Bridged configuration (hub-and-spoke configuration) In a bridged configuration, each head CA establishes a cross-certification relationship with a single central CA whose function is to provide such interconnections. The central CA is sometimes referred to as a hub,

Chapter 2 Configuration The rundll32.exe program is used for more than just calling up various Windows dialog boxes. With its help, you can configure various settings of the Windows operating system - from reinstalling various Windows components to restoring

Windows Configuration The first question to be considered will be the ability to delete or re-register certain parts of the operating system. This can be useful not only when restricting access to various components, but also for restoring damaged

Component configuration First, we will describe how to work with some system components using the rundll32.exe commands. We will not delve into the functioning of these components, because the book you are holding in your hands was not written at all for this. Instead of this

Configuration And finally the rundll32.exe commands for configuring Internet Explorer. There are not many of these commands, but they can be useful in some cases. For example, if you changed the branding settings of Internet Explorer (logo in the upper right corner of the browser, height and background of the

Configuration Now let's talk about configuring Outlook Express. In this case, we will focus on various components of the mail client, which can be removed or recreated using the rundll32.exe commands. There are situations when, after an incorrectly installed program or

Configuration Now let's take a look at a few string-type parameters for configuring Explorer.? MenuShowDelay - Determines the delay before displaying the menu that the shell will wait for. It is located in the HKEY_CURRENT_USERControl PanelDesktop registry branch. By

Configuration Now a few words will be said about the Internet Explorer browser settings that change the configuration settings of the browser or the way it connects to the Internet. For example, they include the Download Directory string parameter. It is located in the registry branch

Configuration Now let's say a few words about the configuration of Outlook Express. This section will discuss how to store passwords for email client identities, and also how to use these passwords when starting Outlook mail client

Program configuration The element is intended for storing programs assigned or published by the administrator (Software Installation technology). If a program is assigned, then whenever the computer starts up, its shortcut will be created on the Desktop, and if it is needed

Travel laptop

Cheap laptop

Apple Laptops

The main purpose of this chapter is to help you choose the laptop that best suits your needs. This question can be partially answered by reading the previous chapters. However, it does not say why, for example, you need a 1.8 GHz processor and a universal drive. Here we will try to compile the most optimal laptop configuration for specific tasks. This will save you some amount of money when purchasing a mobile computer.

Today, laptops are sold that allow you to perform any task. Even such as 3D modeling and animation and video processing. This became possible with the advent of capacious hard drives and relatively powerful mobile processors, including dual-core ones. The only thing that can become an obstacle to artistic work is the quality and color rendering of the matrix of the laptop screen. However, there are laptops nowadays whose screen quality is almost as good as good LCD monitors.

Therefore, in any case, buying a laptop will be the right choice. Even if you are not going to take the laptop outside the apartment or house, you can always take it on your lap and sit comfortably in your favorite chair, thereby making the tedious and boring work (if you have it) at least a little more comfortable.

Recently, when purchasing a laptop, a lot of attention has been paid not so much to its performance as to the possibility of long-term battery life and mobility. Nevertheless, if the performance is very low, then you will constantly be annoyed by programs that now and then are loaded and do not immediately respond to your actions.

Let's start with the processor. In modern laptops, processor clock speeds exceed 1.5 GHz.

Better to find a newer model - with a chip frequency of 1.7-1.8 GHz. Every year the software requirements for the power of the central processor are growing, so it is better to have a certain margin of "safety". For example, the Windows Vista operating system makes rather high demands not only on the amount of computer memory, but also on the performance of its processor and graphics system.

The amount of RAM should be at least 512 MB, although we recommend using at least 1 GB.

Hard disk capacity is of equal importance. You should purchase a laptop with a hard drive of at least 40 GB. This should be enough to do almost any job. If your goal is to work with video, then you need to think about a hard drive with a capacity of 100 GB or more. If you are going to transport a music archive together with a laptop, as well as several films, then choose a model with a hard drive, the capacity of which will allow you to fit this data. In the end, you will still fill up all the free space, and it is better that this moment comes as late as possible.

It is desirable to have a universal CD and DVD drive. If savings of $ 20-30 are critical for you, then you can opt for a combo drive. Such a drive will allow you to play CDs and DVDs, as well as burn CDs.

Having determined the minimum configuration of a laptop, you can go on to select a model focused on performing specific tasks.

