hardware components. They simply demonstrate the power of the human eye, because... It accepts colors with varying brightness (for example, we accept blue as darker, lower red), and in this model all colors have the same brightness

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