The primary purpose of a laptop is to make the user mobile, independent of the outlets of the big city. In addition, the decision to buy a laptop can be made by consumers who are not going to take it out of the house. This may be due to saving space in the apartment. With the development of modern technology, laptops have gradually begun to replace conventional desktop computers.

However, you probably shouldn't buy a budget or business laptop especially for the home. If you do not take it outside the apartment, then you do not need to overpay for compact dimensions that are not critical for you and support for some standards and technologies.

The most suitable option in this case is to purchase a DTR– or a multimedia laptop. Such portable computers are relatively large, but more productive, functional and convenient to use. In extreme cases, even if you are going to take such a laptop to the country, the extra 3 kg of its weight will not burden you.

Buy a laptop with a processor with a clock speed of at least 2 GHz. A good option would be a system based on AMD processors (Turion). The video system of a home laptop is also more demanding. However, manufacturers themselves understand this, so such solutions are usually equipped with fairly fast graphics processors. The power of the graphics cards installed in such laptops is sufficient to enable you to play the most modern and demanding 3D games.

DTR laptop manufacturers also tend to be generous with large hard drives. As a rule, the volume of hard drives in such laptops is at least 80 GB. It is not uncommon to find models with 120 or 160 GB hard drives.

In addition, some manufacturers install two hard drives in their laptops at once. For example, the Toshiba company produces models of mobile computers with a total volume of hard drives from 200 to 240 GB.

The RAM requirements for a laptop for home practically do not differ from those defined in the minimum configuration. 512 MB is the minimum required. Doubling this amount will not be superfluous.

DTR companies are also usually generous with CD and DVD drives. So it is common to have a dual-layer DVD burner in a notebook like this.

As for multimedia laptops, as already described in Chapter 3, they are often a modification of DTR systems by adding components such as a TV tuner, FM tuner, built-in speaker systems with a subwoofer, cameras for video conferencing, etc. If you think that all this is necessary for you, then feel free to purchase such a laptop. However, keep in mind that such additions will significantly affect the cost of a mobile computer. Sometimes it is more profitable to buy the missing components later (in the external version).

DTR laptops can sometimes have more comfortable keyboards. Some models even contain an additional keyboard section (Num Lock). It will be even more comfortable to work if you purchase an external mouse (for example, wireless) for your laptop. Even if the laptop keyboard is comfortable enough, it is best to use an external keyboard at home. And that's why. The external keyboard is quite cheap, in case of a breakdown you can always throw it away, without much regret, and buy a new one. Repairing (or replacing) a laptop keyboard is expensive. In a fit of excitement in computer games, some (especially children) sometimes do not notice that they are starting to press the keys with all their weight. In addition, there is always the risk of spilling any liquid on the keyboard.

Note

Some users, even for a desktop computer, buy a keyboard with a short key travel and a soft press, like a laptop (Fig. 5.1). This is done in order to neutralize the different sensations that inevitably arise when switching from a mobile to a stationary computer.

Figure: 5.1.Short travel soft-touch keyboard

By and large, an office laptop is a loose concept. It can be either a full-fledged DTR computer or an ultraportable model - it all depends on what you will use it for and whether you plan to take it out of the office.

For a manager or boss, a budget solution or a business-class model is likely to suit. Why? Judge for yourself: you need a laptop that is comfortable to work on, while it should not have the lowest performance, as well as small in size, so that you can easily take it with you if necessary.

The optimal configuration of such a laptop does not provide for the fastest processor, it will simply be unclaimed, but too slow will not work either (it all depends on the programs used). The best option is a chip clocked at 1.4-1.8 GHz. Its performance is sufficient for most tasks that arise during an office or business trip.

The requirements for the amount of RAM are as follows: minimum - 512 MB, quite enough - 1 GB. Of course, Windows XP will work on notebooks with 256 MB of RAM, but don't expect high performance with this amount of memory (considering that some of it will be given to the integrated video adapter). Windows Vista will simply refuse to install on a laptop that is less than 512MB. In addition, take care of the possibility of further increasing the amount of RAM, and so that it costs you as cheaply as possible (that is, so that you do not have to sell the old memory strip, but you can simply install an additional one).

Note

Some laptops have the following RAM organization. Let's say you liked a laptop model with 512 MB of RAM. Better to ask in advance how these 512 MB are installed on the laptop. It may turn out that 256 MB are soldered on the motherboard, and the remaining 256 MB are installed as a module in a single expansion slot. If you want to increase the RAM, then you will have to remove the module from the slot and install a larger module there. As a result, you will be left with an unnecessary 256 MB module, which has nowhere to attach. We'll have to sell it, and, as a rule, for next to nothing, because any sane buyer for a market price would rather buy a similar module in a store, with all the warranty obligations. Therefore, it is better to buy a laptop with a free slot for installing a memory module.

The graphics card requirements for an office laptop are minimal. In fact, any built-in graphics solution should be enough for you to work in office applications and watch video files, unless, of course, you are going to play games on a laptop. However, modern integrated video adapters allow you to play even some 3D games.

An office laptop must be equipped with a hard drive of at least 40 GB. This is enough to house the operating system and several hundred (or even thousands) of working documents (text files, spreadsheets, small databases, etc.). In business models, this problem is usually absent - manufacturers install there hard drives with a volume of 60 GB or more.

By the way, for office work, just like with a laptop for home, we recommend purchasing an external mouse. You can purchase both an ordinary desktop mouse and a miniature one specially designed for working with a laptop. The main thing is that it is convenient for you to work with the manipulator. Some laptop manufacturers include these as standard on their models. Some laptop mice have a drum mechanism that (like a vacuum cleaner) winds the cable inside the mouse or onto a separate drum.

If your lifestyle or work requires frequent movement, then a laptop is a must. For this purpose, "thin and light" or ultraportable mobile computers are best suited. In such systems, special versions of processors with reduced power consumption are most often installed. However, this tends to suffer performance. Not much, though. Typically, the clock speed of chips installed in miniature laptops is 1.3 to 1.7 GHz. This is enough for most tasks. In some situations, it's worth sacrificing some of the convenience of tomorrow for mobility today.

Otherwise, the requirements for ultraportable notebooks are almost identical to those for business-class models. The amount of RAM must be at least 512 MB, and preferably 1 GB. Any integrated solution (not to mention an external one) is quite suitable as a video card.

The hard disk space must be at least 40 GB. In addition, often hard drives larger than 60 GB are simply not installed in such portable computers. The fact is that manufacturers do not build in 2.5-inch, but 1.8-inch hard drives into small laptops, just due to this, they reduce the size of the mobile computer. In addition, if you plan to watch movies on an ultraportable laptop, then take care of the presence of a CD drive in it, or purchase an external one.

By the way, a tablet computer is also suitable for travel (some of these models have a keyboard and a Touchpad). Using such a system will allow you to be even more mobile. The configuration requirements in this case are the same as those for conventional ultraportables.

You may be wondering why this section does not mention rugged laptops. The answer is simple: these laptop computers are designed to work in extreme conditions, not to be carried in a bag. Therefore, if you are not going to use a laptop in a radius of hostilities or on the top of Mount Everest, then you definitely should not buy an armored, tank-resistant and fireproof laptop.

The majority of the population, and especially students, dream about such a laptop. A laptop is considered cheap, which costs from $ 500-600.

Typically, manufacturers install inexpensive processors with a reduced feature set in such laptops. Most often, the choice falls on Intel Celeron M or Mobile AMD Sempron.

By the way, the manufacturers do not skimp on the processor frequency. However, you don't have to buy the fastest. A processor with a clock speed of 1.5-1.8 GHz is fine.

The situation is the same with RAM: at least 512 MB must be installed.

The video card is, of course, integrated. However, you can always watch a movie on such a laptop.

It is usually customary to save on the volume of the hard drive in budget models. Typically, this is 40 or 60 GB.

Economy class assumes the minimization of the price of all components, so usually drives that cannot burn DVD are built into such laptops.

The most typical configuration of a cheap laptop sold today is as follows: a 1.3-1.5 GHz processor, 256 MB of RAM, a 40-60 GB hard drive, an integrated video adapter, and a combo drive. As you can see, this is a very mediocre configuration today. But the cost of such a laptop, even from a well-known manufacturer, usually does not exceed $ 500-600. This is what the manufacturers and sellers of computer equipment are counting on: to beat the buyer with the price. Agree that today many can lay out such an amount, and given the abundance of tempting credit programs, almost everyone. You have to be careful here. It may be better to overpay a little for a more powerful computer so that your laptop doesn't turn out to be too weak with the next gluttonous operating system.

Another way to keep the cost of cheap laptops down is to install a free operating system. Therefore, it is quite possible that you will not find the usual Windows on such a laptop. Instead, it will have some alternative operating system installed, such as Linux or a DOS system in general. If you can work in Linux environment and even get used to it, then DOS is installed only for reasons of "if only something was installed." The self-installation of the operating system is described in Chapter 11.

The lineup of Apple's mobile computers consists of only two lines: MacBook and MacBook Pro. The first is a custom and lightweight option, while the second is a powerful multimedia center. The MacBook lineup (Figure 5.2) offers a 13.3 ″ wide screen model.

Figure: 5.2.Apple laptop

Apple laptops are always preinstalled with the Mac OS operating system (Figure 5.3).

Figure: 5.3.Apple laptop with Mac OS X operating system

Does the MacBook Pro series include 15.4 laptops? and 17 ?. Compared to their PC counterparts, they are very expensive. This is especially true for the 17-inch model, which costs more than $ 3000. But the configuration of such laptops is flawless: modern software and most games will run on them without any problems.

I'll show you how to set up a laptop. I'll tell you about setting up power, password, hard disk, sleep, hibernation, power saving, usb, pci-express parameters, about setting up cooling, processor, screen, battery ...

1. Power supply setup

Click on the bottom right on the socket and battery icon RMB and select POWER SUPPLY. Further setting up the power supply scheme, then CHANGE ADDITIONAL. POWER PARAMETERS.

Require password entry on wake-up.

It is necessary that if you have a password for entering the computer, then it will be requested when exiting hibernation or standby mode.

Disconnect hard drive after.

It is necessary in order for the hard disk drive to shut down during idle time (when you or the system does not make any request to the hard disk drive, for example) to reduce power consumption. For example, when I don’t watch any movie or listen to music or climb through folders on my external hard disk drive, it’s after 20 minutes. turns off.

Javascript timer frequency

It is needed for the frequency of execution of the function in the Java script. The more often the frequency, the more correctly and smoothly the function is executed, but also a high frequency can load the processor, and sometimes even incredibly load it. For example, such a problem can be seen in flash videos of a cat. Reformatted to .exe files. Or when a lot of social media documents are open. networks.

You can leave it as it is, from the MAX battery. ENERGOSBER, from the MAKS PRODUCTION network.

Slideshow

It is necessary so that if a slave. your desk is tired. change the picture every 30 minutes, for example, to another, then when working on battery power, stopping this can save a little charge. And when working on the network, you don't have to worry about it.

Wireless adapter settings

It is necessary to reduce the voltage on the adapter when idle, i.e. when you are not using the grid, less electricity flows into it. For the maximum speed available on your network, set MAX PERFORMANCE, if you watch HD online, then you can set MEDIUM ENERGY SAVING, especially when running on battery power, or MAX. ENERGY SAVING.

Sleep after

Hybrid sleep mode

Hibernation after

Allow wake timers

Needed in order to return to work your computer, with certain scheduled events. For example, a virus check or a network card gave a command to connect to an Internet. In general, so that your computer does not turn on spontaneously, select DISABLE.

Parameters USB

Any connected USB device consumes energy for operation, so that it does not constantly waste power supply to the laptop, enable its temporary shutdown when idle by selecting ALLOWED.

Lid closing action

When you lower the laptop lid, it is possible for the laptop to switch to 1 of the power consumption modes. For example, SLEEP, HIBERNATION (I already talked about them earlier), COMPLETION OF WORK, or you can choose so that nothing happens besides turning off the monitor.

Power button action

On the top left or top right of your laptop, there is a button to turn it on when it is off. So here it can be configured to act when the laptop is on. For example For example SLEEP, HIBERNATION (I have already told about them earlier), COMPLETION OF WORK.

Sleep button action

The sleep mode button is either separate on a laptop, or only works when some keys are combined. Or with the FN button held down (about the FN button and its functions, see my previous videos). For example I have a sleep button on FN + ESCAPE. Well, here you can configure its action when you press the SLEEP button, the laptop can go into the SLEEP or HIBERNATION mode.

PCI Express

Allows you to set power savings for PCI Express devices at the expense of performance.

Off - no power saving, PCI devices at max. energy consumption

Moderate - everything in moderation

MAX power saving - PCI devices at max. energy saving

Processor power management

Minimum processor state

Allows you to set a lower performance limit, i.e. during the time when no calculations and watching a movie and listening to music occur, then the state of the processor's power consumption is reduced to 5% for me

System cooling policy

Passive method - slows down the processor before increasing the fan speed

Active method - increases fan speed before slowing down the processor

Battery

Almost complete battery discharge action

Here we put the action cat. will occur when the laptop battery is almost completely discharged.

So let me remind you again:

In sleep mode, the computer goes into a low power consumption mode and when it wakes up, all documents you open remain open in RAM. In this mode, the computer will be ready to work as quickly as possible when you need it. But it takes a little electricity to maintain this mode.

Hibernation mode saves all open programs and files you have on the hard disk drive and restores them when the computer from the hard disk drive wakes up. Waking up takes longer than in the SLEEP mode, but in hibernation mode the computer does not need electricity and no power failure is not terrible for the computer.

Hybrid sleep mode

In this mode, open programs and documents are saved in memory and on the hard disk drive, and the computer goes into a mode of reduced power consumption. If an unexpected power failure occurs, Windows will recover the data from the hard drive. On desktops, this mode is enabled by default, so when you click on "go to sleep", hybrid sleep mode is activated.

I advise you to put the GIBERNATION from the battery, and ACTION IS NOT REQUIRED from the mains.

Low battery level

Allows you to specify what percentage of the battery level should be considered low.

I advise you to set here 10%

Battery nearly discharged

Allows you to specify what level of battery charge should be considered as near-discharge level.

I advise you to set here 5%

Low battery notification

Allows you to specify whether a pop-up message should appear indicating that the battery has reached a specified low level.

I advise you to turn it on.

Low Battery Actions

Allows you to set what should happen when the battery drops to a low level.

You can choose No action required.

Backup battery level

Here you can set at what battery charge the backup battery warning message will be displayed.

I advise you to bet 8%.

Here's a video tutorial on setting up your laptop.

• wake-up password (00:35)
• hard drive (00:43)
• java script timer frequency (01:10)
• slideshow (01:36)
• wireless settings (02:37)
• sleep (03:00)
• hybrid sleep (03:22)
• hibernation (03:47)
• wake-up timers (04:07)
• uSB parameters (04:23)
• closing the lid (04:37)
• sleep button (05:03)
• sleep button (05:20)
• PCI-Express and video cards (05:49)
• processor power (06:14)
• system cooling (06:30)
• processor state (07:08)
• screen blanking (07:46)
• screen off (07:57)
• screen brightness (08:05)
• brightness level (08:20)
• adaptive brightness control (08:34)
• media options (08:50)
• during video playback (09:37)
• full battery discharge (10:03)

In recent years, the personal computer has entered our lives so strongly that it is now very difficult to imagine a modern office or apartment without this means of work, entertainment and communication. And if earlier the abbreviation PC meant a stationary computer, then recently more and more people prefer compact, lightweight and multifunctional laptops to it.

Laptop - this is the same personal computer, only in a laptop all nodes are collected in one case. Laptops are highly ergonomic (light weight, the ability to work autonomously, comfortable shape). All of them are equipped with rechargeable batteries and built-in controls: a keyboard and a touchpad that replaces a mouse (touch pad).

Disadvantages of all laptops is low, relative to a personal computer, performance and very conditional autonomy - if the battery is not charged in time, then you cannot do without an outlet.

Laptop format is the first thing to know about

If we talk about a stationary computer, then it should be noted that its dimensions and weight do not affect the ease of use. With laptops, it's a completely different matter. Basically, its dimensions are a defining characteristic. Indeed, once you buy a computer and put it on the table, it will absolutely not matter to you what size it is and what its appearance is. As for a laptop, quite important characteristics depend on its format, for example, screen size, keyboard and device weight. If you often work with numbers, then you better get a laptop with an additional number pad.

It is for this reason that the choice of a suitable laptop is better to start with its format. At the moment, all laptops are divided into three classes: large format, medium format and small format. Here is a brief description of each of them.

• Small format Are very tiny and lightweight devices that are perfect for daily use and frequent transportation. If you often need to carry a laptop with you to work, study, or you are going to take it on vacation, then such a device is just right for you. But you need to pay attention to the battery charge - the more often you want to use it away from power outlets, the more power supply you need.
• Medium format - represent the middle class of devices, the smallest of which are easy to transport, and the largest can be used as the main workplace. There is a large enough screen that allows you to perform most of the typical tasks, and an additional number pad can be installed on the keyboard, but this depends on the specific model. Also, they often use non-weak discrete video cards.
• Large format - these are devices that are purchased to design a permanent workplace. Taking into account the considerable mass and small autonomy, it will hardly be convenient for you to move them over considerable distances. But the large screen, the most adaptable keyboard, which is almost a complete analogue of the usual computer keyboard, and basically quite powerful internal components allow the use of such devices as a replacement for a desktop. Today, the most common models are laptops with a diagonal of 15.6, therefore, if you have not yet decided exactly on the selection of a model, then this model will be the most optimal choice.

Laptop family - defining goals

Today, in order to make it easier for you to make a choice, almost every manufacturer divides their models into families, which include office, home, gaming, fashion models, etc. moreover, an important factor is that among them there are usually models of all possible formats - large, medium and small.

So, if you have already determined the screen size you need, then now you need to decide on the family, and each of them has certain features, which will be described below.

In addition to the above categories, there are also universal laptops, which do not have a pronounced positioning, so they can be used both for study purposes and for work and rest, and entertainment. As the only laptop in the house, it is the perfect choice, and you can also take it with you to friends and to an important meeting.

Laptop configuration - we get comfort

If you have already decided on the family and format of your future laptop, then now you need to choose the necessary hardware configuration... There are two ways - a thorough study of all the modern characteristics of the laptop element base, or a method based on choosing the most expensive configuration that you can afford.

An absolutely indisputable fact is that there cannot be much performance, therefore, the more expensive model you choose, the greater the guarantee that it will have the most powerful processor and video card, a fairly wide range of communication interfaces and a large hard drive.

Due to the huge choice that modern companies offer us, it is not so easy to choose the optimal model. The reason for this is the fact that in addition to the parameters typical for each device (such as the type of processor, video card and motherboard, the size of the hard drive and RAM), there are additional criteria that also greatly influence your choice.

All laptops have almost the same design, which includes:

1. Motherboard
2. Laptop processor
3. Hard disk drive (HDD) device
4. RAM
5. Video card
6. Screen (display)
7. Accumulators (batteries)
8. Communication capabilities
9. Weight, dimensions, body

Without getting ahead of ourselves, let's say that this is also typical for ordinary stationary PCs, which you can read about in ours.

Let's talk about each element in more detail

Laptop motherboard.Manufacturers have long and not unsuccessfully strived to reduce the weight and dimensions of laptops. The motherboard is the basis of the device; all functional units are connected to it. This is the largest part of any computer, and one of the main goals of the manufacturer is to reduce its size in order to reduce the size and weight of the entire device. Build quality should be the main parameter when choosing an inexpensive model for work tasks. When buying, it is worth checking the number of slots and the possibility of modding the laptop. Keep in mind that the motherboard cannot be replaced without replacing the case.

The main thing to look for when choosing a motherboard is the chipset. How productive the laptop will be depends on it. On this topic, it is worth consulting the store, asking how modern the model is or reading on the Internet about the latest developments. A high-performance processor does not guarantee high power output from a laptop if the chipset is outdated. If you choose an office laptop, you can forget about this parameter, since even the most budget model will provide you with a comfortable work.

Processor (CPU).The main parameters of a processor are - frequency and number of cores. For working with documents and Internet surfing, two cores with a frequency of 2 Hz are enough. To work with graphic editors, it is better to choose a multi-core processor with a frequency of at least 3 GHz per core - ideally a 4-core one.

Today, Intel and AMD remain the leading processor manufacturers. The second option is cheaper, but also not as powerful (just perfect for office work). If you need serious power, then Intel processors are your choice.

Hard disk drive (HDD).The hard disk is the main storage medium of the computer. The larger the volume, the more information it can fit. For office work, a 120 gigabyte hard drive is enough, and if the volume is not enough, then it is better to purchase.

It is worth remembering that servicing a large hard drive will require more RAM and more power.Much more practical is a 300-500 gigabyte built-in hard drive and a portableUSB- a disk of any size.Some laptops have the option of directly expanding the hard drive, but this requires disassembling almost the entire laptop. Don't do it yourself!

Random access memory (RAM).For stable, uninterrupted operation of the device, it is better to choose a model with 2 gigabytes of RAM, especially since the size of the RAM does not practically affect the cost of the laptop. If the laptop will be used for solving complex tasks, then the best option would be 8 GB RAM.

Video card.Video cards can be standalone and integrated. Actually, both are inside the case. The integrated graphics card has a relatively low performance, but also a low price - an excellent choice for an office laptop. Models with standalone video cards have a high level of graphics display and an equally high price.

The video card is a very "capricious" part of the laptop, so you should avoid overheating during serious loads on the video adapter, turn off the laptop every half an hour or an hour, thereby allowing the video card to cool down.

The laptop is inherently not designed to handle complex graphics tasks, as they were made specially miniature, portable and mobile, which affected the internal configuration. Any powerful graphics card will make you nervous about the cooling issue, which is the weak point of any machine. Of course, there are exceptions, for example, gaming laptops with a special case and an original cooling system, but the prices for such devices sometimes reach $ 3000.

Screen (display) size, resolution.Display sizes range from 10 to 22 inches (diagonal). The efficiency and performance of the device do not depend on the size of the display, but the dimensions and weight, as well as the duration of battery life, directly depend on it. On the other hand, a laptop with a large display is often as good as a good personal computer.

It is worth paying attention to models with a matte screen coating if you often work outdoors or in large illuminated rooms. A glossy finish will only cause discomfort.

Laptop accumulators (batteries).When choosing a battery, the main thing is to determine how long you will work without access to recharging. If this is an office and home environment, a large battery capacity is not needed, but if most of the time is spent on business trips, a powerful battery with a working resource of 8 hours will be the best choice.

When using the laptop, you must follow all the recommendations of the manufacturer. Incorrect commissioning is fraught with a damaged battery and a new portion of costs.

Communication capabilities of the laptop.The laptop's ability to communicate with other electronic machines has become practically the hallmark of a good laptop. Also, this ability compares favorably with laptop computers. Every modern laptop is equipped with a standard network card, but with support for Wi-Fi mode, Bluetooth adapter, microphone, card reader and webcam.

If you will often use your laptop as a desktop computer, then you should think about purchasing an additional keyboard and mouse - this will ensure more productive work (although this is a matter of habit, the standard comfortable keyboard and mouse that replaces the touchpad is much better).

Weight, dimensions, body.The optimal size of a laptop depends on the goals set, the physical and material capabilities of the user. If there is a need to work with graphic editors, it is worth choosing a heavier and larger model, but with a large screen - sometimes the weight reaches 3.6 kg, which causes inconvenience during transportation.

If the work is connected with text applications or calculations, a small laptop for a modest amount is perfect. You can choose a model weighing up to 1.2 kg - comfortable and lightweight.

The color scheme of laptops is limited only by the imagination of designers and users. The design of the work surfaces (keyboard, screen, surrounding panels) does not differ much, but it is worth checking the usability before buying.

Make sure that all connectors on the laptop are conveniently located. For example, if the USB connectors (preferably at least 3 of them) are right at hand, then during their operation (insert the flash drive) inconveniences will arise.

So, let's summarize.Choosing a specific laptop model, decide what you will do on it. If the laptop is designed to process textual material, run simple programs such as ICQ, Skype, browse websites, then you can buy the most budget model that will cost you a maximum of $ 500 (for this money, by the way, you can take a closer look at the choice). Also, such laptops are lightweight, portable and can work up to 10 hours without recharging. If you plan to work with complex graphics programs, run modern games and use the above functions, then you will have to choose a more expensive laptop (from $ 1000 to $ 3000). Here the choice already depends only on your budget - the more expensive, the more powerful. But do not forget that such laptops are heavy, get very hot and can do without recharging for quite a long time - this must be taken into account.

Major laptop manufacturers

When choosing a laptop, the main thing is to be guided by the format-family-configuration ratio, and then you can purchase a model that will suit you in all respects and delight you for a long time. When choosing a laptop, you should also pay close attention to the manufacturer's brand. According to the majority, the most popular and, accordingly, expensive are such brands of notebooks as HP, Asus, Acer and DELL.

ASUS, Lenovo, Acer, Toshiba, Sony, HP (Hewlett Packard) and Samsung are manufacturers with a good reputation and very affordable prices.